Georges Bizet |

Georges Bizet

… Ina bukatan gidan wasan kwaikwayo: in ba shi ba ni ba komai. J. Bizet

Mawaƙin Faransa J. Bizet ya sadaukar da ɗan gajeren rayuwarsa ga wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Babban aikinsa - "Carmen" - har yanzu yana daya daga cikin operas mafi ƙaunataccen mutane da yawa.

Bizet ya girma a cikin iyali mai ilimin al'adu; uba malamin waka ne, uwa ta buga piano. Daga shekaru 4, Georges ya fara nazarin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa. Yana da shekaru 10 ya shiga cikin Paris Conservatoire. Fitattun mawakan Faransa sun zama malamansa: Pianist A. Marmontel, theorist P. Zimmerman, opera composers F. Halévy da Ch. Gounod. Ko da a lokacin, Bizet ta m gwaninta ya bayyana: ya kasance m virtuoso pianist (F. Liszt kansa sha'awar da wasa), akai-akai samu kyaututtuka a ka'idar horo, ya sha'awar wasa da gabobi (daga baya, riga samun shahara, ya yi karatu tare da S. Frank).

A cikin shekarun Conservatory (1848-58), ayyuka sun bayyana cike da sabbin samari da sauƙi, daga cikinsu akwai Symphony a cikin manyan C, wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya The Doctor. Ƙarshen ɗakin ajiyar ya kasance alama ta hanyar karɓar lambar yabo ta Roma don cantata "Clovis da Clotilde", wanda ya ba da damar zama na tsawon shekaru hudu a Italiya da kuma tallafin karatu na jihar. A lokaci guda, don gasar da J. Offenbach ya sanar, Bizet ya rubuta operetta Doctor Miracle, wanda kuma aka ba shi kyauta.

A Italiya, Bizet, sha'awar da m yanayi kudancin, Monuments na gine-gine da kuma zanen, yi aiki da yawa da 'ya'ya (1858-60). Yana karatun fasaha, yana karanta littattafai da yawa, yana fahimtar kyau a duk bayyanarsa. Manufar Bizet ita ce kyakkyawar duniya mai jituwa ta Mozart da Raphael. Haƙiƙa alherin Faransanci, kyauta mai karimci, da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano sun zama abubuwan haɗin kai na salon mawaƙa. Bizet yana ƙara sha'awar kiɗan opera, yana iya "haɗuwa" tare da sabon abu ko jarumi da aka nuna akan mataki. Maimakon cantata, wanda mawallafin ya kamata ya gabatar a Paris, ya rubuta wasan opera mai ban dariya Don Procopio, a cikin al'adar G. Rossini. Ana kuma ƙirƙira wani ode-symphony "Vasco da Gama".

Tare da komawa zuwa Paris, farkon farkon bincike mai mahimmanci kuma a lokaci guda mai wuyar gaske, aikin yau da kullum don kare wani gurasa yana haɗa. Dole ne Bizet ya yi rikodin makin wasan opera na wasu, ya rubuta kiɗan nishadantarwa don shagali-kafe kuma a lokaci guda ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka, yana aiki awanni 16 a rana. “Ina aiki a matsayin baƙar fata, na gaji, na farfasa gunduwa-gunduwa… Na gama soyayya ga sabon mawallafin. Ina jin tsoron cewa ya zama matsakaici, amma ana buƙatar kuɗi. Kudi, ko da yaushe kudi - zuwa jahannama! Bayan Gounod, Bizet ya juya zuwa nau'in wasan opera na waƙa. "Masu neman lu'u-lu'u" (1863), inda aka haɗa yanayin yanayin yanayin jin dadi tare da exoticism na gabas, G. Berlioz ya yaba. The Beauty of Perth (1867, bisa wani makirci na W. Scott) ya kwatanta rayuwar talakawa. Nasarar wadannan operas ba ta kai ga karfafa matsayin marubucin ba. Soki-burutsu, fahimtar da hankali game da gazawar The Perth Beauty ya zama mabuɗin ga nasarorin da Bizet za ta samu a nan gaba: “Wannan wasa ne mai ban sha'awa, amma ba a fayyace haruffan ba… Makarantar roulades da karya ta mutu - matacce har abada! Bari mu binne ta ba tare da nadama ba, ba tare da jin daɗi ba - kuma gaba! Yawancin tsare-tsare na waɗannan shekarun sun kasance ba a cika su ba; da aka kammala, amma gabaɗaya ba a shirya wasan opera Ivan the Terrible ba. Bugu da ƙari, operas, Bizet ya rubuta ƙungiyar makaɗa da kiɗa na ɗakin: ya kammala wasan kwaikwayo na Roma, wanda ya fara a Italiya, ya rubuta guda don piano a hannun 4 "Wasanni na Yara" (wasu daga cikinsu a cikin nau'in mawaƙa sun kasance "Little Suite"), romances. .

