Paul Hindemith |

Paul Hindemith

Makomarmu ita ce kidan halittun dan adam, kuma mu saurari kidan talikai shiru. Tara zukatan tsararraki masu nisa Don cin abinci na ruhaniya na 'yan'uwa. G. Hesse

P. Hindemith shine mafi girma mawaƙa na Jamusanci, ɗaya daga cikin sanannun sanannun kiɗa na karni na XNUMX. Kasancewa mutuniyar ma'auni na duniya (mai gudanarwa, viola da viola d'amore mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, masanin kide-kide, mai talla, mawaƙi - marubucin rubutun ayyukansa) - Hindemith ya kasance kamar na duniya a cikin ayyukansa na tsarawa. Babu irin wannan nau'i da nau'in kiɗan da aikinsa ba zai rufe shi ba - ya kasance wani muhimmin wasan kwaikwayo na falsafa ko wasan opera ga masu zuwa makaranta, kiɗa don kayan lantarki na gwaji ko guntu don tsohuwar tarin kirtani. Babu irin wannan kayan aikin da ba zai bayyana a cikin ayyukansa ba a matsayin ɗan solo kuma wanda ba zai iya yin wasa da kansa ba (domin, a cewar masu zamani, Hindemith yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan mawakan da ke iya yin kusan dukkanin sassan mawaƙansa, saboda haka. - da tabbaci sanya masa matsayin "duk-mawaki" - All-round-musiker). Harshen kiɗan mawaƙin da kansa, wanda ya ɗauki nau'ikan gwaji daban-daban na ƙarni na XNUMX, shima yana da alamar sha'awar haɗa kai. kuma a lokaci guda akai-akai da sauri zuwa asalin - zuwa JS Bach, daga baya - zuwa J. Brahms, M. Reger da A. Bruckner. Hanyar kirkira ta Hindemith ita ce hanyar haifuwar sabuwar al'ada: daga ɓangarorin ɓangarorin matasa zuwa ƙara mai tsanani da tunani mai zurfi game da fasahar fasaharsa.

Farkon ayyukan Hindemith ya zo daidai da 20s. – tarin bincike mai zurfi a cikin fasahar Turai. Tasirin furci na waɗannan shekarun (wasan kwaikwayo na opera The Killer, the Hope of Women, bisa ga rubutu na O. Kokoschka) cikin sauri ya ba da hanya ga furucin nuna soyayya. Grotesque, parody, caustic ba'a na duk pathos (wasan opera News of the Day), kawance tare da jazz, amo da rhythms na babban birni (piano suite 1922) - duk abin da aka hade a karkashin na kowa taken - "saukar da romanticism. ” Shirin aikin matashin mawakin yana bayyana a cikin kalaman marubucin nasa, kamar wanda ke tare da wasan karshe na viola Sonata op. 21 #1: "Tafi yana da ban tsoro. Kyakkyawan sauti abu ne na biyu. Duk da haka, ko da a lokacin neoclassical fuskantarwa mamaye a cikin hadaddun bakan na salo bincike. Ga Hindemith, neoclassicism ba kawai daya daga cikin nau'o'in harshe da yawa ba, amma a sama da dukkanin ka'idodin kirkire-kirkire, neman "ƙararfi da kyakkyawan tsari" (F. Busoni), buƙatar haɓaka ƙa'idodin tunani mai ƙarfi da aminci, tun daga baya. ga tsofaffin malamai.

Zuwa rabi na biyu na 20s. a karshe ya kafa salon daidaikun mawaƙin. Ƙaunar waƙar Hindemith ta ba da dalilin kamanta shi da “harshen sassaƙaƙen itace.” Gabatarwa ga al'adun kiɗa na Baroque, wanda ya zama cibiyar sha'awar neoclassical na Hindemith, an bayyana shi ta hanyar amfani da hanyar polyphonic. Fugues, passacaglia, dabarar madaidaiciyar ƙirar polyphony saturate na nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban. Daga cikin su akwai zagayowar murya "Rayuwar Maryamu" (a tashar R. Rilke), da kuma wasan opera "Cardillac" (dangane da ɗan gajeren labari na TA Hoffmann), inda mahimmancin darajar dokokin kiɗa na ci gaba shine. an gane a matsayin mai daidaitawa ga "wasan kwaikwayo na kida" na Wagnerian. Tare da ayyukan suna zuwa mafi kyawun abubuwan halitta na Hindemith na 20s. (Ee, watakila, kuma gabaɗaya, mafi kyawun halittunsa) sun haɗa da zagayowar kiɗan kayan aikin ɗakin ɗakin - sonatas, ensembles, concertos, inda mawaƙin na halitta tsinkaya don yin tunani a cikin ra'ayoyin kiɗa zalla ya sami ƙasa mai fa'ida.

Aikin Hindemith na ban mamaki a cikin nau'ikan kayan aiki ba ya rabuwa da hoton sa. A matsayin dan violist kuma memba na sanannen L. Amar quartet, mawaki ya ba da kide-kide a kasashe daban-daban (ciki har da USSR a 1927). A cikin waɗannan shekarun, shi ne mai shirya bukukuwa na sabon ɗakin kiɗa a Donaueschingen, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga sababbin abubuwan da suka yi sauti a can kuma a lokaci guda yana bayyana yanayin yanayin bukukuwan a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin avant-garde na kiɗa.

