Ludwig van Beethoven |

Ludwig van Beethoven

Yardar da nake yi na bauta wa ’yan Adam masu wahala da fasaha na ba ta taɓa ba, tun lokacin ƙuruciyata… na buƙatar kowane lada ban da gamsuwa na ciki… L. Beethoven

Turai Musical har yanzu cike da jita-jita game da m mu'ujiza yaro - WA Mozart, lokacin da aka haifi Ludwig van Beethoven a Bonn, a cikin iyali na tenorist na kotun chapel. Sun yi masa baftisma a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1770, suna ba shi suna bayan kakansa, mashahurin mai kula da makada, ɗan ƙasar Flanders. Beethoven ya sami ilimin kiɗansa na farko daga mahaifinsa da abokan aikinsa. Mahaifin ya so shi ya zama "Mozart na biyu", kuma ya tilasta wa dansa yin aiki ko da da dare. Beethoven bai zama ɗan wasa ba, amma ya gano gwanintarsa ​​a matsayin mawaki da wuri. K. Nefe, wanda ya koya masa abun da ke ciki da kuma wasa da sashin jiki, ya yi tasiri sosai a kansa - mutum ne mai ci gaba mai kyau da kuma yakin siyasa. Saboda talauci na iyali, an tilasta Beethoven shiga hidimar da wuri: yana da shekaru 13, an shigar da shi cikin ɗakin sujada a matsayin mataimakiyar organist; daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rakiya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bonn. A shekara ta 1787 ya ziyarci Vienna kuma ya sadu da gunkinsa, Mozart, wanda bayan ya saurari yadda saurayin ya inganta, ya ce: “Ku kula da shi; wata rana zai sa duniya ta yi magana a kansa.” Beethoven ya kasa zama dalibin Mozart: rashin lafiya mai tsanani da mutuwar mahaifiyarsa ya tilasta masa ya koma Bonn cikin gaggawa. A can, Beethoven ya sami goyon bayan ɗabi'a a cikin dangin Breining mai haske kuma ya kasance kusa da yanayin jami'a, wanda ya raba ra'ayi mafi ci gaba. Abokan Beethoven na Bonn sun karɓe ra'ayoyin juyin juya halin Faransa cikin ƙwazo kuma suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi wajen kafa hukunce-hukuncen dimokraɗiyya.

A Bonn, Beethoven ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa manya da kanana: 2 cantatas na soloists, mawaƙa da makaɗa, 3 piano quartets, da yawa piano sonatas (yanzu ake kira sonatinas). Ya kamata a lura cewa sonatas sananne ga duk novice pianists gishiri и F babba ga Beethoven, a cewar masu bincike, ba nasu ba ne, amma ana danganta su ne kawai, amma wani, da gaske Beethoven's Sonatina in F major, wanda aka gano kuma aka buga a 1909, ya kasance, kamar yadda yake, a cikin inuwa kuma ba kowa ya buga shi ba. Yawancin ƙirƙira na Bonn kuma sun ƙunshi bambance-bambance da waƙoƙin da aka yi niyya don yin kiɗan mai son. Daga cikin su akwai sanannun song "Marmot", m "Elegy a kan Mutuwar Poodle", da 'yan tawaye poster "Free Man", da mafarkai "Sugh of maras ƙauna da farin ciki soyayya", dauke da samfurin na nan gaba jigo. farin ciki daga Symphony na tara, "Waƙar Hadaya", wanda Beethoven ya ƙaunace shi har ya koma wurinsa sau 5 (bugu na ƙarshe - 1824). Duk da sabo da haske na ƙuruciyar matasa, Beethoven ya fahimci cewa yana buƙatar yin nazari sosai.

A cikin Nuwamba 1792, daga ƙarshe ya bar Bonn kuma ya koma Vienna, babbar cibiyar kiɗa a Turai. A nan ya yi karatun counterpoint da abun da ke ciki tare da J. Haydn, I. Schenck, I. Albrechtsberger da A. Salieri. Ko da yake ɗalibin ya bambanta da taurin kai, ya yi nazari da himma kuma daga baya ya yi magana da godiya game da dukan malamansa. A lokaci guda, Beethoven ya fara yin wasan pianist kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya sami suna a matsayin mai haɓakawa mara kyau da kuma mafi kyawun halin kirki. A cikin yawon shakatawa na farko da na ƙarshe (1796), ya ci nasara da masu sauraron Prague, Berlin, Dresden, Bratislava. Masoyan kide-kide da yawa sun ba da goyon baya ga matasa virtuoso - K. Likhnovsky, F. Lobkowitz, F. Kinsky, jakadan Rasha A. Razumovsky da sauransu, Beethoven's sonatas, trios, quartets, kuma daga baya har ma da wasan kwaikwayo sun buga karo na farko a cikin su. salon gyara gashi. Ana iya samun sunayensu a cikin sadaukarwar da yawa daga cikin ayyukan mawaƙa. Duk da haka, yadda Beethoven ke mu'amala da ma'abotansa kusan ba a ji ba a lokacin. Mai girman kai kuma mai cin gashin kansa, bai yafewa kowa yunkurin wulakanta shi. Kalmomin almara da mawaƙin ya jefa wa mai ba da agaji da suka yi masa laifi an san su: “An yi kuma za a yi dubban sarakuna, Beethoven ɗaya ne kawai.” Daga cikin ɗimbin ɗaliban aristocratic na Beethoven, Ertman, 'yan'uwa T. da J. Bruns, da M. Erdedy sun zama abokansa na yau da kullun da masu tallata kiɗan sa. Ba ya son koyarwa, Beethoven duk da haka shi ne malamin K. Czerny da F. Ries a piano (dukansu biyu daga baya sun sami shahara a Turai) da Archduke Rudolf na Austria a cikin abun da ke ciki.

