George Frideric Handel |

George Frideric Handel

GF Handel yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sunaye a tarihin fasahar kiɗan. Babban mawaki na Haskakawa, ya buɗe sabon ra'ayi a cikin ci gaban nau'in wasan opera da oratorio, yana tsammanin ra'ayoyin kiɗa da yawa na ƙarni na gaba - wasan kwaikwayo na operatic na KV Gluck, pathos na jama'a na L. Beethoven, zurfin tunani na soyayya. Mutum ne mai ƙarfi da tabbaci na ciki na musamman. "Kuna iya raina kowa da komai," in ji B. Shaw, "amma ba ku da ikon saba wa Handel." "... Lokacin da waƙarsa ta yi sauti akan kalmomin "zaune akan kursiyinsa na har abada", wanda bai yarda da Allah ba ya kasa magana.

Jamus da Ingila suna jayayya da asalin ƙasar Handel. An haifi Handel a Jamus, halayen kirkire-kirkire na mawakin, abubuwan da ya shafi fasaha da fasaha da suka bunƙasa a ƙasar Jamus. Yawancin rayuwa da aikin Handel, samuwar matsayi mai ban sha'awa a cikin fasahar kiɗan, mai jituwa tare da wayewar al'adun gargajiya na A. Shaftesbury da A. Paul, gwagwarmaya mai tsanani don amincewa da ita, rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice da nasarori masu nasara suna da alaka da su. Ingila.

An haifi Handel a Halle, ɗan wani wanzami na kotu. Abubuwan da aka bayyana na farko na kiɗa sun lura da Zaɓaɓɓen Halle, Duke na Saxony, wanda a ƙarƙashin rinjayar mahaifinsa (wanda ya yi niyyar sanya ɗansa lauya kuma bai ba da mahimmanci ga kiɗa ba a matsayin sana'a na gaba) ya ba yaron yin karatu. mafi kyawun mawaki a cikin birnin F. Tsakhov. Mawaƙin kirki, ƙwararren mawaƙi, wanda ya saba da mafi kyawun tsararru na zamaninsa (Jamus, Italiyanci), Tsakhov ya bayyana wa Handel arziƙin nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, ya cusa ɗanɗanon fasaha, kuma ya taimaka wajen aiwatar da dabarun mawaƙa. Rubutun Tsakhov da kansa sun ƙarfafa Handel ya yi koyi da shi. Da farko da aka kafa a matsayin mutum kuma a matsayin mawaki, Handel an riga an san shi a Jamus yana da shekaru 11. Yayin da yake karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Halle (inda ya shiga a 1702, yana cika nufin mahaifinsa, wanda ya riga ya mutu ta wannan). lokaci), Handel a lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin organist a cikin coci, ya tsara, kuma ya koyar da waƙa. Ya kasance yana aiki tuƙuru da himma. A cikin 1703, wanda aka kori da sha'awar ingantawa, fadada wuraren aiki, Handel ya tafi Hamburg, daya daga cikin cibiyoyin al'adun Jamus a karni na XNUMX, birni wanda ke da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na kasar, yana gasa tare da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa da kuma Italiya. Wasan opera ce ta ja hankalin Handel. Sha'awar jin yanayin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, a zahiri ya saba da kiɗan opera, ya sa ya shiga matsayi mafi girman matsayi na violin na biyu da mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Rayuwar fasaha mai wadata na birni, haɗin gwiwa tare da fitattun mawakan kiɗa na wancan lokacin - R. Kaiser, mawaƙin opera, sannan darektan gidan wasan opera, I. Mattheson - mai suka, marubuci, mawaƙa, mawaki - ya yi tasiri sosai ga Handel. Ana samun tasirin Kaiser a yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na Handel, kuma ba kawai a farkon ba.

