Krzysztof Pendeecki |

Krzysztof Pendeecki

Bayan haka, idan kwance a waje, a wajen duniyarmu, Babu iyakokin sararin samaniya, to hankali yana ƙoƙari ya gano. Menene a can inda tunaninmu ya ruga, Kuma inda ruhunmu yake tashi, yana tashi a cikin 'yanci. Lucretius. A kan yanayin abubuwa (K. Pendeecki. Cosmogony)

Kiɗa na rabin na biyu na ƙarni na XNUMX. yana da wuya a yi tunanin ba tare da aikin mawallafin Poland K. Pendeecki ba. A fili ya nuna sabani da bincike halayen kidan bayan yaƙi, jifa da juna tsakanin matsananci na keɓancewa. Sha'awar ƙididdige ƙididdigewa a fagen hanyoyin bayyanawa da jin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta tare da al'adar al'adun gargajiya tun shekaru aru-aru, matsanancin kamun kai a cikin wasu abubuwan da aka tsara na ɗakin ɗaki da kuma abin ban mamaki, kusan sautunan “cosmic” na murya da jin daɗi. aiki. Ƙwararrun ɗan adam mai ƙirƙira yana tilasta mai zane don gwada ɗabi'u da salo iri-iri "don ƙarfi", don ƙware duk sabbin nasarorin da aka samu a cikin fasahar abun ciki na karni na XNUMX.

An haifi Pendeecki a cikin dangin lauya, inda babu ƙwararrun mawaƙa, amma sukan yi kida. Iyaye, suna koya wa Krzysztof buga violin da piano, ba su yi tunanin cewa zai zama mawaƙa ba. Lokacin yana ɗan shekara 15, Penderecki ya ɗauki sha'awar yin violin sosai. A cikin ƙaramin Denbitz, ƙungiyar kiɗa kawai ita ce ƙungiyar tagulla ta birni. Shugabanta S. Darlyak ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa mawakin nan gaba. A cikin dakin motsa jiki, Krzysztof ya shirya nasa makada, inda ya kasance duka violinist da madugu. A shekara ta 1951, a ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar zama mawaƙa kuma ya tafi karatu a Krakow. A lokaci guda tare da azuzuwan a makarantar kiɗa, Penderetsky yana zuwa jami'a, yana sauraron laccoci akan ilimin falsafa da falsafa na R. Ingarden. Ya yi nazarin Latin da Girkanci sosai, yana sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Azuzuwan a cikin ilimin ka'idoji tare da F. Skolyshevsky - ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan wasan pianist da mawaƙa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da mathematician - an sa a cikin Penderetsky ikon yin tunani da kansa. Bayan karatu tare da shi, Penderetsky shiga Higher Musical School Krakow a cikin aji na mawaki A. Malyavsky. Matashin mawakin yana da tasiri sosai da kiɗan B. Bartok, I. Stravinsky, yana nazarin salon rubutun P. Boulez, a 1958 ya sadu da L. Nono, wanda ya ziyarci Krakow.

A shekara ta 1959, Penderecki ya lashe gasar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Poland ta shirya, inda ta gabatar da kaɗe-kaɗe na ƙungiyar makaɗa - "Strophes", "Emanations" da "Zaburar Dauda". Shahararrun mawaƙa ta duniya ta fara da waɗannan ayyukan: ana yin su a Faransa, Italiya, Austria. A kan tallafin karatu daga Ƙungiyar Mawaƙa, Pendeecki ya yi tafiya na wata biyu zuwa Italiya.

Tun 1960, da m m aiki na mawaki fara. A wannan shekara, ya ƙirƙira ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan kiɗan bayan yaƙi, Hiroshima Victims Memorial Tran, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Hiroshima City. Penderecki ya zama ɗan wasa na yau da kullun a cikin bukukuwan kiɗa na zamani na duniya a Warsaw, Donaueschingen, Zagreb, kuma yana saduwa da mawaƙa da mawallafa da yawa. Ayyukan mawaƙa suna da ban mamaki tare da sababbin fasahohin fasaha ba kawai ga masu sauraro ba, har ma da mawaƙa, waɗanda wani lokaci ba su yarda da sauri su koyi su ba. Baya ga kayan aikin kayan aiki, Pendeecki a cikin 60s. yana rubuta kiɗa don gidan wasan kwaikwayo da sinima, don wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo. Yana aiki a Gidan Radiyon Gwaji na Gidan Rediyon Poland, inda ya ƙirƙira abubuwan haɗin gwiwarsa na lantarki, gami da wasan kwaikwayo "Ekecheiria" don buɗe gasar Olympics ta Munich a 1972.