A cikin shekaru goma na farko na Viennese, Beethoven ya rubuta musamman piano da kiɗan ɗakin gida. 1792-1802. An ƙirƙiri wasan kide-kide na piano 3 da dozin 2 sonatas. Daga cikin waɗannan, kawai Sonata No. 8 ("Pathetic") yana da taken marubucin. Sonata No. 14, subtitled sonata-fantasy, an kira shi "Lunar" ta romantic mawãƙi L. Relshtab. Stable sunayen kuma ƙarfafa bayan sonatas No. 12 ("Tare da Jana'izar Maris"), No. 17 ("Tare da Recitatives") da kuma daga baya: No. 21 ("Aurora") da kuma No. 23 ("Appassionata"). Bugu da ƙari, piano, 9 (daga 10) violin sonatas suna cikin lokacin Viennese na farko (ciki har da No. 5 - "Spring", No. 9 - "Kreutzer"; duka sunaye kuma ba mawallafi ba ne); 2 cello sonatas, 6 kirtani quartets, da dama ensembles don daban-daban kida (ciki har da fara'a gallant Septet).

Tare da farkon XIX karni. Beethoven kuma ya fara ne a matsayin mawaki: a cikin 1800 ya kammala Symphony na farko, kuma a cikin 1802 ya zama na biyu. A lokaci guda, an rubuta waƙarsa kaɗai “Kristi bisa Dutsen Zaitun”. Alamun farko na cututtukan da ba za a iya warkewa ba wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1797 - rashin jin daɗi na ci gaba da fahimtar rashin bege na duk ƙoƙarin magance cutar ya jagoranci Beethoven zuwa rikicin ruhaniya a 1802, wanda aka nuna a cikin shahararren takarda - Heiligenstadt Alkawari. Ƙirƙirar hanya ita ce mafita daga rikicin: "... Ban isa in kashe kaina ba," mawallafin ya rubuta. - "Sai kawai, fasaha, ya kiyaye ni."

1802-12 - lokacin furanni mai haske na gwanin Beethoven. Tunanin shawo kan wahala ta hanyar ƙarfin ruhi da nasarar haske a kan duhu, ya sha wahala ƙwarai da gaske, bayan gwagwarmaya mai tsanani, ya zama mai ma'ana tare da manyan ra'ayoyin juyin juya halin Faransa da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na farkon 23th. karni. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun kasance a cikin na uku ("Heroic") da Symphonies na biyar, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na zalunci "Fidelio", a cikin kiɗa don bala'i "Egmont" na JW Goethe, a cikin Sonata No. 21 ("Appassionata"). Mawakin ya kuma samu kwarin gwuiwa daga ra'ayoyin falsafa da ɗabi'a na Haskakawa, waɗanda ya ɗauka a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Duniyar yanayi ta bayyana cike da jituwa mai ƙarfi a cikin Symphony na shida ("Pastoral"), a cikin Violin Concerto, a cikin Piano (Lamba 10) da Violin (No. 7) Sonatas. Jama'a ko kusa da waƙoƙin jama'a ana jin su a cikin Symphony na Bakwai da kuma a cikin Quartets No. 9-8 (wanda ake kira "Rashanci" - an sadaukar da su ga A. Razumovsky; Quartet No. 2 ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin XNUMX na waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha: amfani da su. da yawa daga baya kuma ta N. Rimsky-Korsakov "Glory" da "Ah, ita ce basirata, gwaninta"). Symphony na Hudu yana cike da kyakkyawan fata, na takwas yana cike da ban dariya da ɗan ban dariya na lokutan Haydn da Mozart. Ana kula da nau'in virtuoso da ban mamaki a cikin Concertos na huɗu da na biyar na Piano, haka kuma a cikin Concerto Triple don Violin, Cello da Piano da Orchestra. A cikin duk waɗannan ayyukan, salon classicism na Viennese ya sami cikakkiyar kamala kuma na ƙarshe tare da bangaskiya mai tabbatar da rayuwa cikin tunani, nagarta da adalci, wanda aka bayyana a matakin fahimta a matsayin motsi "ta wahala zuwa farin ciki" (daga wasiƙar Beethoven zuwa M. Erdedy), kuma a matakin ƙaddamarwa - a matsayin ma'auni tsakanin haɗin kai da bambance-bambancen da kuma kiyaye tsauraran matakai a mafi girman ma'auni na abun da ke ciki.

