Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser |

Alexander Goldenweiser

Shahararren malami, gwanin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaki, editan kiɗa, mai sukar, marubuci, jama'a - Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser ya yi nasara a cikin duk waɗannan halaye na shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance yana neman ilimi ba tare da kakkautawa ba. Wannan kuma ya shafi kiɗan kanta, wanda iliminsa bai san iyaka ba, wannan kuma ya shafi sauran fannonin fasaha na fasaha, wannan kuma ya shafi rayuwar kanta a cikin bayyanarsa daban-daban. Kishirwar ilimi, girman sha'awa ya kawo shi Yasnaya Polyana don ganin Leo Tolstoy, ya sanya shi bibiyar litattafan adabi da na wasan kwaikwayo tare da sha'awar iri ɗaya, sama da ƙasa na ashana don kambin dara na duniya. "Alexander Borisovich," in ji S. Feinberg, "Koyaushe yana sha'awar kowane sabon abu a rayuwa, adabi da kiɗa. Duk da haka, kasancewa baƙo ga snobbery, ko da abin da yankin zai iya damu, ya san yadda za a samu, duk da m canji a fashion trends da sha'awa, dawwama dabi'u - duk abin da muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci. Kuma an faɗi wannan a waɗannan kwanaki lokacin da Goldenweiser ya cika shekara 85!

Kasancewa daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa makarantar Soviet na pianism. Goldenweiser ya kwatanta haɗin kai na lokuta, yana mika wa sababbin tsararraki alkawuran zamaninsa da malamansa. Bayan haka, hanyarsa ta fasaha ta fara ne a ƙarshen karni na karshe. A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, dole ne ya sadu da mawaƙa da yawa, mawaƙa, marubuta, waɗanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban haɓakarsa. Koyaya, dangane da kalmomin Goldenweiser da kansa, anan ana iya ware maɓalli, lokuta masu yanke hukunci.

Yaranci… "Ra'ayina na farko na kiɗa," Goldenweiser ya tuna, "Na karɓa daga mahaifiyata. Mahaifiyata ba ta da ƙwararriyar basirar kiɗa; A lokacin ƙuruciyarta ta ɗauki darussan piano a Moscow na ɗan lokaci daga sanannen Garras. Ta kuma rera waka kadan. Ta na da kyakkyawan dandano na kiɗa. Ta yi wasa kuma ta rera Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn. Uba ba ya zama a gida da yamma, kuma, kasancewar ita kaɗai, mahaifiyarta tana buga waƙa ga dukan maraice. Mu yara sau da yawa muna sauraronta, kuma idan muka kwanta, mun saba barci don sautin kiɗanta.

Daga baya, ya yi karatu a Moscow Conservatory, daga abin da ya sauke karatu a 1895 a matsayin pianist da kuma a 1897 a matsayin mawaki. AI Siloti da PA Pabst malaman piano ne. Yayin da yake dalibi (1896) ya ba da kide-kide na solo na farko a Moscow. Matashin mawaƙin ya ƙware da fasahar yin waƙa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin MM Ippolitov-Ivanov, AS Arensky, SI Taneyev. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan mashahuran malamai a wata hanya ko wani wadãtar da fasaha sani na Goldenweiser, amma karatu tare da Taneyev, kuma daga baya kusa da sirri lamba tare da shi yana da mafi girma tasiri a kan saurayi.

Wani muhimmin taro: “A cikin Janairu 1896, wani hatsari mai farin ciki ya kawo ni gidan Leo Tolstoy. A hankali na zama na kusa da shi har mutuwarsa. Tasirin wannan kusanci a rayuwata gabaɗaya ya yi yawa. A matsayina na mawaƙi, LN ya fara bayyana mani babban aiki na kusantar da fasahar kiɗan zuwa ga ɗimbin jama'a. (Game da sadarwarsa da babban marubuci, zai rubuta littafi mai juzu'i biyu "Near Tolstoy" da yawa daga baya.) Hakika, a cikin ayyukansa na aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, Goldenweiser, har ma a cikin shekarun kafin juyin juya hali, ya yi ƙoƙari ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo. mawaƙin malami, jawo hankalin da'irar dimokuradiyya na masu sauraro zuwa kiɗa. Ya shirya kide-kide don masu sauraro masu aiki, yana magana a gidan Ƙungiyar Sobriety ta Rasha, a cikin Yasnaya Polyana yana shirya kide-kide na asali ga manoma, kuma yana koyarwa a Cibiyar Conservatory ta Jama'ar Moscow.