Tun 1962, ana jin ayyukan mawaƙa a biranen Amurka da Japan. Pendeecki yana ba da laccoci kan kiɗan zamani a Darmstadt, Stockholm, Berlin. Bayan eccentric, musamman avant-garde abun da ke ciki "Fluorescence" for makada, typewriter, gilashin da baƙin ƙarfe abubuwa, lantarki karrarawa, saw, mawaƙin ya juya zuwa qagaggun na solo kida da makada da kuma manyan nau'i: opera, ballet, oratori, cantata. (oratorio "Dies irae", sadaukarwa ga wadanda abin ya shafa na Auschwitz, - 1967; wasan opera na yara "Mafi Karfi"; oratorio "Passion bisa ga Luka" - 1965, babban aikin da ya sanya Penderecki a cikin mafi yawan mawaƙa na karni na XNUMX) .

A shekara ta 1966, mawaki ya yi tafiya zuwa bikin kiɗa na ƙasashen Latin Amurka, zuwa Venezuela kuma a karon farko ya ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet, inda daga baya ya zo akai-akai a matsayin jagora, mai wasan kwaikwayo na kansa. A cikin 1966-68. Mawaƙin yana koyar da aji a cikin Essen (FRG), a cikin 1969 - a Yammacin Berlin. A shekara ta 1969, an gabatar da sabon wasan opera na Penderecki The Devils of Lüden (1968) a Hamburg da Stuttgart, wanda a wannan shekarar ya bayyana akan matakan birane 15 na duniya. A cikin 1970, Pendeecki ya kammala ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa, Matins. Dangane da matani da waƙoƙin hidimar Orthodox, marubucin yana amfani da sabbin dabarun tsarawa. Wasan farko na Matins a Vienna (1971) ya tada babbar sha'awa a tsakanin masu sauraro, masu suka da sauran al'ummomin kiɗa na Turai. Ta hanyar odar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, mawakin, wanda ke da babbar daraja a duk duniya, ya haifar da kide-kide na shekara-shekara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Oratorio "Cosmogony", wanda aka gina akan maganganun masana falsafa na zamanin da da na zamani game da asalin sararin samaniya da kuma Tsarin sararin samaniya - daga Lucretius zuwa Yuri Gagarin. Penderetsky ya kasance da hannu sosai a cikin ilimin koyarwa: tun 1972 ya kasance rector na makarantar sakandare na kiɗa na Krakow, kuma a lokaci guda yana koyar da kundin abun ciki a Jami'ar Yale (Amurka). Don bikin cika shekaru 200 na Amurka, mawaƙin ya rubuta opera Paradise Lost bisa waƙar J. Milton (wanda aka fara a Chicago, 1978). Daga sauran manyan ayyuka na 70s. wanda zai iya ware Symphony na Farko, oratorio yana aiki "Magnificat" da "Song of Songs", da kuma Violin Concerto (1977), wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko I. Stern kuma an rubuta shi a cikin yanayin soyayya. A cikin 1980 mawaƙin ya rubuta Symphony na Biyu da Te Deum.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Penderetsky yana ba da kide kide da wake-wake da yawa, yana aiki tare da mawaƙa na ɗalibai daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan kiɗan nasa a Stuttgart (1979) da Krakow (1980), kuma Pendeecki da kansa ya shirya bikin kiɗan ɗaki na ƙasa da ƙasa don mawaƙa matasa a Lusławice. Bambanci mai ma'ana da ganuwa na kidan Penderecki yana bayyana sha'awarsa ta yau da kullun ga wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Wasan opera na uku na mawaki The Black Mask (1986) dangane da wasan kwaikwayon na G. Hauptmann ya haɗu da bayyana ra'ayi tare da abubuwa na oratori, daidaito na tunani da zurfin matsalolin maras lokaci. "Na rubuta Black Mask kamar dai aikina ne na ƙarshe," in ji Pendeecki a cikin wata hira. - "Ga kaina, na yanke shawarar kawo karshen lokacin sha'awar marigayi romanticism."

Mawaƙin yanzu ya kasance a matsayi mafi daraja a duniya, kasancewar yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kiɗa. Ana jin waƙarsa a nahiyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda shahararrun masu fasaha, ƙungiyar makaɗa, wasan kwaikwayo suka yi, wanda ya ɗauki dubban masu sauraro.

V. Ilyev