1812-15 - abubuwan juyawa a cikin rayuwar siyasa da ruhaniya na Turai. Lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon da haɓakar yunƙurin 'yanci ya biyo bayan Majalisar Vienna (1814-15), bayan haka dabi'un ra'ayi-sarrafawa sun tsananta a cikin manufofin gida da waje na ƙasashen Turai. Salon jarumtaka na jarumtaka, mai bayyana ruhin sabunta juyin juya hali na ƙarshen karni na 1813. da yanayi na kishin kasa na farkon karni na 17, dole ne ko dai ya juya ya zama zane-zane mai ban sha'awa, ko kuma ya ba da dama ga romanticism, wanda ya zama babban abin da ya faru a cikin wallafe-wallafen kuma ya sami damar bayyana kansa a cikin kiɗa (F. Schubert). Beethoven kuma dole ne ya magance waɗannan matsalolin ruhaniya masu rikitarwa. Ya ba da girmamawa ga murna mai nasara, yana haifar da fantasy mai ban sha'awa "Yaƙin Vittoria" da cantata "Lokacin Farin Ciki", wanda farkon abubuwan da aka yi lokacin da ya dace da Majalisar Vienna kuma ya kawo nasarar Beethoven wanda ba a taɓa jin shi ba. Koyaya, a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen 4-5. nuna ci gaba da kuma wani lokacin bincike mai raɗaɗi don sababbin hanyoyi. A wannan lokacin, an rubuta cello (Lambobi 27, 28) da piano (Lambobi 1815, XNUMX) sonatas, shirye-shiryen dozin da yawa na waƙoƙin al'ummai daban-daban don murya tare da gungu, sautin murya na farko a cikin tarihin nau'in " Zuwa Masoyi Mai Nisa" (XNUMX). Salon waɗannan ayyukan, kamar yadda yake, gwaji ne, tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran bincike, amma ba koyaushe da ƙarfi ba kamar a lokacin “ƙirar juyin juya hali.”

Shekaru goma na ƙarshe na rayuwar Beethoven duka sun mamaye yanayin siyasa da ruhaniya na zalunci a Metternich's Austriya, da wahalhalu da tashin hankali. Kurancin marubucin ya zama cikakke; tun 1818, an tilasta masa yin amfani da "littattafan rubutu na tattaunawa" wanda masu shiga tsakani suka rubuta masa tambayoyi. Samun rasa bege ga farin ciki na sirri (sunan "masoyi marar mutuwa", wanda wasiƙar bankwana na Beethoven na Yuli 6-7, 1812 ya kasance ba a sani ba; wasu masu bincike sunyi la'akari da ita J. Brunswick-Deym, wasu - A. Brentano) , Beethoven ya ɗauki nauyin renon ɗan wansa Karl, ɗan ƙanensa da ya mutu a shekara ta 1815. Wannan ya haifar da yaƙin shari'a na dogon lokaci (1815-20) da mahaifiyar yaron a kan haƙƙin tsare shi kaɗai. Dan uwa mai iyawa amma mara hankali ya ba Beethoven baƙin ciki mai yawa. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yanayin rayuwa na bakin ciki da kuma wani lokacin mawuyaci da kyawawan kyawawan ayyukan da aka halitta wata alama ce ta ruhi da ta sa Beethoven ta zama jarumar al'adun Turai na zamani.

Ƙirƙirar 1817-26 alama ce ta sabon haɓakar hazakar Beethoven kuma a lokaci guda ya zama abin ban mamaki na zamanin classicism na kiɗa. Har zuwa kwanaki na arshe, sauran masu aminci ga akida na gargajiya, mawaki sun sami sababbin siffofin da kuma hanyarsu, amma ba su wuce su ba. Salon marigayi Beethoven wani lamari ne na ado na musamman. Babban ra'ayin Beethoven game da dangantakar yare na bambance-bambance, gwagwarmaya tsakanin haske da duhu, yana samun sautin falsafa mai mahimmanci a cikin aikinsa na gaba. Nasara a kan wahala ba ta hanyar aikin jaruntaka ba, amma ta hanyar motsin ruhu da tunani. Babban masanin tsarin sonata, wanda rikice-rikice masu ban mamaki suka faru a baya, Beethoven a cikin abubuwan da ya yi na baya sau da yawa yana nufin nau'in fugue, wanda ya fi dacewa da haɓaka haɓakar ra'ayin falsafar gabaɗaya. Sonata na 5 na ƙarshe na piano (Lambobi 28-32) da 5 quartets na ƙarshe (Lambobi 12-16) an bambanta su ta hanyar harshe na musamman mai rikitarwa kuma mai ladabi wanda ke buƙatar fasaha mafi girma daga masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, da ra'ayoyin masu sauraro. Bambance-bambancen 33 akan waltz ta Diabelli da Bagatelli, op. 126 kuma ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne na gaskiya, duk da bambancin ma'auni. Aikin marigayi Beethoven ya kasance mai kawo rigima na dogon lokaci. A cikin mutanen zamaninsa, kaɗan ne kawai suka iya fahimta da jin daɗin rubuce-rubucensa na ƙarshe. Daya daga cikin wadannan mutane shi ne N. Golitsyn, wanda a kan odarsa aka rubuta kuma aka sadaukar da adadin sa'o'i 12, 13 da 15. The overture The Consecration of the House (1822) kuma aka sadaukar da shi.