Nasarar wasan opera na farko a Hamburg (Almira – 1705, Nero – 1705) ya zaburar da mawaƙin. Koyaya, zamansa a Hamburg bai daɗe ba: fatarar Kaiser ta kai ga rufe gidan opera. Handel ya tafi Italiya. Ziyarar Florence, Venice, Rome, Naples, mawaƙi ya sake yin nazari, yana ɗaukar ra'ayoyin fasaha iri-iri, na farko na operatic. Ikon Handel na gane fasahar kiɗan ƙasa da ƙasa ya kasance na musamman. Bayan 'yan watanni ya wuce, kuma ya kware salon wasan opera na Italiya, haka kuma, tare da kamala da ya zarce hukumomi da yawa da aka sani a Italiya. A cikin 1707, Florence ta shirya wasan opera na Italiya na farko na Handel, Rodrigo, da shekaru 2 bayan haka, Venice ta shirya na gaba, Agrippina. Operas suna samun karɓuwa mai ɗorewa daga Italiyanci, masu buƙatu da ɓarna masu sauraro. Handel ya zama sananne - ya shiga sanannen Kwalejin Arcadian (tare da A. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, B. Marcello), yana karɓar umarni don tsara kiɗa ga kotuna na Italiyanci aristocrats.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a faɗi babban kalma a cikin fasahar Handel a Ingila, inda aka fara gayyatarsa ​​a 1710 kuma a ƙarshe ya zauna a 1716 (a 1726, yana karɓar zama ɗan Ingilishi). Tun daga wannan lokacin, wani sabon mataki a cikin rayuwa da aikin mai girma ya fara. Ingila tare da ra'ayoyinta na ilimi na farko, misalan manyan adabi (J. Milton, J. Dryden, J. Swift) ya zama yanayi mai albarka inda aka bayyana manyan rundunonin mawaƙa. Amma ga Ingila kanta, aikin Handel ya kasance daidai da dukan zamani. Kiɗa na Ingilishi, wanda a cikin 1695 ya rasa gwaninta na ƙasa G. Purcell kuma ya tsaya ci gaba, ya sake tashi zuwa matsayi na duniya kawai tare da sunan Handel. Hanyarsa a Ingila, ba ta da sauƙi. Turawan Ingila sun yabawa Handel da farko a matsayin gwanin wasan opera irin na Italiya. A nan ya yi sauri ya ci nasara a kan dukkan abokan hamayyarsa, na Ingilishi da Italiyanci. Tuni a cikin 1713, an yi Te Deum nasa a bukukuwan da aka keɓe don ƙarewar zaman lafiya na Utrecht, girmamawar da ba a taɓa ba wani baƙo ba. A shekara ta 1720, Handel ya karbi ragamar jagorancin Cibiyar Opera ta Italiya a London kuma ta haka ya zama shugaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa. An haifi opera masterpieces - "Radamist" - 1720, "Otto" - 1723, "Julius Kaisar" - 1724, "Tamerlane" - 1724, "Rodelinda" - 1725, "Admet" - 1726. A cikin wadannan ayyuka, Handel ya wuce bayan haka. da tsarin na zamani Italian opera seria da halitta (nasa nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na kida tare da ma'anar haruffa masu haske, zurfin tunani da tsananin rikice-rikice. Kyawawan kyan gani na lyrical hotuna na operas na Handel, mummunan iko na culminations ba su da daidai a ciki. Wasan opera na Italiya na zamaninsu.Wasan opera nasa sun tsaya a bakin kofa na sake fasalin wasan opera mai zuwa, wanda Handel ba wai kawai ya ji ba, har ma ya aiwatar da shi (da yawa kafin Gluck da Rameau).A lokaci guda, yanayin zamantakewar al'umma a kasar. , Ci gaban kai-da-kai na kasa, wanda ya motsa ta hanyar ra'ayoyin wayewa, da martani ga rinjaye na opera na Italiyanci da mawaƙa na Italiyanci suna haifar da mummunan hali ga opera gaba ɗaya. An halicci ƙasidu a kansa. alian operas, ainihin nau'in wasan opera, halinsa abin ba'a ne. kuma, ƙwararrun masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. A matsayin wasan kwaikwayo, wasan barkwanci na Ingilishi The Beggar's Opera na J. Gay da J. Pepush ya bayyana a shekara ta 1728. Kuma duk da cewa wasan opera na Handel na Landan na yaduwa ko'ina cikin Turai a matsayin gwanaye na wannan nau'in, raguwar darajar opera ta Italiya gaba ɗaya ta kasance. nuna a cikin Handel. An kauracewa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, nasarar da aka samu na mutum-mutumi ba ya canza hoton gaba ɗaya.

