Francois Couperin |

Francois Couperin

Couperin "Les Barricades mystirieuses" (John Williams)

A cikin karni na XNUMXth wani sanannen makarantar kiɗa na harpsichord ya haɓaka a Faransa (J. Chambonière, L. Couperin da 'yan uwansa, J. d'Anglebert, da sauransu). An ba da shi daga tsara zuwa tsara, al'adun yin al'adu da fasaha sun kai ga kololuwar aikin F. Couperin, wanda mutanen zamaninsa suka fara kira mai girma.

An haifi Couperin a cikin iyali da ke da dogon al'adar kiɗa. Sabis na wani organist a cikin Cathedral na Saint-Gervais, ya gada daga mahaifinsa, Charles Couperin, sanannen mawaki kuma mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a Faransa, Francois tare da hidima a gidan sarauta. Ayyukan ayyuka daban-daban (hada kida don hidimar coci da kide-kide na kotu, yin a matsayin soloist da rakiya, da sauransu) ya cika rayuwar mawakin ga iyaka. Couperin kuma ya ba da darussa ga membobin gidan sarauta: "... Tsawon shekaru ashirin yanzu ina da darajar kasancewa tare da sarki kuma ina koyar da kusan lokaci guda mai martaba Dauphin, Duke na Burgundy da sarakuna shida da sarakunan gidan sarauta..." A ƙarshen 1720s. Couperin ya rubuta guntunsa na ƙarshe don garaya. Rashin lafiya mai tsanani ya tilasta masa ya bar ayyukansa na kirkire-kirkire, ya daina hidima a kotu da kuma cikin coci. Matsayin mawaƙin ɗakin gida ya wuce zuwa ga 'yarsa, Marguerite Antoinette.

Tushen abubuwan ƙirƙira na Couperin ayyuka ne don harpsichord - fiye da guda 250 da aka buga a cikin tarin guda huɗu (1713, 1717, 1722, 1730). Dangane da kwarewar magabata da tsofaffin zamani, Couperin ya ƙirƙiri salon garaya na asali, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar dabara da ƙayataccen rubutu, gyare-gyaren ƙananan siffofi (rondo ko bambance-bambancen karatu), da yawan kayan ado na ado (melismas) waɗanda suka dace da su. yanayin sonority na garaya. Wannan kyakkyawan salon filigree yana ta hanyoyi da yawa masu alaƙa da salon Rococo a cikin fasahar Faransa na ƙarni na XNUMX. Rashin ƙarancin ɗanɗano na Faransanci, ma'anar daidaito, wasa mai laushi na launuka da sonorities sun mamaye kiɗan Couperin, ban da haɓakar magana, ƙarfi da buɗaɗɗen bayyanar motsin zuciyarmu. "Na fi son abin da ke motsa ni da abin da ke ba ni mamaki." Couperin yana haɗa wasanninsa zuwa layuka (ordre) - kirtani kyauta na ƙananan ƙananan. Yawancin wasannin kwaikwayo suna da taken shirin da ke nuna wadatar tunanin mawaƙin, ƙayyadaddun yanayin tunaninsa. Waɗannan hotuna ne na mata ("Touchless", "Naughty", "Sister Monica"), makiyaya, al'amuran da ba su dace ba, shimfidar wurare ("Reeds", "Lilies in the Making"), wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ke nuna yanayin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin ("Nadama", "Tsaya", Anguish") , kayan wasan kwaikwayo ("Satires", "Harlequin", "Dabarun masu sihiri"), da dai sauransu. – yanayi daban-daban sun ba ni shawara. Saboda haka, taken sun yi daidai da ra'ayoyin da nake da su lokacin tsarawa. Nemo nasa, taɓawar mutum don kowane ɗan ƙaramin abu, Couperin yana ƙirƙirar ƙima mara iyaka na zaɓuɓɓuka don rubutun harpsichord - cikakkun bayanai, iska, masana'anta na buɗe ido.

Kayan aikin, yana da iyaka sosai a cikin yuwuwar bayyanawa, ya zama mai sassauƙa, mai hankali, mai launi a hanyar Couperin.

Bambance-bambancen arziƙin gwaninta na mawaƙi da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, ƙwararren da ya san yuwuwar kayan aikin nasa, ita ce littafin Couperin The Art of Playing the Harpsichord (1761), da kuma gabatarwar marubucin ga tarin garaya.

Mawallafin ya fi sha'awar ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin; yana fayyace dabarun wasan kwaikwayo (musamman lokacin wasa akan maɓallan madannai guda biyu), yana ƙaddamar da kayan ado da yawa. “Maƙarƙashiyar ita kanta ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aiki ce, tana da kyau a cikin kewayon ta, amma tun da garaya ba za ta iya ƙarawa ko rage ƙarfin sauti ba, koyaushe zan kasance mai godiya ga waɗanda, godiya ga cikakkiyar fasaha da ɗanɗanonsu, za su iya. sanya shi bayyanawa. Wannan shi ne abin da magabata suka yi marmarin yi, ba tare da ambaton kyakkyawan tsarin wasan kwaikwayonsu ba. Na yi ƙoƙarin kammala bincikensu.”

Babban sha'awa shine aikin ɗakin-kayan aikin Couperin. Zagaye biyu na kide-kide "Royal Concertos" (4) da "Sabon Concertos" (10, 1714-15), da aka rubuta don ƙaramin gungu (sextet), an yi su a cikin kide-kide na kiɗa na ɗakin kotu. Couperin's trio sonatas (1724-26) sun sami wahayi daga A. Corelli's trio sonatas. Couperin ya sadaukar da ukun sonata "Parnassus, ko Apotheosis na Corelli" ga mawakin da ya fi so. Sunaye masu halaye har ma da madaidaitan filaye - koyaushe masu wayo, na asali - ana kuma samun su a cikin rukunin ɗakin Couperin. Don haka, shirin na uku sonata "Apotheosis na Lully" ya nuna muhawarar zamani game da fa'idodin kiɗan Faransanci da Italiyanci.

Muhimmancin da girman tunani ya bambanta da tsarki music na Couperin - gabobin jiki (1690), motets, 3 pre-Easter talakawa (1715).

Tuni a lokacin rayuwar Couperin, ayyukansa sun shahara a waje da Faransa. Manyan mawaƙa sun samo a cikinsu misalan tsararren salon garaya mai gogewa. Don haka, J. Brahms mai suna JS Bach, GF Handel da D. Scarlatti a cikin daliban Couperin. Haɗin kai tare da salon harpsichord na maigidan Faransanci ana samun su a cikin ayyukan piano na J. Haydn, WA Mozart da matasa L. Beethoven. Al'adun Couperin a kan ma'auni daban-daban na ma'auni da na kasa da kasa sun sake farfadowa a farkon karni na XNUMX-XNUMXth. a cikin ayyukan mawaƙan Faransa C. Debussy da M. Ravel (misali, a cikin rukunin Ravel “The Tomb of Couperin”)

I. Okhalova