A cikin 1823, Beethoven ya kammala Babban Mass, wanda shi da kansa ya ɗauki aikinsa mafi girma. Wannan taro, wanda aka tsara don wasan kwaikwayo fiye da wasan kwaikwayo, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a al'adar oratorio na Jamus (G. Schütz, JS Bach, GF Handel, WA ​​Mozart, J. Haydn). Taro na farko (1807) bai kasance ƙasa da talakawan Haydn da Mozart ba, amma bai zama sabuwar kalma a cikin tarihin nau'in ba, kamar "Mai Girma", wanda duk fasaha na Beethoven a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance. gane. Komawa ga rubutun Latin na canonical, Beethoven ya ware a cikinsa ra'ayin sadaukar da kai da sunan farin cikin mutane kuma ya gabatar da shi a cikin roƙon ƙarshe na zaman lafiya hanyoyin ƙin yarda da yaƙi a matsayin mafi girman mugunta. Tare da taimakon Golitsyn, an fara gabatar da Masallatai na Musamman a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1824 a St. Petersburg. Bayan wata daya, Beethoven ta ƙarshe ta fa'ida concert ya faru a Vienna, a cikin abin da, ban da sassa na Mass, na karshe, na tara Symphony da aka yi tare da karshe mawaƙa ga kalmomin F. Schiller's "Ode to Joy". Tunanin shawo kan wahala da nasarar haske ana ci gaba da aiwatar da shi ta duk waƙoƙin waƙa kuma an bayyana shi da cikakkiyar fahimta a ƙarshen godiya ga gabatarwar rubutun waƙar da Beethoven ya yi mafarkin saita kiɗa a Bonn. Symphony na tara tare da kiransa na ƙarshe - "Hug, miliyoyin!" - ya zama wasiyyar akida ta Beethoven ga ɗan adam kuma tana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a cikin shagali na ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX.

G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich yarda da ci gaba da al'adun Beethoven ta wata hanya ko wata. A matsayin malaminsu, Beethoven kuma ya sami karramawa da mawaƙa na makarantar Novovensk - "mahaifin dodecaphony" A. Schoenberg, ɗan adam mai kishin ɗan adam A. Berg, mai ƙididdigewa da mawaƙa A. Webern. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1911, Webern ya rubuta wa Berg: “Akwai abubuwa kaɗan masu ban sha’awa kamar idin Kirsimeti. … Shin kuma ba za a yi bikin ranar haifuwar Beethoven ba?”. Yawancin mawaƙa da masu son kiɗa za su yarda da wannan shawarar, saboda dubunnan (watakila miliyoyin) mutane, Beethoven ya kasance ba kawai ɗaya daga cikin manyan hazaka na kowane lokaci da mutane ba, har ma da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, mai haɓakawa. wanda aka zalunta, mai ta'aziyyar wahala, amintaccen aminin cikin bakin ciki da farin ciki.

L. Kirillina

• Rayuwa da hanyar kirkira →
• Ƙirƙirar Symphonic →
• Concert →
• Ƙirƙirar Piano →
• Piano sonata →
• Violin sonatas →
• Bambance-bambance →
• Ƙirƙirar ɗakin gida →
• Ƙirƙirar murya →
• Beethoven-pianist →
• Makarantun Kiɗa na Beethoven →
• Matsala →
• Jerin ayyukan →
• Tasirin Beethoven akan kiɗan na gaba →

Beethoven yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu na duniya. Ayyukansa yana da matsayi mai daraja tare da fasahar irin waɗannan titan na tunanin fasaha kamar Tolstoy, Rembrandt, Shakespeare. Dangane da zurfin ilimin falsafa, daidaitawar dimokuradiyya, ƙarfin hali na ƙididdigewa, Beethoven ba shi da daidai a cikin fasahar kiɗan Turai na ƙarni da suka gabata.

Ayyukan Beethoven ya ɗauki babban farkawa na mutane, jarumtaka da wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin juyin juya hali. Da yake jawabi ga dukan ɗan adam na ci gaba, waƙarsa ta kasance ƙalubale mai ƙarfin hali ga ƙayatattun ƙwararrun ma'abota girman kai.

Ra'ayin Beethoven ya samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin juyin juya hali wanda ya bazu a cikin ci gaban da'irar al'umma a farkon ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX. A matsayin ainihin abin da ya faru a kan ƙasar Jamus, bourgeois-demokraɗiyya haskakawa ya sami tsari a Jamus. Zanga-zangar adawa da zaluntar jama'a da kyamar jama'a ta yanke shawarar jagoranci na falsafar, adabi, wakoki, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗan Jamus.

Kadan ya ɗaga tutar gwagwarmaya don manufofin ɗan adam, hankali da 'yanci. Ayyukan Schiller da matasa Goethe sun cika da jin daɗin jama'a. Marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar Sturm und Drang sun yi tawaye ga ƙaramin ɗabi'a na al'ummar feudal-bourgeois. An ƙalubalanci girman kai a cikin Lessing's Nathan the Wise, Goethe's Goetz von Berlichingen, Schiller's The Robbers da Rashin hankali da Ƙauna. Ra'ayoyin gwagwarmayar 'yancin walwala sun mamaye Schiller's Don Carlos da William Tell. Har ila yau, tashin hankali na rikice-rikice na zamantakewa ya bayyana a cikin siffar Goethe's Werther, "Shahidi mai tawaye", a cikin kalmomin Pushkin. Ruhun ƙalubale ya nuna kowane fitaccen aikin fasaha na wancan zamanin, wanda aka ƙirƙira a ƙasar Jamus. Ayyukan Beethoven shine mafi girman magana da fasaha a cikin fasahar shahararrun ƙungiyoyi a Jamus a ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX.