A cikin Yuni 1728, Kwalejin ta daina wanzuwa, amma ikon Handel a matsayin mawaki bai faɗi da wannan ba. Sarkin Ingila George na II ya ba shi umarnin wakoki a kan bikin nadin sarauta, wanda aka yi a watan Oktoba 1727 a Westminster Abbey. A lokaci guda, tare da ƙarfin halinsa, Handel ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don wasan opera. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Italiya, ya ɗauki sabon ƙungiyar, kuma a cikin Disamba 1729, tare da opera Lothario, ya buɗe kakar wasan opera ta biyu. A cikin aikin mawaki, lokaci yayi don sabbin bincike. "Poros" ("Por") - 1731, "Orlando" - 1732, "Partenope" - 1730. "Ariodant" - 1734, "Alcina" - 1734 - a cikin kowane daga cikin wadannan operas mawaki sabunta fassarar opera-seria. nau'i ta hanyoyi daban-daban - yana gabatar da ballet ("Ariodant", "Alcina"), makircin "sihiri" yana cike da wani abu mai ban mamaki, mai hankali ("Orlando", "Alcina"), a cikin harshen kiɗa ya kai ga mafi girman kamala. - sauƙi da zurfin bayyanawa. Har ila yau, akwai juyowa daga wasan opera mai tsanani zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na lyric a cikin "Partenope" tare da taushi mai laushi, haske, alheri, a cikin "Faramondo" (1737), "Xerxes" (1737). Handel da kansa ya kira ɗayan wasan operas ɗinsa na ƙarshe, Imeneo (Hymeneus, 1738), operetta. Abin sha'awa, ba tare da maganganun siyasa ba, gwagwarmayar Handel na gidan wasan opera ya ƙare da shan kashi. An rufe Kwalejin Opera ta Biyu a cikin 1737. Kamar yadda a baya, a cikin Opera na Beggar, wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da sa hannun hannun Handel ya shahara da kiɗan kiɗan ba, don haka yanzu, a cikin 1736, sabon wasan wasan opera (The Wantley Dragon) ya ambata a kaikaice. Sunan mahaifi Handel. Mawaƙin ya ɗauki rushewar Kwalejin da wuya, yana fama da rashin lafiya kuma ba ya aiki kusan watanni 8. Duk da haka, ƙarfin ban mamaki da ke ɓoye a cikinsa yana sake ɗaukar nauyinsa. Handel ya dawo aiki tare da sabon kuzari. Ya ƙirƙira sabbin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun opera ɗinsa - “Imeneo”, “Deidamia” - kuma tare da su ya kammala aiki akan nau'in opera, wanda ya sadaukar da fiye da shekaru 30 na rayuwarsa. Hankalin mawallafin ya karkata ne ga oratorio. Duk da yake har yanzu a Italiya, Handel ya fara tsara cantatas, kiɗan mawaƙa mai tsarki. Daga baya, a Ingila, Handel ya rubuta waƙoƙin waƙoƙi, cantatas masu ban sha'awa. Rufe wakokin wasan operas, ensembles suma sun taka rawa a cikin aikin karrama rubutun mawakan. Kuma opera ta Handel ita kanta, dangane da oratorio, tushe, tushen ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki, hotuna na kiɗa, da salo.