A cikin 1870, lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian, lokacin da Faransa ke cikin mawuyacin hali, Bizet ya shiga cikin National Guard. Bayan 'yan shekaru, ya nuna kishin kasa ji a cikin ban mamaki overture "Motherland" (1874). Shekaru 70 - bunƙasar ƙirƙirar mawaƙa. A cikin 1872, an fara fara wasan opera “Jamile” (daga waƙar A. Musset) da aka fassara a hankali; waƙoƙin kiɗan gargajiya na Larabci. Ya kasance abin mamaki ga baƙi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera-Comique don ganin aikin da ke ba da labari game da ƙauna marar son kai, mai cike da waƙoƙi masu tsabta. Ma'abota kida na gaske da masu sukar kade-kade sun ga Jamil farkon sabon mataki, bude sabbin hanyoyi.

A cikin ayyukan waɗannan shekarun, tsabta da ladabi na salon (ko da yaushe yana cikin Bizet) ba tare da wata hanya ba ta hana bayyanar gaskiya, rashin daidaituwa na wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa, rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice masu ban tsoro. Yanzu gumaka na mawaki shine W. Shakespeare, Michelangelo, L. Beethoven. A cikin labarinsa "Tattaunawa akan Kiɗa", Bizet yana maraba da "m, tashin hankali, wani lokacin har ma da yanayin rashin daidaituwa, kamar Verdi, wanda ke ba da fasaha mai rai, aiki mai ƙarfi, wanda aka halicce shi daga zinariya, laka, bile da jini. Ina canza fata ta a matsayin mai fasaha da kuma a matsayina na mutum, "in ji Bizet game da kansa.

Ɗaya daga cikin kololuwa na aikin Bizet shine kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na A. Daudet The Arlesian (1872). Shirye-shiryen wasan bai yi nasara ba, kuma mawaƙin ya tattara rukunin mawaƙa daga mafi kyawun lambobi (ɗaki na biyu bayan mutuwar Bizet abokinsa ne, mawaki E. Guiraud ne ya haɗa shi). Kamar yadda yake a cikin ayyukan da suka gabata, Bizet yana ba waƙar waƙa ta musamman, takamaiman dandano na wurin. Anan Provence ne, kuma mawaƙin yana amfani da waƙoƙin Provencal na jama'a, yana cika dukkan aikin tare da ruhun tsoffin kalmomin Faransanci. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa tana sauti mai launi, haske da m, Bizet ya sami sakamako iri-iri mai ban mamaki: waɗannan su ne ƙararrawa na karrarawa, haske na launuka a cikin hoton hutu na kasa ("Farandole"), ingantaccen ɗakin ɗakin sauti na sarewa tare da garaya. (a cikin minuet daga na biyu Suite) da kuma bakin ciki "waƙa" na saxophone (Bizet shine farkon wanda ya fara gabatar da wannan kayan aiki a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa).

Ayyukan ƙarshe na Bizet sune opera Don Rodrigo da ba a gama ba (dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na Corneille The Cid) da Carmen, wanda ya sanya marubucin sa cikin manyan masu fasaha a duniya. Farkon Carmen (1875) kuma shine babbar gazawar Bizet a rayuwa: wasan opera ya gaza da abin kunya kuma ya haifar da kima mai kaifi. Bayan watanni 3, a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1875, mawaki ya mutu a bayan birnin Paris, Bougival.