Babban tashin hankalin zamantakewa a Faransa ya yi tasiri kai tsaye da ƙarfi a kan Beethoven. Wannan hazikin mawakin, wanda ya yi zamani da juyin juya hali, an haife shi ne a zamanin da ya yi daidai da ma'ajiyar hazakarsa, yanayinsa na titanic. Tare da ƙarancin ƙirƙira da ƙarfin zuciya, Beethoven ya rera ɗaukaka da ƙarfin lokacinsa, wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro, farin ciki da baƙin ciki na ɗimbin jama'a. Har wala yau, fasahar Beethoven ta kasance ba a iya misalta shi azaman nunin fasaha na ji na jarumtakar jama'a.

Taken juyin juya hali ko kadan ba ya ƙare gadon Beethoven. Babu shakka, fitattun ayyukan Beethoven na cikin fasahar shirin jarumtaka mai ban mamaki. Babban fasali na kayan adonsa sun fi dacewa a cikin ayyukan da ke nuna jigon gwagwarmaya da nasara, suna ɗaukaka farkon dimokuradiyya na duniya, sha'awar 'yanci. Jarumi, na biyar da na tara, da Coriolanus, Egmont, Leonora, Pathetique Sonata da Appassionata - wannan da'irar ayyuka ne kusan nan da nan ya sami nasarar Beethoven mafi girma a duniya. Kuma a haƙiƙanin gaskiya, kiɗan Beethoven ya bambanta da tsarin tunani da salon magana na magabata da farko a cikin tasirinsa, ikonsa na ban tausayi, da girman girmansa. Babu wani abin mamaki a cikin kasancewarsa bidi'ar da ya yi a fagen jarumtaka da ban tausayi, tun da farko fiye da wasu, ta ja hankalin jama'a; galibi bisa ga ayyukan ban mamaki na Beethoven, mutanen zamaninsa da al'ummomin da suka biyo bayansu nan da nan suka yanke hukunci game da aikinsa gaba ɗaya.

Koyaya, duniyar kiɗan Beethoven tana da ban mamaki. Akwai wasu bangarori masu mahimmanci a cikin fasaharsa, wadanda a wajensu babu makawa hasashensa zai kasance mai gefe daya, kunkuntar, don haka ya karkace. Kuma sama da duka, wannan shi ne zurfin da sarkakiyar ka’idar ilimi da ke cikinsa.

Ilimin tunani na sabon mutum, wanda aka 'yantar da shi daga ƙuƙumi, Beethoven ya bayyana ba kawai a cikin shirin rikici ba, har ma ta hanyar babban tunani mai ban sha'awa. Jaruminsa, yana da jaruntaka da sha'awa, yana da wadata a lokaci guda tare da arziƙi, ingantaccen basira. Shi ba mayaƙi ne kawai ba, har ma mai tunani; tare da aiki, yana da hali na mayar da hankali tunani. Babu mawaƙa guda ɗaya na duniya kafin Beethoven ya sami irin wannan zurfin falsafa da ma'aunin tunani. A cikin Beethoven, ɗaukakar rayuwa ta ainihi a cikin bangarori daban-daban ta haɗe da ra'ayin girman sararin samaniya. Lokutan zurfafa tunani a cikin waƙarsa suna tare tare da hotuna masu ban tausayi, suna haskaka su ta wata hanya ta musamman. Ta hanyar ƙwaƙƙwaran maɗaukaki da zurfin hankali, rayuwa a cikin kowane bambance-bambancen ta tana cikin ɓarna a cikin kiɗan Beethoven - sha'awar sha'awa da ɓacin rai, abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da ikirari na waƙoƙi, hotuna na yanayi da al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun ...

A ƙarshe, a kan bangon aikin magabata, kiɗan Beethoven ya fito fili don wannan keɓantawar hoton, wanda ke da alaƙa da ka'idar tunani a cikin fasaha.

Ba a matsayin wakilin dukiya ba, amma a matsayin mutumin da ke da duniyarsa mai arziki, wani mutum na sabuwar al'umma bayan juyin juya hali ya gane kansa. A cikin wannan ruhi ne Beethoven ya fassara gwarzonsa. A koyaushe yana da mahimmanci kuma na musamman, kowane shafi na rayuwarsa ƙima ce ta ruhaniya mai zaman kanta. Hatta abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da juna a nau'in suna samun a cikin kiɗan Beethoven irin wadatar inuwa wajen isar da yanayi wanda ake ganin kowannensu a matsayin na musamman. Tare da ra'ayoyin da ba su da wani sharadi wanda ya mamaye duk aikinsa, tare da zurfin tambarin ƙwaƙƙwaran mutumtaka mai ƙarfi wanda ya ta'allaka kan dukkan ayyukan Beethoven, kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ya yi nasa abin mamaki ne na fasaha.

Wataƙila wannan sha'awar da ba za a iya kashewa ba ce ta bayyana ainihin ainihin kowane hoto ne ya sa matsalar salon Beethoven ke da wahala sosai.