A cikin 1738, ɗaya bayan ɗaya, an haifi ƙwararrun oratorios 2 - "Saul" (Satumba - 1738) da "Isra'ila a Misira" (Oktoba - 1738) - ƙagaggun ƙagaggun masu cike da iko mai nasara, yabo masu girma don girmama ƙarfin ɗan adam. ruhu da feat. 1740s - lokaci mai haske a cikin aikin Handel. Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙadda ) ya yi. “Almasihu”, “Samson”, “Belshazzar”, “Hercules” – a yanzu sanannen oratorios a duniya – an halicce su a cikin wani nau’in rundunonin ƙirƙira da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (1741-43). Duk da haka, nasara ba ta zo nan da nan ba. Ƙiyayya a kan wani ɓangare na aristocracy na Turanci, sabotaging aikin oratorios, matsalolin kudi, aiki da yawa, sake haifar da cutar. Daga Maris zuwa Oktoba 1745, Handel ya kasance cikin tsananin damuwa. Kuma kuma ƙarfin titanic na mawaki ya yi nasara. Har ila yau, yanayin siyasa a kasar yana canzawa sosai - yayin da ake fuskantar barazanar harin da sojojin Scotland suka kai wa London, an kuma tayar da hankulan kishin kasa. Girman jaruntaka na oratorios Handel ya zama mai ma'ana tare da yanayin Burtaniya. An yi wahayi zuwa ga ra'ayoyin 'yantar da kasa, Handel ya rubuta 2 grandiose oratorios - Oratorio for the Case (1746), yana kira don yaki da mamayewa, da kuma Judas Maccabee (1747) - waƙa mai ƙarfi don girmama jaruman da ke cin nasara akan abokan gaba.

Handel ya zama gunki na Ingila. Makirci na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da hotuna na oratorios suna samun ma'ana ta musamman na jimlar furci na babban ɗabi'a, jarumtaka, da haɗin kai na ƙasa. Harshen oratorios na Handel yana da sauƙi kuma mai girma, yana jawo hankalin kansa - yana cutar da zuciya kuma yana warkar da ita, ba ya barin kowa da kowa. Oratorios na ƙarshe na Handel - "Theodora", "Zaɓin Hercules" (duka 1750) da "Jephthae" (1751) - sun bayyana irin zurfin wasan kwaikwayo na hankali wanda ba ya samuwa ga kowane nau'i na kiɗa na lokacin Handel.

A 1751 mawaki ya makanta. Wahala, rashin bege, Handel yana ci gaba da zama a sashin jiki yayin da yake gudanar da ayyukan sa. An binne shi, kamar yadda yake so, a Westminster.

Sha'awar Handel ya sami gogewa daga duk mawaƙa, duka a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMXth. Handel ya yi kama da Beethoven. A zamaninmu, kiɗan Handel, wanda ke da babban ƙarfin tasirin fasaha, yana samun sabon ma'ana da ma'ana. Hanyoyinsa masu girma suna dacewa da lokacinmu, yana kira ga ƙarfin ruhun ɗan adam, zuwa ga nasara na hankali da kyau. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan shekara-shekara don karrama Handel a Ingila, Jamus, wanda ke jan hankalin 'yan wasa da masu sauraro daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

Y. Evdokimov

Halayen kerawa

Ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na Handel ya kasance muddin yana da amfani. Ta kawo ayyuka masu tarin yawa na nau'o'i daban-daban. Anan akwai wasan opera tare da nau'ikansa (seria, pastoral), kiɗan choral - na duniya da na ruhaniya, oratorios da yawa, kiɗan murya na ɗakin ɗaki kuma, a ƙarshe, tarin kayan kida: gaya, gaɓa, ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Handel ya sadaukar da fiye da shekaru talatin na rayuwarsa zuwa wasan opera. Ta kasance a tsakiyar sha'awar mawakin kuma tana jan hankalinsa fiye da kowane nau'in kiɗan. Wani adadi mai girma, Handel ya fahimci ikon tasirin opera a matsayin nau'in kida mai ban mamaki da na wasan kwaikwayo; 40 operas - wannan shine sakamakon kirkirar aikinsa a wannan yanki.

Handel ba mai gyara opera seria bane. Abin da ya nema shine neman hanyar da daga baya ya jagoranci a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX zuwa operas na Gluck. Duk da haka, a cikin nau'in da ya rigaya bai cika buƙatun zamani ba, Handel ya sami nasarar aiwatar da kyawawan manufofi. Kafin ya bayyana ra'ayin ɗa'a a cikin almara na jama'a na oratorios na Littafi Mai Tsarki, ya nuna kyawun ji da ayyukan ɗan adam a wasan operas.

Don yin amfani da fasaharsa da kuma fahimta, mai zane dole ne ya nemo wasu, siffofin dimokuradiyya da harshe. A cikin takamaiman yanayi na tarihi, waɗannan kaddarorin sun fi dacewa a cikin oratori fiye da na opera seria.

