Leonard Bernstein |
Leonard Bernstein
To, ashe ba wani sirri ne a ciki? Yana da haske sosai a kan mataki, don haka aka ba wa kiɗa! Orchestras suna son shi. R. Celette
Ayyukan L. Bernstein suna da ban sha'awa, da farko, tare da bambancin su: mawallafi mai basira, wanda aka sani a ko'ina cikin duniya a matsayin marubucin "Labarin Yammacin Yamma", babban jagoran karni na XNUMX. (ana kiransa a cikin magadan mafi cancantar G. Karayan), marubucin kiɗa mai haske kuma malami, mai iya samun yare na gama gari tare da ɗimbin masu sauraro, masu piano da malami.
Zama mawaƙin Bernstein ya kasance ƙaddara ce ta ƙaddara, kuma ya bi hanyar da aka zaɓa, duk da cikas, wani lokacin ma yana da mahimmanci. Sa’ad da yaron ya kai shekara 11, ya soma koyon darussan kiɗa, kuma bayan wata ɗaya ya yanke shawarar cewa zai zama mawaƙin. Amma uban wanda ya dauki waka a matsayin abin shagala, bai biya kudin karatun ba, sai yaron ya fara samun kudin karatu da kansa.
Bernstein yana da shekaru 17, ya shiga Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya karanta fasahar hada kiɗa, kunna piano, sauraron laccoci kan tarihin kiɗa, ilimin falsafa da falsafa. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga jami'a a 1939, ya ci gaba da karatunsa - yanzu a Curtis Institute of Music a Philadelphia (1939-41). Wani abin da ya faru a rayuwar Bernstein shine taro tare da babban madugu, ɗan ƙasar Rasha, S. Koussevitzky. Wani horo a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Berkshire (Tanglewood) ya nuna farkon kyakkyawar dangantakar abokantaka a tsakanin su. Bernstein ya zama mataimaki na Koussevitzky kuma nan da nan ya zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Orchestra Philharmonic New York (1943-44). Kafin wannan, ba shi da kuɗin shiga na dindindin, ya rayu a kan kuɗi daga darussan bazuwar, wasan kwaikwayo na kide-kide, aikin taper.
Wani haɗari mai farin ciki ya gaggauta farkon aikin jagoran jagora Bernstein. Shahararren B. Walter na duniya, wanda ya kamata ya yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta New York, ya kamu da rashin lafiya kwatsam. Dindindin shugaban kungiyar kade-kade, A. Rodzinsky, yana hutawa a wajen birnin (Lahadi ne), kuma babu abin da ya rage sai dai a ba da amanar wasan ga wani mataimaki na farko. Bayan ya kwashe tsawon dare yana nazarin maki mafi wahala, Bernstein washegari, ba tare da sake maimaitawa ba, ya bayyana a gaban jama'a. Ya kasance nasara ga matashin jagora da kuma abin sha'awa a cikin duniyar kiɗa.
Daga yanzu an bude manyan wuraren shagali a Amurka da Turai a gaban Bernstein. A cikin 1945, ya maye gurbin L. Stokowski a matsayin babban jagoran ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Symphony City na New York, wanda ya gudanar da kade-kade a London, Vienna, da Milan. Bernstein ya ja hankalin masu sauraro da halayensa na asali, sha'awar soyayya, da zurfin shiga cikin kiɗan. Mawaƙin mawaƙin da gaske bai san iyaka ba: ya gudanar da ɗayan ayyukansa na ban dariya… "ba tare da hannu ba", yana sarrafa ƙungiyar makaɗa kawai tare da yanayin fuska da kallo. Fiye da shekaru 10 (1958-69) Bernstein ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jagoran New York Philharmonic har sai da ya yanke shawarar ba da lokaci da kuzari don tsara kiɗa.
An fara yin ayyukan Bernstein kusan lokaci guda tare da fitowar sa na farko a matsayin jagora (zagayowar murya “Na ƙi Kiɗa”, waƙar “Irmiya” akan rubutu daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki don murya da ƙungiyar makaɗa, ballet “Ba a ƙaunace shi”). A cikin ƙananan shekarunsa, Bernstein ya fi son kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Shi ne marubucin wasan opera Unrest in Tahiti (1952), ballets biyu; amma babban nasararsa ta zo da kida huɗu da aka rubuta don wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway. Farkon farkon su ("A cikin birni") ya faru a cikin 1944, kuma yawancin lambobinsa nan da nan sun sami karbuwa a matsayin "'yan bindiga". Salon kidan na Bernstein ya koma tushen al'adun kida na Amurka: wakokin kawaye da bakaken wake, raye-rayen Mexico, kaifi na jazz rhythms. A cikin "Birnin ban mamaki" (1952), ya jure fiye da rabin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kakar wasa guda, wanda zai iya jin dogara ga swing - jazz style na 30s. Amma kidan ba nunin nishadi bane kawai. A cikin Candide (1956), mawaƙin ya juya ga makircin Voltaire, kuma Labarin Side na Yamma (1957) ba kome ba ne face labarin ban tausayi na Romeo da Juliet, ya koma Amurka tare da rikicin launin fata. Tare da wasan kwaikwayo, wannan kiɗan yana kusanci opera.