Wannan gefen Goldenweiser ta aiki da aka muhimmanci ci gaba a farkon shekaru bayan Oktoba, a lokacin da shekaru da dama ya jagoranci Musical Council, shirya a kan himma na AV Lunacharsky: "Sashen. Wannan sashe ya fara shirya laccoci, kide kide da wake-wake, da wasan kwaikwayo domin hidima ga dimbin jama'a. Na je can na ba da hidimata. Sannu a hankali kasuwancin ya girma. Daga bisani, wannan kungiya ta zo karkashin ikon Majalisar Moscow kuma an canja shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Moscow (MONO) kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1917. Mun kafa sassan: kiɗa (concert da ilimi), wasan kwaikwayo, lacca. Na shugabanci sashen wasan kwaikwayo, inda fitattun mawaka da dama suka halarta. Mun shirya ƙungiyoyin kide-kide. N. Obukhova, V. Barsova, N. Raisky, B. Sibor, M, Blumenthal-Tamarina da sauransu sun shiga cikin brigade na… Our brigades bauta masana'antu, masana'antu, Red Army raka'a, ilimi cibiyoyin, kulake. Mun yi tafiya zuwa wurare mafi nisa na Moscow a cikin hunturu a kan sledges, kuma a cikin yanayin dumi a kan rassan bushe; wani lokacin ana yin su a cikin dakuna masu sanyi, marasa zafi. Duk da haka, wannan aikin ya ba duk mahalarta babban gamsuwa na fasaha da ɗabi'a. Masu sauraro (musamman inda aka gudanar da aikin cikin tsari) sun mayar da martani ga ayyukan da aka yi; a karshen wasan kwaikwayo, sun yi tambayoyi, sun gabatar da bayanai da yawa…”

Ayyukan koyar da piano sun ci gaba fiye da rabin karni. Duk da yake har yanzu dalibi, ya fara koyarwa a Moscow Orphan's Institute, sa'an nan ya kasance farfesa a Conservatory a Moscow Philharmonic Society. Duk da haka, a cikin 1906, Goldenweiser ya danganta makomarsa har abada tare da Moscow Conservatory. A nan ya horar da mawaka fiye da 200. Sunayen yawancin ɗalibansa an san su sosai - S. Feinberg, G. Ginzburg. R. Tamarkina, T. Nikolaeva, D. Bashkirov, L. Berman, D. Blagoy, L. Sosina… Kamar yadda S. Feinberg ya rubuta, “Goldenweiser ya bi da ɗalibansa cikin ladabi da kulawa. Ya hango makomar matashin da ba ta da ƙarfi tukuna. Sau nawa muka gamsu da daidaitonsa, yayin da a cikin matashi, da alama ba a iya fahimtar yunƙurin ƙirƙira, ya zaci wata babbar baiwa da ba a gano ba tukuna. A zahiri, ɗaliban Goldenweiser sun bi duk hanyoyin horar da ƙwararru - tun daga ƙuruciya har zuwa kammala karatun digiri. Don haka, musamman, shine makomar G. Ginzburg.

Idan muka tabo wasu dabaru a cikin aikin fitaccen malami, to, yana da kyau mu faɗi kalmomin D. Blagoy: “Goldenweiser da kansa bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin masanin wasan piano ba, cikin ladabi yana kiran kansa malami ne kawai. An bayyana daidaito da taƙaitaccen bayaninsa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ya iya jawo hankalin ɗalibai zuwa babban lokaci, yanke hukunci a cikin aikin kuma a lokaci guda don lura da duk mafi ƙarancin cikakkun bayanai na abun da ke ciki. tare da daidaito na musamman, don godiya da mahimmancin kowane daki-daki don fahimta da shigar da duka. Bambance ta da matuƙar kankare, duk maganganun Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser ya kai ga tsanani da kuma zurfin asali generalizations. Wasu mawaƙa da yawa kuma sun wuce makaranta mai kyau a cikin aji na Goldenweiser, daga cikinsu akwai mawaƙa S. Evseev, D. Kabalevsky. V. Nechaev, V. Fere, organist L. Roizman.

