Moisey (Mechislav) Samuilovich Weinberg (Moisey Weinberg) |

Moisey Weinberg ne adam wata

Sunan M. Weinberg ya shahara a duniyar kiɗa. D. Shostakovich ya kira shi daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan zamaninmu. Mai zane mai girma da basira na asali, zurfin hankali, Weinberg ya buge da nau'o'in abubuwan kirkira. A yau, gadonsa shine kade-kade 19, wasan kwaikwayo 2, wasan kwaikwayo na jam'iyya 2, wasan kwaikwayo 7, operettas 4, operettas 3, ƙwararrun kirtani 17, quintet, 5 kayan kide kide da wake-wake da sonatas da yawa, kiɗa don yawancin fina-finai da zane-zane, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ... Shakespeare da F. Schiller, M. Lermontov da F. Tyutchev, A. Fet da A. Blok ya ba da ra'ayi na duniya na waƙoƙin ɗakin mawaƙa. Weinberg yana sha'awar wakokin mawakan Soviet - A. Tvardovsky, S. Galkin, L. Kvitko. Zurfin fahimtar waƙar ya fi dacewa a cikin karatun kiɗa na wakokin mawaƙin zamani da ɗan ƙasa Y. Tuwim, wanda rubutunsa ya zama tushen na takwas ("Flowers na Poland"), Na tara ("Layin Tsira"). wasan kwaikwayo, cantata Piotr Plaksin, zagayowar murya. Hazakar mawakin tana da yawa - a cikin ayyukansa ya tashi zuwa kololuwar bala'i kuma a lokaci guda yana ƙirƙirar ɗakunan kide-kide masu ban sha'awa, cike da ban dariya da jin daɗi, wasan opera mai ban dariya "Love d'Artagnan" da ballet "The Golden Key". Jaruman na tarukan tarukan nasa su ne philosopher, da dabara da kuma tausasawa lyricist, artist, yin tunani a kan makoma da manufar art, a fusace zanga-zangar adawa da misanthropy da kuma firgita na fasikanci na tribunes.

A cikin fasaharsa, Weinberg ya sami damar samun salo na musamman, wanda ba shi da ƙarfi, yayin da yake ɗaukar halayen halayen kiɗan zamani (juya zuwa ɗakin zama, neoclassicism, bincike a fagen haɓaka nau'ikan). Kowane aikinsa yana da zurfi kuma mai tsanani, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin karni, tunanin babban mai fasaha da ɗan ƙasa. An haifi Weinberg a Warsaw ga mawakin wasan kwaikwayo na Bayahude kuma mai son violin. Yaron ya fara karatun waka tun yana dan shekara 10, kuma bayan wasu watanni ya fara fitowa a matsayin dan wasan piano a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mahaifinsa. Mieczysław tana ɗan shekara 12 ɗalibi ne a Makarantar Conservatory na Warsaw. Domin shekaru takwas na karatu (Weinberg ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory a shekara ta 1939, jim kadan kafin barkewar yaki), ya ƙware sosai a cikin sana'ar pianist (daga baya, mawaki zai yi da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ya tsara a daban-daban nau'o'i da kansa a karon farko). . A wannan lokacin, za a fara ƙayyade jagororin fasaha na mawaƙin nan gaba. A hanyoyi da yawa, wannan an sauƙaƙe ta hanyar al'adun gargajiyar Warsaw, musamman ayyukan Philharmonic Society, wanda ke haɓaka raye-rayen Yammacin Turai. Mafi girman ra'ayi sun kasance daga irin fitattun mawakan kamar A. Rubinstein, S. Rachmaninov, P. Casals, F. Kreisler, O. Klemperer, B. Walter.

Yakin ya yi matukar canza rayuwar mawakin. Dukan iyalin sun mutu, shi da kansa, a cikin 'yan gudun hijirar, an tilasta masa barin Poland. Tarayyar Soviet ta zama gida na biyu na Weinberg. Ya zauna a Minsk, ya shiga cikin Conservatory a cikin abun da ke ciki sashen a cikin aji V. Zolotarev, wanda ya sauke karatu a 1941. A m sakamakon wadannan shekaru ne Symphonic Poem, na biyu Quartet, piano guda. Amma manyan abubuwan da suka faru na soja sun sake shiga cikin rayuwar mawaƙa - ya zama shaida ga mummunan halakar ƙasar Soviet. An kwashe Weinberg zuwa Tashkent, ya tafi aiki a Opera da Ballet Theater. Anan ya rubuta Symphony na Farko, wanda aka ƙaddara zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin makomar mawaƙa. A cikin 1943, Weinberg ya aika da maki zuwa Shostakovich, yana fatan samun ra'ayinsa. Amsar ita ce kiran gwamnati da Dmitry Dmitrievich ya shirya zuwa Moscow. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Weinberg yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Moscow, tun daga wannan shekarar mawaƙa biyu sun haɗu da ƙaƙƙarfan abokantaka na gaske. Weinberg a kai a kai nuna Shostakovich duk ya qagaggun. Ma'auni da zurfin ra'ayoyi, roko ga jigogi na faɗakarwar jama'a, fahimtar falsafar irin waɗannan jigogi na har abada na fasaha kamar rayuwa da mutuwa, kyakkyawa, ƙauna - waɗannan halaye na kiɗan Shostakovich sun zama daidai da jagororin ƙirƙira na Weinberg kuma sun sami asali na asali. aiwatarwa a cikin ayyukansa.