Aiki a kan oratorio yana nufin Handel hanyar fita daga kangin ƙirƙira da rikicin akida da fasaha. A lokaci guda kuma, oratorio, wanda ke kusa da opera a nau'in opera, ya ba da mafi girman damar yin amfani da duk nau'i da fasahohin rubutun opera. A cikin nau'in oratorio ne Handel ya ƙirƙira ayyukan da suka cancanci hazakarsa, manyan ayyuka na gaske.

Oratorio, wanda Handel ya juya a cikin 30s da 40s, ba sabon salo ba ne a gare shi. Ayyukansa na farko na oratori sun kasance tun lokacin zamansa a Hamburg da Italiya; talatin na gaba ya hada a tsawon rayuwarsa ta halitta. Gaskiya, har zuwa ƙarshen 30s, Handel ya ba da hankali kadan ga oratori; sai bayan ya yi watsi da opera seria ne ya fara haɓaka wannan nau'in zurfafa da fa'ida. Don haka, ana iya ɗaukar ayyukan oratorio na ƙarshen zamani azaman aikin fasaha na ƙarshe na hanyar ƙirƙirar Handel. Duk abin da ya balaga da kuma ƙyanƙyashe a cikin zurfin sani shekaru da yawa, wanda aka gane da kuma inganta a cikin aiwatar da aiki a kan opera da kide-kide, ya sami mafi cikakken kuma cikakken magana a cikin oratorio.

Waƙar opera ta Italiya ta kawo ƙwararriyar salon muryar Handel da nau'ikan waƙoƙin solo daban-daban: rera waƙoƙi, tashin hankali da nau'ikan waƙoƙi, ƙwaƙƙwaran tausayi da virtuoso aria. Ƙaunar sha'awa, waƙoƙin Ingilishi sun taimaka wajen haɓaka fasaha na rubutun choral; kayan aiki, kuma musamman ƙungiyar makaɗa, abubuwan da aka tsara sun ba da gudummawa ga ikon yin amfani da launuka masu launi da bayyana hanyoyin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Don haka, mafi kyawun kwarewa kafin ƙirƙirar oratorios - mafi kyawun halitta na Handel.

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A wata tattaunawa da mawaƙin ya yi da ɗaya daga cikin masu sha’awarsa, ya ce: “Zan ji haushi, ya shugabana, idan na ba mutane jin daɗi kawai. Burina shine in sanya su mafi kyau. "

Zaɓin batutuwa a cikin oratorios ya gudana cikakke daidai da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da kyawawan halaye, tare da waɗancan ayyukan da Handel ya sanya wa fasaha.

Makirci na oratorios Handel ya zana daga tushe iri-iri: na tarihi, da dadewa, na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Mafi shahara a lokacin rayuwarsa da kuma mafi girman godiya bayan mutuwar Handel sune ayyukansa na baya akan batutuwan da aka ɗauko daga Littafi Mai Tsarki: “Saul”, “Isra’ila a Masar,” “Samson”, “Almasihu”, “Yahuda Maccabee”.

Kada mutum yayi tunanin cewa, nau'in oratorio ya ɗauke shi, Handel ya zama mawaki na addini ko coci. Ban da ƴan abubuwan da aka rubuta a lokuta na musamman, Handel bashi da kiɗan coci. Ya rubuta oratorios a cikin sharuddan kida da ban mamaki, yana ƙaddara su don wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shimfidar wuri. Karkashin matsin lamba daga malamai ne Handel ya yi watsi da ainihin aikin. Da yake so ya jaddada dabi'ar bokonsa na duniya, sai ya fara yin su a kan wasan kide-kide don haka ya haifar da sabuwar al'ada ta pop da wasan kwaikwayo na oratorios na Littafi Mai Tsarki.

Kira zuwa ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ga makirci daga Tsohon Alkawari, ba a nufin addini ba. An san cewa a zamanin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani, ƙungiyoyin jama'a galibi suna sanye da suturar addini, suna tafiya ƙarƙashin alamar gwagwarmayar gaskiyar coci. Masana tarihi na Marxism sun ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan al'amari: a tsakiyar zamanai, “abincin addini ne kawai ke ciyar da tunanin talakawa; saboda haka, domin a tada guguwa, ya wajaba a gabatar da nasu bukatun talakawan gare su cikin tufafin addini” (Marx K., Engels F. Soch., ed 2nd., mujalladi na 21, shafi na 314). ).