Duk da cewa Carmen aka shirya a Comic Opera, shi ya dace da wannan nau'i ne kawai tare da wasu m fasali. A zahiri, wannan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kiɗa wanda ya fallasa ainihin sabani na rayuwa. Bizet ya yi amfani da makircin ɗan gajeren labari na P. Merimee, amma ya ɗaukaka hotunansa zuwa darajar alamomin waƙa. Kuma a lokaci guda, dukansu mutane ne "rayuwa" masu haske, halaye na musamman. Mawaƙin yana kawo al'amuran jama'a cikin aiki tare da ainihin bayyanar ƙarfinsu, cike da kuzari. Gypsy beauty Carmen, dan bijimin Escamillo, masu fasa-kwauri ana ganin su a matsayin wani bangare na wannan sinadari na kyauta. Ƙirƙirar "hotuna" na babban hali, Bizet yana amfani da karin waƙa da rhythms na habanera, seguidilla, polo, da dai sauransu; a lokaci guda, ya sami damar shiga zurfi cikin ruhin kiɗan Mutanen Espanya. Jose da amaryarsa Michaela suna cikin wata duniya daban-daban - jin daɗi, nesa da hadari. An tsara su duet a cikin launuka na pastel, innations na soyayya mai laushi. Amma Jose a zahiri “ya kamu da cutar” da sha’awar Carmen, ƙarfinta da rashin daidaituwa. Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya "na al'ada" ya tashi zuwa bala'i na karo na halayen ɗan adam, wanda ƙarfinsa ya wuce tsoron mutuwa kuma ya ci nasara. Bizet yana rera kyau, girman ƙauna, jin daɗin 'yanci; ba tare da sanin halin ɗabi'a ba, da gaske ya bayyana haske, jin daɗin rayuwa da bala'in ta. Wannan kuma yana nuna zurfin dangi na ruhaniya tare da marubucin Don Juan, babban Mozart.

Tuni shekara guda bayan fara wasan da ba a yi nasara ba, Carmen an shirya shi da nasara a kan manyan matakai a Turai. Don samarwa a Grand Opera a Paris, E. Guiraud ya maye gurbin tattaunawar tattaunawa tare da masu karantawa, ya gabatar da raye-raye da yawa (daga wasu ayyukan ta Bizet) a cikin aikin ƙarshe. A cikin wannan fitowar, mai sauraro na yau ya san wasan opera. A cikin 1878, P. Tchaikovsky ya rubuta cewa "Carmen a cikin cikakkiyar ma'ana ya zama gwaninta, wato, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƴan abubuwan da aka ƙaddara don nuna sha'awar kiɗa na kowane zamani zuwa matsayi mafi girma ... Na tabbata cewa a cikin shekaru goma "Carmen" zai kasance mafi mashahuri opera a duniya.

K. Zankin

Mafi kyawun al'adun ci gaba na al'adun Faransanci sun sami bayyanannu a cikin aikin Bizet. Wannan shine babban batu na ainihin buri a cikin kiɗan Faransa na karni na XNUMX. A cikin ayyukan Bizet, waɗannan fasalulluka waɗanda Romain Rolland ya bayyana a matsayin abubuwan da suka dace na ƙasa na ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin ƙwararrun Faransanci an kama su da kyau: “… Irin wannan, a cewar marubucin, shine "Faransa na Rabelais, Molière da Diderot, kuma a cikin kiɗa ... Faransa na Berlioz da Bizet."

gajeriyar rayuwar Bizet ta cika da ƙwaƙƙwaran aiki mai ƙarfi. Bai dau lokaci mai tsawo ba ya sami kansa. Amma na ban mamaki hali Halin mai zane ya bayyana kansa a cikin duk abin da yake yi, kodayake a farkon bincikensa na akida da fasaha har yanzu ba shi da manufa. A cikin shekaru, Bizet ya ƙara sha'awar rayuwar mutane. Ƙaƙƙarfan roƙo ga makircin rayuwar yau da kullun ya taimaka masa ƙirƙirar hotuna waɗanda aka fizge su daga gaskiyar da ke kewaye, wadatar da fasahar zamani tare da sabbin jigogi da madaidaicin gaskiya, ma'ana mai ƙarfi don nuna lafiya, cike da jinni a cikin dukkan bambancinsu.