Yawancin lokaci ana magana da Beethoven a matsayin mawaki wanda, a gefe guda, ya kammala mawallafin gargajiya (A cikin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida da wallafe-wallafen kiɗa na waje, an kafa kalmar "classicist" dangane da fasahar gargajiya. Don haka, a ƙarshe, rudani wanda ba makawa ya taso lokacin da aka yi amfani da kalmar "classic" guda ɗaya don kwatanta koli, " madawwami" abubuwan mamaki na kowane fasaha, kuma don ayyana nau'in salo ɗaya, amma muna ci gaba da amfani da kalmar "classic" ta hanyar inertia dangane da salon kiɗan na ƙarni na XNUMX da misalan gargajiya a cikin kiɗan wasu salon (misali, romanticism). , baroque, impressionism, da dai sauransu).) zamanin a cikin kiɗa, a gefe guda, yana buɗe hanya don "shekarun soyayya". A cikin maɗaukakiyar sharuddan tarihi, irin wannan tsari ba ya tayar da ƙin yarda. Koyaya, yana da ɗan fahimtar ainihin salon Beethoven da kansa. Don, taɓa wasu ɓangarori a wasu matakai na juyin halitta tare da aikin ƙwararrun masana na karni na XNUMX da kuma romantics na ƙarni na gaba, kiɗan Beethoven a zahiri bai dace da wasu mahimman siffofi masu mahimmanci tare da buƙatun kowane salon ba. Bugu da ƙari, yana da wuyar gaske don siffanta shi tare da taimakon ra'ayoyin masu salo waɗanda suka samo asali a kan nazarin aikin wasu masu fasaha. Beethoven ba zai iya zama mutum ɗaya ba. A lokaci guda, yana da yawa-gefe da multifaceted cewa babu wani saba salo Categories rufe duk bambancin bayyanar.

Tare da tabbaci mafi girma ko ƙarami, za mu iya magana ne kawai kan wasu jerin matakai a cikin neman mawaƙa. A cikin aikinsa, Beethoven ya ci gaba da fadada iyakoki na fasaharsa, yana barin baya ba kawai magabata da na zamaninsa ba, har ma da nasarorin da ya samu na zamanin da. A zamanin yau, ya zama al'ada a yi mamakin irin nau'in Stravinsky ko Picasso, ganin wannan a matsayin alama ce ta musamman tsanani na juyin halittar tunanin fasaha, halayyar karni na 59. Amma Beethoven a wannan ma'anar ba ta da wata hanya ta kasa da fitattun fitattun masu suna a sama. Ya isa a kwatanta kusan kowane zaɓaɓɓen ayyukan Beethoven na son rai don samun gamsuwa da ingantaccen salon sa. Shin yana da sauƙi a yarda cewa m septet a cikin salon Viennese divertissement, da monumental ban mamaki "Heroic Symphony" da zurfin falsafa quartets op. XNUMX na alkalami ɗaya ne? Haka kuma, an halicce su ne a cikin shekaru shida guda.

Babu ɗaya daga cikin sonata na Beethoven da za a iya bambanta a matsayin mafi halayyar salon mawaƙa a fagen kiɗan piano. Babu wani aiki ko ɗaya da ke kwatanta bincikensa a cikin salon magana. Wani lokaci, a cikin wannan shekarar, Beethoven ya buga ayyukan da suka bambanta da juna wanda da farko kallo yana da wuya a gane abubuwan gama gari a tsakanin su. Mu tuna aƙalla sanannun wakoki na biyar da na shida. Kowane daki-daki na thematism, kowace hanyar siffata a cikinsu tana adawa da juna sosai kamar yadda gabaɗayan dabarun fasaha na waɗannan kasidu ba su dace ba - na biyar mai ban tausayi da na shida na fastoci. Idan muka kwatanta ayyukan da aka ƙirƙira a daban-daban, sun ɗan yi nisa daga kowane matakai na hanyar ƙirƙira - alal misali, Symphony na Farko da Babban Mass, Quartets op. 18 da kuma na karshe quartets, na shida da ashirin da tara Piano Sonatas, da dai sauransu, da dai sauransu, da dai sauransu, sa'an nan za mu ga halittu masu ban mamaki daban-daban da juna da cewa a farkon ra'ayi an gane su ba tare da wani sharadi gwargwado a matsayin samfurin ba kawai daban-daban hankali, amma. kuma daga zamanin fasaha daban-daban. Haka kuma, kowane opuses da aka ambata suna da halayen Beethoven sosai, kowannensu mu'ujiza ce ta cikar salo.

Mutum na iya magana game da ƙa'idar fasaha guda ɗaya wadda ke nuna ayyukan Beethoven kawai a cikin mafi yawan sharuɗɗan gabaɗaya: a cikin dukkan hanyoyin kirkire-kirkire, salon mawaƙi ya haɓaka sakamakon neman ainihin yanayin rayuwa. Ƙarfin ɗaukar hoto na gaskiya, wadata da kuzari a cikin watsa tunani da ji, a ƙarshe wani sabon fahimtar kyakkyawa idan aka kwatanta da magabata, ya haifar da irin wannan nau'i na asali na asali da fasaha maras kyau wanda za a iya ba da shi kawai ta hanyar manufar. "Salon Beethoven" na musamman.