Bernstein ya rubuta kida mai tsarki don mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa (oratorio Kaddish, Chichester Psalms), wasan kwaikwayo (Na biyu, Age of Anxiety - 1949; Na uku, wanda aka sadaukar don bikin 75th na Orchestra na Boston - 1957), Serenade don ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kirtani akan dialogue na Plato. "Symposium" (1954, jerin gwanon tebur na yabon soyayya), maki na fim.
Tun 1951, lokacin da Koussevitzky ya mutu, Bernstein ya ɗauki ajinsa a Tanglewood kuma ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Weltham (Massachusetts), yana koyarwa a Harvard. Tare da taimakon talabijin, masu sauraron Bernstein - malami da malami - sun ƙetare iyakokin kowace jami'a. Duka a cikin laccoci da kuma a cikin littattafansa The Joy of Music (1959) da The Infinite Variety of Music (1966), Bernstein yayi ƙoƙari ya cutar da mutane da ƙaunarsa ga kiɗa, sha'awar da yake da ita.
A cikin 1971, don babban buɗewar Cibiyar Arts. J. Kennedy a Washington Bernstein ya ƙirƙira Mass, wanda ya haifar da sake dubawa mai gauraya daga masu suka. Mutane da yawa sun ruɗe ta hanyar haɗuwa da waƙoƙin addini na gargajiya tare da abubuwan ban mamaki na nunin Broadway (masu rawa suna shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Mass), waƙoƙi a cikin salon jazz da kiɗan rock. Wata hanya ko wata, faɗin abubuwan sha'awar kiɗan Bernstein, ikonsa da cikakken rashi na akida sun bayyana a nan. Bernstein ya ziyarci USSR fiye da sau ɗaya. A lokacin yawon shakatawa na 1988 (a jajibirin ranar haihuwarsa na 70th) ya gudanar da Orchestra na Duniya na Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival (FRG), wanda ya ƙunshi matasa mawaƙa. "Gaba ɗaya, yana da mahimmanci a gare ni in magance jigon matasa da kuma sadarwa tare da shi," in ji mawaki. “Wannan yana daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwa a rayuwarmu, domin matasa ita ce makomarmu. Ina so in isar da ilimina da jin daɗina gare su, in koya musu.”
K. Zankin
Ba tare da wata hanya ta jayayya da basirar Bernstein a matsayin mawaki, pianist, malami ba, har yanzu mutum na iya cewa da kwarin gwiwa cewa yana da sunansa da farko ga fasahar gudanarwa. Duk Amurkawa da masu son kiɗa a Turai sun yi kira ga Bernstein, madugu, da farko. Hakan ya faru ne a tsakiyar shekarun arba'in, lokacin da Bernstein bai kai shekaru talatin ba, kuma kwarewar fasaharsa ta kasance maras kyau. Leonard Bernstein ya sami cikakkiyar horon ƙwararru. A Jami'ar Harvard, ya karanci abun da ke ciki da piano.
A shahararriyar Cibiyar Curtis, malamansa su ne R. Thompson don ƙungiyar kade da kuma F. Reiner don gudanarwa. Baya ga wannan, ya inganta a ƙarƙashin jagorancin S. Koussevitzky - a Makarantar bazara ta Berkshire a Tanglewood. A lokaci guda kuma, don samun abin rayuwa, Lenny, kamar yadda abokansa da masu sha'awarsa ke kiransa har yanzu, an dauke shi a matsayin dan wasan piano a cikin ƙungiyar choreographic. Amma nan da nan aka kore shi, domin a maimakon gargajiya ballet rakiya, ya tilasta wa masu rawa yin aiki da kida na Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Copland da nasa improvisations.
A 1943, Bernstein ya zama mataimaki ga B. Walter a cikin New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama ya maye gurbin shugabansa da ke fama da rashin lafiya, kuma tun daga lokacin ya fara aiki tare da samun nasara. A ƙarshen 1E45, Bernstein ya riga ya jagoranci Orchestra na Symphony City na New York.