A cikin 30s. Ayyukan Hindemith yana yin girma zuwa ga haske da kwanciyar hankali: yanayin yanayin "sludge" na igiyoyin gwaji waɗanda ke da zafi har zuwa yanzu duk kiɗan Turai sun dandana. Ga Hindemith, ra'ayoyin Gebrauchsmusik, kiɗan rayuwar yau da kullun, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan. Ta hanyar nau'o'i daban-daban na yin kiɗan mai son, mawallafin ya yi niyya don hana asarar masu sauraron jama'a ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun zamani. Koyaya, wani hatimi na kamun kai a yanzu yana nuna ba kawai gwaje-gwajensa na aikace-aikace da koyarwa ba. Ra'ayoyin sadarwa da fahimtar juna dangane da kiɗa ba su bar jagoran Jamus ba lokacin ƙirƙirar abubuwan da aka tsara na "high style" - kamar yadda har zuwa ƙarshe ya riƙe bangaskiya ga kyakkyawar nufin mutanen da suke son fasaha, cewa "Mugayen mutane suna da. no songs" ("Bose Menschen haben keine Lleder").

Neman ginshiƙi na kimiyance na ƙirƙira kida, sha'awar fahimta da tabbatar da madawwamin dokokin kiɗan, saboda yanayin zahirinsa, shi ma ya haifar da manufa mai jituwa, daidaitaccen magana ta Hindemith. Wannan shi ne yadda aka haifi "Jagorar Haɗawa" (1936-41) - 'ya'yan itace na shekaru masu yawa na aikin Hindemith, masanin kimiyya da malami.

Amma, watakila, dalilin da ya fi muhimmanci ga mawakin ya tashi daga ƙwazo na salon kai na farkon shekarun shine sabbin ayyuka masu ƙirƙira. Hindemith ta balaga ta ruhaniya ta sami kuzari ta ainihin yanayin 30s. - mawuyacin halin da ake ciki da kuma mummunan halin da ake ciki na fascist Jamus, wanda ya buƙaci mai zane ya tattara dukkan karfin halin kirki. Ba daidai ba ne cewa wasan opera The Painter Mathis (1938) ya bayyana a wancan lokacin, wani wasan kwaikwayo mai zurfi na zamantakewa wanda mutane da yawa suka gane kai tsaye tare da abin da ke faruwa (ƙungiya masu magana sun fito, misali, wurin da aka kona. Littattafan Lutheran a dandalin kasuwa a Mainz). Taken aikin da kansa ya kasance mai dacewa sosai - mai zane-zane da al'umma, wanda ya samo asali a kan tarihin tarihin Mathis Grunewald. Abin lura shi ne cewa hukumomin Fascist sun dakatar da wasan opera na Hindemith kuma nan da nan ya fara rayuwarsa a cikin nau'ikan kade-kade na wannan suna (sassansa 3 ana kiransa zane-zane na Isenheim Altarpiece, wanda Grunewald ya zana: "Concert na Mala'iku") , "The Entombment", "Jarraba na St. Anthony").

Rikici da mulkin kama-karya na farkisanci ya zama sanadin doguwar gudun hijirar mawakin. Duk da haka, yana zaune shekaru da yawa daga ƙasarsa (yafi a Switzerland da Amurka), Hindemith ya kasance mai gaskiya ga ainihin al'adun Jamusanci, da kuma hanyar da ya zaɓa. A cikin shekarun bayan yakin, ya ci gaba da ba da fifiko ga nau'ikan kayan aiki (Symphonic Metamorphoses na Jigogi na Weber, Pittsburgh da Serena symphonies, sabon sonatas, ensembles, da concertos an halicce su). Babban aikin Hindemith a cikin 'yan shekarun nan shi ne wasan kwaikwayo na "Harmony of the World" (1957), wanda ya tashi a kan kayan opera na wannan sunan (wanda ke magana game da neman ruhaniya na masanin astronomer I. Kepler da wahalarsa). . Abun da ke tattare da shi ya ƙare da passacaglia mai ban sha'awa, yana nuna zagaye da rawa na jikunan sama da kuma alamar jituwar sararin samaniya.

Imani da wannan jituwa—duk da hargitsi na rayuwa ta gaske—ya mamaye dukkan ayyukan marubucin daga baya. Wa'azi-kare pathos sauti a cikinta da dagewa. A cikin The Composer's World (1952), Hindemith ya shelanta yaki a kan zamani "nishaɗi masana'antu" da kuma, a daya hannun, a kan elitist fasaha na sabuwar avant-garde music, daidai maƙiya, a ra'ayinsa, ga gaskiya ruhun kerawa. . Gadin Hindemith yana da tabbatacciyar farashi. Salon wakarsa ya fito daga shekarun 50s. wani lokacin cike da matakin ilimi; ba a kuɓuta daga gyare-gyare da hare-hare masu mahimmanci na mawaki. Duk da haka, daidai ne a cikin wannan sha'awar jituwa, wanda ke fuskantar - haka kuma, a cikin kiɗan na Hindemith - babban ƙarfin juriya, cewa babban ɗabi'a da kyawawan dabi'u "jijiya" na mafi kyawun halitta na babban malamin Jamus ya ta'allaka ne. A nan ya kasance mai bin babban Bach, yana amsawa a lokaci guda ga duk tambayoyin "marasa lafiya" na rayuwa.

T. Hagu

• Opera ayyukan Hindemith →