Ta ma'anar Serov, Beethoven ya fahimci kyakkyawa a matsayin bayanin babban abun ciki na akida. Haɗin kai, kyakkyawan yanayin rarrabuwar kawuna na bayyana kida an shawo kan shi da sane a cikin balagaggen aikin Beethoven.

Kamar dai yadda Lessing ya tsaya ga madaidaicin magana mai ma'ana a kan sigar wucin gadi, salon kawata salon waka, cike da kyawawan misalai da halayen almara, don haka Beethoven ya ƙi duk wani abu na ado da na al'ada.

A cikin kiɗansa, ba kawai kayan ado masu kyau ba, waɗanda ba za a iya raba su da salon magana na ƙarni na XNUMX ba, sun ɓace. Ma'auni da daidaito na yaren kiɗan, santsin ƙwanƙwasa, fa'ida na ɗaki na sauti - waɗannan sifofi masu salo, halayen dukan magabata na Beethoven na Viennese ba tare da togiya ba, a hankali an kore su daga jawabinsa na kiɗan. Tunanin Beethoven na kyawawan ya buƙaci ƙanƙantar tsiraicin ji. Ya kasance yana neman wasu kalmomin shiga - mai ƙarfi da rashin nutsuwa, kaifi da taurin kai. Sautin kiɗansa ya zama cikakke, mai yawa, da ban mamaki; Jigoginsa sun samu har zuwa lokacin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba, sauƙi mai tsanani. Ga mutanen da suka taso game da kade-kade na kade-kade na karni na XNUMX, salon magana na Beethoven ya zama kamar sabon abu, "ba a san shi ba", wani lokacin har ma da muni, cewa mawallafin ya ci gaba da zagi don sha'awar zama na asali, sun ga a cikin sabbin fasahohin nasa. nemo baƙon sautunan da ba a so da gangan waɗanda ke yanke kunne.

Kuma, duk da haka, tare da dukkan asali, ƙarfin hali da sabon abu, kiɗan Beethoven yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da al'adun baya da kuma tsarin tunani na gargajiya.

Makarantun ci-gaba na ƙarni na XNUMX, waɗanda ke rufe tsararrun fasaha da yawa, sun shirya aikin Beethoven. Wasu daga cikinsu sun sami jumhuriya da siffa ta ƙarshe a cikinsa; An bayyana tasirin wasu a cikin sabon juzu'i na asali.

Aikin Beethoven yana da alaƙa da fasahar Jamus da Ostiriya.

Da farko, akwai ci gaba mai fahimta tare da al'adun gargajiyar Viennese na karni na XNUMX. Ba daidai ba ne cewa Beethoven ya shiga tarihin Al'adu a matsayin wakilin karshe na wannan makaranta. Ya fara kan hanyar da magabatansa Haydn da Mozart suka shimfida. Beethoven kuma ya fahimci tsarin jarumtaka-mummunan hotuna na wasan kwaikwayo na kida na Gluck, wani bangare ta hanyar ayyukan Mozart, wanda a nasu hanya ya hana wannan farkon alama, wani bangare kai tsaye daga bala'in wakoki na Gluck. Beethoven daidai yake an gane shi a matsayin magajin ruhaniya na Handel. Hotunan nasara, haske-jarumtaka na oratorios Handel sun fara sabuwar rayuwa bisa tushen kayan aiki a cikin sonata da takwarorinsu na Beethoven. A ƙarshe, bayyanannen zaren da aka jera suna haɗa Beethoven tare da wannan layin falsafa da tunani a cikin fasahar kiɗan, wanda aka daɗe ana haɓakawa a cikin makarantun choral da gabobi na Jamus, ya zama farkon farkonsa na ƙasa kuma ya kai matsayinsa na koli a cikin fasahar Bach. Tasirin waƙoƙin falsafar Bach akan duk tsarin kiɗan Beethoven yana da zurfi kuma ba za a iya musantawa ba kuma ana iya gano shi daga Piano Sonata na Farko zuwa Symphony na Tara da na ƙarshe na quartets da aka kirkira jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa.

Furotesta chorale da al'ada yau da kullum Jamus song, dimokuradiyya singspiel da Viennese titi serenades - wadannan da da yawa sauran nau'o'in fasaha na kasa su ma sun kasance na musamman a cikin aikin Beethoven. Ya gane duka nau'ikan rubutattun waƙa na ƙauyen tarihi da aka kafa a tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihin tarihin birni na zamani. A zahiri, duk abin da ke cikin al'adun Jamus da Ostiriya ya bayyana a cikin aikin sonata-symphony na Beethoven.

Har ila yau, fasahar sauran ƙasashe, musamman Faransa, ta taimaka wajen samar da hazakarsa mai ban mamaki. Kiɗa na Beethoven ya yi daidai da motif ɗin Rousseauist waɗanda ke kunshe a cikin wasan opera mai ban dariya na Faransa a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX, farawa da mai sihiri na Village na Rousseau kuma ya ƙare da ayyukan gargajiya na Gretry a cikin wannan nau'in. Hoton, tsattsauran yanayi na nau'ikan juyin juya hali na Faransa ya bar tambarin da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba, wanda ke nuna hutu tare da fasahar ɗakin karni na XNUMX. Wasan operas na Cherubini sun kawo hanyoyi masu kaifi, rashin jin daɗi da kuzarin sha'awa, kusa da tsarin tunani na salon Beethoven.