Bernstein na farko a Turai ya faru bayan karshen yakin - a lokacin bazara na Prague a 1946, inda kide-kidensa kuma ya ja hankalin jama'a. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, masu sauraro kuma sun san abubuwan da Bernstein na farko ya yi. Waƙarsa ta “Irmiya” ta sami karɓuwa daga masu suka a matsayin mafi kyawun aikin 1945 a Amurka. Shekaru masu zuwa an yi wa Bernstein alama ta ɗaruruwan kide kide da wake-wake, yawon shakatawa a nahiyoyi daban-daban, farkon sabbin abubuwan da ya yi da kuma ci gaba da girma cikin shahara. Shi ne na farko a cikin masu gudanarwa na Amurka da ya tsaya a La Scala a 1953, sannan ya yi wasa tare da mafi kyawun makada a Turai, kuma a 1958 ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta Philharmonic ta New York kuma nan da nan ya yi balaguron nasara a Turai tare da shi. yana aiki a cikin USSR; A karshe, kadan daga baya, ya zama babban madugu na Metropolitan Opera. Yawon shakatawa a Opera na Jihar Vienna, inda Bernstein ya yi farin ciki sosai a 1966 tare da fassarar Verdi's Falstaff, a ƙarshe ya sami karɓuwa ga mai zane a duk duniya.
Menene dalilan nasararsa? Duk wanda ya ji Bernstein aƙalla sau ɗaya zai amsa wannan tambayar cikin sauƙi. Bernstein ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne na kai-tsaye, yanayin tsaunuka wanda ke jan hankalin masu sauraro, yana sa su sauraron kiɗa da numfashi, koda kuwa fassararsa na iya zama kamar sabon abu ko rigima a gare ku. Ƙungiyar makaɗa a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa tana kunna kiɗan kyauta, ta halitta kuma a lokaci guda mai tsanani - duk abin da ya faru yana da alama yana ingantawa. Motsin madugu suna da ma'ana sosai, halin ɗabi'a, amma a lokaci guda cikakke cikakke - ga alama siffarsa, hannayensa da yanayin fuskarsa, kamar dai, suna haskaka kiɗan da aka haifa a gaban idanunku. Daya daga cikin mawakan da suka ziyarci wasan kwaikwayo na Falstaff da Bernstein ya yi ya yarda cewa tuni mintuna goma bayan farawa ya daina kallon matakin kuma bai kawar da idanunsa daga madubin ba - duk abubuwan da ke cikin opera sun bayyana a ciki gaba daya kuma. daidai. Tabbas wannan furuci mara kauri, wannan faxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxexaxe-yacimma manufarsa kawai domin ya qunshi zurfin hazaka wanda zai baiwa madugu damar kutsawa cikin niyyar mawaqin,ya isar da shi da matuqar gaskiya da sahihanci,da qarfin iko. na kwarewa.
Bernstein yana riƙe da waɗannan halaye ko da lokacin da yake aiki a lokaci ɗaya a matsayin madugu da pianist, yana yin kide-kide na Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. Repertoire na Bernstein yana da girma. Sai kawai a matsayinsa na shugaban New York Philharmonic, ya yi kusan dukkanin kiɗan gargajiya da na zamani, daga Bach zuwa Mahler da R. Strauss, Stravinsky da Schoenberg.
Daga cikin faifan bidiyo da ya yi akwai kusan dukkan wasannin kade-kade na Beethoven, Schumann, Mahler, Brahms, da sauran manyan ayyuka da dama. Yana da wuya a ambaci irin wannan nau'in kiɗan Amurka wanda Bernstein ba zai yi tare da ƙungiyar makaɗarsa ba: shekaru da yawa, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya haɗa da aikin Amurka ɗaya a cikin kowane shirye-shiryensa. Bernstein ƙwararren mai fassara ne na kiɗan Soviet, musamman ma wasan kwaikwayo na Shostakovich, wanda jagoran ya ɗauki "babban babban mawallafi na ƙarshe."
Mawaƙin Peru Bernstein ya mallaki ayyukan nau'o'i daban-daban. Daga cikinsu akwai wasannin kade-kade guda uku, wasan operas, wasan ban dariya na kade-kade, wakokin kida "West Side Story", wadanda suka zagaya sassan duniya baki daya. Kwanan nan, Bernstein yana ƙoƙari ya ba da ƙarin lokaci don haɗawa. Don wannan karshen, a cikin 1969 ya bar mukaminsa na shugaban New York Philharmonic. Amma yana tsammanin ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo lokaci-lokaci tare da ƙungiyar, wanda, tare da murnar nasarorin da ya samu, ya ba Bernstein lakabin "Mai Gudanar da Gudanar da Rayuwa na New York Philharmonic."
L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969