Kuma duk wannan lokacin, har zuwa tsakiyar 50s, ya ci gaba da ba da kide-kide. Akwai maraice na solo, wasan kwaikwayo tare da mawaƙa na kade-kade, da kuma haɗakar kiɗa tare da E. Izai, P. Casals, D. Oistrakh, S. Knushevitsky, D. Tsyganov, L. Kogan da sauran shahararrun masu fasaha. Kamar kowane babban mawaki. Goldenweiser yana da salon pianistic na asali. A. Alschwang ya ce: "Ba ma neman iko na zahiri, fara'a na sha'awa a cikin wannan wasan, amma muna samun inuwa mai zurfi a ciki, halin gaskiya ga marubucin da ake yi, aiki mai inganci, babban al'adu na gaske - kuma wannan ya isa ya sanya masu sauraro su tuna da wasu ayyukan maigida na tsawon lokaci. Ba mu manta da wasu fassarori na Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann a ƙarƙashin yatsun A. Goldenweiser. " Zuwa waɗannan sunayen ana iya ƙara Bach da D. Scarlatti, Chopin da Tchaikovsky, Scriabin da Rachmaninoff lafiya. S. Feinberg ya rubuta cewa: “Babban masanin duk adabin kade-kade na Rasha da na Yamma, yana da wakafi da yawa… adabi. Hakanan ya yi nasara a cikin salon Mozart na filigree da ingantaccen ingantaccen hali na kerawa Scriabin.

Kamar yadda kake gani, lokacin da yazo ga mai yin Goldenweiser, daya daga cikin na farko shine sunan Mozart. Waƙarsa, hakika, tana tare da mai wasan pian kusan gabaɗayan rayuwarsa ta kere-kere. A cikin daya daga cikin sake dubawa na 30s mun karanta: "Goldenweiser's Mozart yayi magana da kansa, kamar dai a cikin mutum na farko, yayi magana mai zurfi, mai gamsarwa da ban sha'awa, ba tare da pathos na ƙarya da kuma pop ba ... Komai mai sauƙi ne, na halitta da gaskiya ... A ƙarƙashin yatsunsu. na Goldenweiser ya zo rayuwa duk nau'in Mozart - mutum da mawaƙa - hasken rana da baƙin ciki, tashin hankali da tunani, ƙarfin zuciya da alheri, ƙarfin hali da tausayi. Bugu da ƙari, masana sun gano farkon Mozart a cikin fassarar Goldenweiser na kiɗan sauran mawaƙa.

Ayyukan Chopin koyaushe sun mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin shirye-shiryen masu piano. "Tare da dandano mai kyau da kuma ban mamaki salon salon," in ji A. Nikolaev, "Goldenweiser yana iya fitar da rhythmic ladabi na waƙoƙin Chopin, yanayin polyphonic na masana'antar kiɗansa. Ɗaya daga cikin fasalulluka na pianism na Goldenweiser shine matsakaicin matsakaicin motsa jiki, wani nau'i na zane-zane na zane-zane na zane-zane na kida, yana jaddada ma'anar ma'anar maɗaukaki. Duk wannan yana ba da wasan kwaikwayonsa wani ɗanɗano na musamman, wanda ke tunawa da alaƙa tsakanin salon Chopin da pianism na Mozart.

Duk mawaƙan da aka ambata, kuma tare da su Haydn, Liszt, Glinka, Borodin, suma sun kasance abin lura na Goldenweiser, editan kiɗa. Yawancin ayyuka na gargajiya, ciki har da sonatas na Mozart, Beethoven, dukan piano Schumann sun zo ga masu wasan kwaikwayo a yau a cikin samfurin Goldenweiser.

A ƙarshe, ya kamata a ambaci ayyukan Goldenweiser mawallafin. Ya rubuta wasan operas guda uku ("Biki a Lokacin Annoba", "Mawaƙa" da "Ruwan Ruwa"), ƙungiyar makaɗa, kayan kayan ɗaki da piano, da soyayya.

… Don haka ya rayu tsawon rai, cike da aiki. Kuma bai taba sanin zaman lafiya ba. "Wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga fasaha," mai wasan pian yana son maimaitawa, "dole ne ya yi ƙoƙari koyaushe. Rashin ci gaba yana nufin komawa baya”. Aleksandr Borisovich Goldenweiser ko da yaushe ya bi tabbatacce bangare na wannan labarin nasa.

Lit .: Goldenweiser AB Labarun, kayan aiki, abubuwan tunawa / Comp. kuma ed. DD Blagoy. – M., 1969; Akan fasahar kiɗa. Sat. labarai, - M., 1975.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo – Biki a lokacin annoba (1942), Mawaƙa (1942-43), Ruwan bazara (1946-47); cantata – Hasken Oktoba (1948); don makada - overture (bayan Dante, 1895-97), 2 Rasha suites (1946); kayan aiki na jam'iyya - string quartet (1896; 2nd edition 1940), uku a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar SV Rachmaninov (1953); don violin da piano - Waka (1962); don piano - 14 na juyin juya hali (1932), Contrapuntal sketches (2 littattafai, 1932), Polyphonic sonata (1954), Sonata fantasy (1959), da dai sauransu, songs da romances.