Kamar yadda aikin Bach ya mamaye kuma ya zama gama gari a matakin fasaha mafi girma duk manyan makarantu na zamanin da suka gabata, don haka hangen nesa na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa na ƙarni na XNUMX sun rungumi duk madaidaicin igiyoyin kiɗa na ƙarni na baya. Amma sabon fahimtar da Beethoven ya yi game da kyawun kiɗan ya sake samar da waɗannan maɓuɓɓuka zuwa wani nau'i na asali wanda a cikin mahallin ayyukansa ba koyaushe ake iya gane su ba.

Hakazalika, tsarin tunani na gargajiya ya koma baya a cikin aikin Beethoven a cikin sabon salo, nesa da salon magana na Gluck, Haydn, Mozart. Wannan shi ne na musamman, kawai Beethovenian iri-iri na classicism, wanda ba shi da wani samfuri a cikin kowane mai fasaha. Mawaƙa na karni na XNUMX ba su ma yi tunanin yuwuwar irin waɗannan manyan gine-ginen da suka zama na yau da kullun ga Beethoven ba, kamar 'yancin ci gaba a cikin tsarin ƙirƙirar sonata, game da nau'ikan nau'ikan jigogi na kiɗa, da sarƙaƙƙiya da wadatar da gaske. Nau'in kidan Beethoven yakamata su gane a matsayin mara sharadi wani mataki na komawa ga tsarin kin Bach tsara. Duk da haka, kasancewar Beethoven na tsarin tunani na gargajiya ya fito fili a bayan waɗannan sabbin ƙa'idodi na ado waɗanda suka fara mamaye kiɗan na zamanin bayan Beethoven ba tare da wani sharadi ba.

Daga na farko zuwa na karshe ayyukan, Beethoven ta music ne ko da yaushe halin da tsabta da kuma hankali na tunani, monumentality da kuma jituwa na tsari, da kyau ma'auni tsakanin sassa na dukan, wanda su ne halayyar fasali na classicism a art a general, a music musamman. . A wannan ma'anar, ana iya kiran Beethoven magajin kai tsaye ba kawai ga Gluck, Haydn da Mozart ba, har ma ga wanda ya kafa salon gargajiya a cikin kiɗa, Bafaranshe Lully, wanda ya yi aiki shekaru ɗari kafin a haifi Beethoven. Beethoven ya nuna kansa sosai a cikin tsarin waɗancan nau'ikan sonata-symphonic waɗanda mawaƙa na Haskakawa suka haɓaka kuma suka kai matakin gargajiya a cikin aikin Haydn da Mozart. Shi ne mawaƙi na ƙarshe na karni na XNUMX, wanda sonata na gargajiya ya kasance mafi dabi'a, nau'in tunani na halitta, na ƙarshe wanda tunanin ciki na tunanin kiɗa ya mamaye waje, farawa mai ban sha'awa. Da aka gane azaman zubar da hankali kai tsaye, kiɗan Beethoven a zahiri yana dogara ne akan ingantaccen tushe mai ma'ana mai walƙiya.

Akwai, a ƙarshe, wani muhimmin batu mai haɗa Beethoven tare da tsarin tunani na gargajiya. Wannan ita ce ra'ayin duniya mai jituwa da ke nunawa a cikin fasaharsa.

Tabbas, tsarin ji a cikin waƙar Beethoven ya bambanta da na mawaƙan Haskakawa. Lokacin kwanciyar hankali, kwanciyar hankali, kwanciyar hankali nesa ba kusa ba. Babban cajin ƙarfin kuzarin fasahar Beethoven, tsananin ƙarfin ji, ƙarfin kuzari yana tura lokutan “fastoci” mara kyau zuwa bango. Duk da haka, kamar mawakan gargajiya na ƙarni na XNUMX, ma'anar jituwa da duniya ita ce mafi mahimmancin fasalin ƙirar Beethoven. Amma an haife shi kusan ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba sakamakon gwagwarmayar titanic, matuƙar ƙoƙari na ruhi don shawo kan manyan cikas. A matsayin jarumtakar tabbatar da rayuwa, a matsayin cin nasara na nasara, Beethoven yana jin jituwa da ɗan adam da sararin samaniya. Fasaharsa tana cike da wannan bangaskiya, ƙarfi, buguwa tare da jin daɗin rayuwa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin kiɗa tare da zuwan "zamanin soyayya".

Ƙarshe zamanin classicism na kiɗa, Beethoven a lokaci guda ya buɗe hanya don karni mai zuwa. Waƙarsa tana sama da duk abin da mutanen zamaninsa da na gaba suka ƙirƙira, wani lokaci yana maimaita tambayoyin lokaci mai tsawo. Fahimtar Beethoven game da gaba yana da ban mamaki. Har ya zuwa yanzu, ra'ayoyi da hotunan kade-kade na fasahar fasahar Beethoven ba su kare ba.

V. Konen

• Rayuwa da hanyar kirkira →
• Tasirin Beethoven akan kiɗan na gaba →