Tashin hankalin jama'a a shekarun 60s da 70s ya haifar da canjin akida a cikin aikin Bizet, ya kai shi ga kololuwar gwaninta. "Abin ciki, abun ciki da farko!" ya furta a cikin daya daga cikin wasiƙunsa a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Yana sha'awar fasaha ta hanyar tunani, faɗin ra'ayi, gaskiyar rayuwa. A cikin labarinsa kawai, wanda aka buga a cikin 1867, Bizet ya rubuta: “Ina ƙin aikin koyarwa da ilimin ƙarya… Hookwork maimakon ƙirƙirar. Akwai ƙarancin mawaƙa, amma ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi suna haɓaka ad infinitum. Art yana fama da talauci don ya cika talauci, amma ana wadatar da fasaha ta hanyar magana… Bari mu kasance kai tsaye, masu gaskiya: kada mu nemi babban mai fasaha irin abubuwan da ya rasa, kuma mu yi amfani da waɗanda ya mallaka. Lokacin da mai sha'awa, mai farin ciki, har ma da mummunan hali, kamar Verdi, yana ba da fasaha aiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, wanda aka ƙera daga zinariya, laka, bile da jini, ba za mu kuskura mu ce masa cikin sanyi ba: "Amma, yallabai, wannan ba abin farin ciki ba ne. .” "Madalla? .. Shin Michelangelo, Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Rabelais dadi? ... ".

Wannan girman ra'ayi, amma a lokaci guda bin ka'idoji, ya ba da damar Bizet ya ƙaunaci da girmamawa da yawa a cikin fasahar kiɗa. Tare da Verdi, Mozart, Rossini, Schumann ya kamata a sanya suna cikin mawaƙan da Bizet ya yaba. Ya san nesa da duk wasan operas na Wagner (ba a san ayyukan zamanin Lohengrin ba tukuna a Faransa), amma ya yaba da hazakarsa. “Kyawun waƙarsa abu ne mai ban mamaki, wanda ba za a iya fahimta ba. Wannan shine son rai, jin daɗi, tausayi, ƙauna! .. Wannan ba kiɗa na gaba ba ne, saboda irin waɗannan kalmomi ba su da ma'anar komai - amma wannan shine ... kiɗa na kowane lokaci, tun da yana da kyau "(daga wasiƙar 1871). Tare da jin girmamawa sosai, Bizet ya bi da Berlioz, amma ya fi son Gounod kuma ya yi magana da alheri game da nasarorin da suka samu a zamaninsa - Saint-Saens, Massenet da sauransu.

Amma fiye da duka, ya sanya Beethoven, wanda ya bauta wa gumaka, ya kira titan, Prometheus; "... a cikin waƙarsa," in ji shi, "muradi yana da ƙarfi koyaushe." So ya rayu, yin aiki ne Bizet ya rera waƙa a cikin ayyukansa, yana buƙatar cewa a bayyana ra'ayoyin ta "hanyoyi masu ƙarfi." Maƙiyi na rashin fahimta, riya a cikin fasaha, ya rubuta: “Mai kyau shine haɗin kai na abun ciki da siffa.” "Babu wani salo ba tare da tsari ba," in ji Bizet. Daga ɗalibansa, ya bukaci a yi komai da ƙarfi. "Yi ƙoƙarin kiyaye salon ku da karin waƙa, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da bambanta." "Ka kasance mai kida," in ji shi, "ka rubuta kyawawan kida da farko." Irin wannan kyawu da banbance-banbance, bugu, kuzari, ƙarfi da tsayuwar magana suna cikin halittun Bizet.