Babban jigon fasahar Weinberg shine yaki, mutuwa da halaka a matsayin alamomin mugunta. Rayuwa da kanta, muguwar kaddara ta tilasta wa mawaƙin yin rubutu game da mugayen abubuwan da suka faru na yaƙin da ya gabata, don “zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, sabili da haka ga lamirin kowannenmu.” An wuce ta cikin hankali da ruhin jarumin mawaƙa (bayan wanda, babu shakka, yana tsaye marubucin kansa - mutum mai ban mamaki na karimci na ruhaniya, tawali'u, ladabi na halitta), abubuwan da suka faru sun sami wani abu na musamman, lyric-falsafafi. Kuma wannan ita ce keɓantacciyar ɗaiɗaikun duk waƙar mawaƙa.

Taken yakin ya kasance a bayyane a cikin na uku (1949), na shida (1962), na takwas (1964), ta tara (1967), a cikin kade-kade na nuna wariyar launin fata Ketare Kofin Yaki (Na sha bakwai - 1984, na sha takwas - 1984, Na sha tara - 1985); a cikin cantata "Diary of Love", sadaukar don tunawa da yaran da suka mutu a Auschwitz (1965); a cikin Requiem (1965); a cikin operas The Fasinja (1968), Madonna da Soja (1970), a cikin adadin quartets. “An rubuta kida da jinin zuciya. Yana da haske da alama, babu wani "komai", bayanin kula a cikinsa. Komai yana da kwarewa kuma ya fahimta ta hanyar mawaki, duk abin da aka bayyana a gaskiya, da sha'awar. Ina ganin shi a matsayin yabo ga mutum, waƙar haɗin kai na duniya na mutane a kan mafi munin mugunta a duniya - farkisanci," waɗannan kalmomi na Shostakovich, suna magana akan opera "Passenger", za a iya danganta shi ga dukan aikin Weinberg. , sun bayyana ainihin ainihin abubuwan da ya rubuta. .

Zare na musamman a cikin aikin Weinberg shine jigon ƙuruciya. An haɗa shi da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan), an haɗa su da__ ya zama alama ce ta tsabtar ɗabi'a, gaskiya da nagarta, ƙa'idar ɗan'adam, halayyar duk waƙar mawaƙa. Taken fasaha yana da alaƙa da shi a matsayin mai ɗaukar ra'ayin dawwama na al'adun duniya da kyawawan dabi'u, mai mahimmanci ga marubucin. Siffar siffa da tunani na kidan Weinberg ya bayyana a cikin takamaiman fasali na waƙar waƙa, wasan kwaikwayo na timbre, da rubuce-rubucen ƙungiyar makaɗa. Salon waƙa ya taso ne a kan waƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da al'adun gargajiya. Sha'awa a cikin intonational dictionary na Slavic da Yahudawa songs, wanda aka fi karfi bayyana a cikin juya na 40-50s. (A wannan lokaci, Weinberg ya rubuta symphonic suites: "Rhapsody on Moldavian Jigogi", "Yaren mutanen Poland melodies", "Rhapsody on Slavic Jigogi", "Moldavian Rhapsody for Violin da Orchestra"), ya shafi melodic asali na duk m abun da ke ciki. Asalin asalin kerawa, musamman Bayahude da Yaren mutanen Poland, sun ƙaddara palette na timbre na ayyukan. Abin ban mamaki, jigogi mafi mahimmanci - masu ɗaukar babban ra'ayi na aikin - an ba da su ga kayan aikin da aka fi so - violin ko sarewa da clarinet. Rubutun mawaƙa na Weinberg yana da alaƙa da tsayayyen layi mai hoto tare da kusanci. Na biyu (1945), na bakwai (1964), na goma (1968), symphonies, na biyu Symphonietta (1960), biyu chamber symphonies (1986, 1987) da aka rubuta domin hada dakin.

Shekaru 80 da aka yi alama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu mahimmanci, suna ba da shaida ga cikakkiyar furen iyawar mai yin waƙar. Yana da alama cewa aikin ƙarshe na Weinberg, wasan opera The Idiot bisa ga littafin F. Dostoevsky, roko ne ga wani abun da ke ciki wanda babban aikinsa ("yana nuna kyakkyawan mutum mai kyau, gano manufa") gaba ɗaya ya dace da shi. ra'ayin mawaƙin dukan aikin. Kowane sabon ayyukansa wani abin sha'awa ne ga mutane, a bayan kowane ra'ayi na kiɗa koyaushe akwai mutum "ji, tunani, numfashi, wahala".

O. Dashevskaya