Babban nasarorinsa na kirkire-kirkire yana da alaƙa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya rubuta ayyukan biyar (Bugu da ƙari, ba a kammala ayyuka da yawa ba ko, saboda wani dalili ko wani, ba a shirya su ba). Sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo da bayyana ra'ayi, wanda gabaɗaya halayyar kiɗan Faransa ce, halayen Bizet ne. Da zarar ya gaya wa Saint-Saens: "Ba a haife ni don wasan kwaikwayo ba, ina buƙatar gidan wasan kwaikwayo: idan ba tare da shi ba ni ba kome ba ne." Bizet ya yi daidai: ba kayan aikin kayan aiki ba ne suka kawo masa suna a duniya, ko da yake ba za a iya musun cancantar fasahar su ba, amma ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan sune kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo "Arlesian" da opera "Carmen". A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, an bayyana gwanin Bizet, basirarsa mai hikima, bayyananne da gaskiya wajen nuna babban wasan kwaikwayo na mutane daga mutane, hotuna masu launi na rayuwa, haskensa da bangarorin inuwa. Amma babban abu shi ne cewa ya dawwama tare da waƙarsa ba zato ba tsammani ga farin ciki, tasiri mai tasiri ga rayuwa.

Saint-Saens ya kwatanta Bizet da kalmomin: "Shi duka - matashi, ƙarfi, farin ciki, ruhohi masu kyau." Wannan shi ne yadda yake bayyana a cikin kiɗa, yana mai da hankali ga hasken rana wajen nuna sabani na rayuwa. Wadannan halayen suna ba da abubuwan da ya halitta darajar ta musamman: jarumi mai fasaha wanda ya ƙone a cikin aikin da ya wuce shekaru talatin da bakwai, Bizet ya fito a cikin mawallafi na rabi na biyu na karni na XNUMX tare da fara'a marar ƙarewa, da sababbin abubuwan da ya halitta - da farko opera Carmen - na cikin mafi kyau, abin da adabin kiɗan duniya ya shahara da shi.

M. Druskin

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

Yana aiki don gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Doctor Miracle", operetta, libretto Battue da Galevi (1857) Don Procopio, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, libretto na Cambiaggio (1858-1859, ba a yi ba a lokacin rayuwar mawaki) The Pearl Seekers, opera, libretto ta Carré da Cormon (1863) Ivan. The Terrible, opera, libretto ta Leroy da Trianon (1866, ba a yi a lokacin rayuwar mawaki) Belle na Perth, opera, libretto ta Saint-Georges da Adeni (1867) “Jamile”, opera, libretto ta Galle (1872) “Arlesian ", kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na Daudet (1872; Rubutun farko na ƙungiyar makaɗa - 1872; Guiraud na biyu ya haɗa shi bayan mutuwar Bizet) "Carmen", opera, libretto Meliaca da Galevi (1875)

Symphonic da vocal-symphonic ayyuka Symphony in C-dur (1855, ba a yi a lokacin rayuwar mawaki) "Vasco da Gama", symphony-cantata ga rubutun Delartra (1859-1860) "Rome", symphony (1871; asali version - "Memories na Roma" , 1866-1868) "Little Orchestral Suite" (1871) "Motherland", ban mamaki overture (1874)

Piano yana aiki Grand concert Waltz, nocturne (1854) "Song of the Rhine", 6 guda (1865) "Fantastic Hunt", capriccio (1865) 3 zane-zane na kiɗa (1866) "Chromatic Variations" (1868) "Pianist-singer", 150 sauki Fassarar kiɗan kiɗan piano (1866-1868) Don piano hannaye hudu “Wasannin Yara”, rukunin guda 12 (1871; 5 daga cikin waɗannan guda an haɗa su a cikin “Little Orchestral Suite”) Ƙididdigar ayyukan wasu mawallafa.

songs "Album Bar", waƙoƙi 6 (1866) 6 Mutanen Espanya (Pyrenean) waƙoƙi (1867) 20 canto, compendium (1868)