Tun da Gyarawa, sannan juyin juya halin Ingilishi na karni na XNUMX, yana ci gaba a ƙarƙashin tutocin addini, Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya zama kusan littafin da aka fi sani da girmamawa a cikin kowane dangin Ingilishi. Hadisai da labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki game da jaruman tarihin Yahudawa na dā sun kasance suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru daga tarihin ƙasarsu da mutanensu, kuma “tufafin addini” ba su ɓoye ainihin bukatu, bukatu da sha’awar mutane ba.

Yin amfani da labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin makirci don kiɗa na duniya ba kawai ya faɗaɗa kewayon waɗannan makircin ba, har ma ya haifar da sabbin buƙatu, waɗanda ba za su iya kwatanta su da mahimmanci da alhakin ba, kuma ya ba batun sabon ma'anar zamantakewa. A cikin oratorio, yana yiwuwa a wuce iyaka na maƙasudin waƙar soyayya, madaidaicin maƙasudin soyayya, wanda gabaɗaya yarda da su a seria na opera na zamani. Jigogi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba su yarda a cikin fassarar rashin hankali, nishaɗi da ɓarna ba, waɗanda aka yi wa tsofaffin tatsuniyoyi ko abubuwan da suka faru na tsohon tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na seria; a ƙarshe, tatsuniyoyi da hotuna da suka dade sun saba da kowa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan makirci, sun ba da damar kawo abubuwan da ke cikin ayyukan kusa da fahimtar masu sauraro masu yawa, don jaddada yanayin dimokuradiyya na nau'in kanta.

Mai nuni da wayar da kan jama'a ta Handel shine alkiblar da aka gudanar da zaɓin batutuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki.

Handel Handel bai karkata ga makomar jarumin ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin wasan opera, ba wai irin abubuwan da ya faru da shi na waka ko kuma irin abubuwan da ya faru na soyayya ba, sai dai ga rayuwar al'umma, ga rayuwa mai cike da tulin gwagwarmaya da ayyukan kishin kasa. A zahiri, hadisai na Littafi Mai-Tsarki sun kasance a matsayin sifa na sharadi wanda zai yiwu a ɗaukaka cikin maɗaukakiyar hotuna masu ban sha'awa na 'yanci, sha'awar 'yancin kai, da kuma ɗaukaka ayyukan rashin son kai na jaruman jama'a. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin ne suka zama ainihin abun ciki na oratorios Handel; don haka mutanen zamanin mawaƙin suka gane su, su ma manyan mawakan sauran al’ummomi sun fahimci su.

VV Stasov ya rubuta a cikin ɗaya daga cikin sharhinsa: "An ƙare wasan kwaikwayon tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Handel. Wanene a cikinmu bai yi mafarki game da shi daga baya ba, a matsayin wani nau'i mai girma, nasara marar iyaka na dukan mutane? Abin da wannan Handel ya kasance irin titanic! Kuma ku tuna cewa akwai ɗimbin mawaƙa irin wannan.”

Halin almara-jarumta na hotuna sun ƙaddara sifofi da hanyoyin sigar kiɗan su. Handel ya ƙware da fasaha na mawakin opera har zuwa mataki mai girma, kuma ya mayar da duk nasarar da aka yi na waƙar opera ta zama mallakin oratorio. Amma ba kamar opera seria ba, kasancewar ta dogara da waƙar solo da kuma matsayi mafi rinjaye na aria, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta zama jigon mawaƙa a matsayin hanyar isar da tunani da jin daɗin jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa ne suka ba wa oratorios Handel girma, siffa mai ban mamaki, suna ba da gudummawa, kamar yadda Tchaikovsky ya rubuta, "mafi girman tasirin ƙarfi da ƙarfi."

ƙware da fasaha na virtuoso na rubuce-rubucen mawaƙa, Handel yana samun tasirin sauti iri-iri. Da yardar kaina da sassauƙa, yana amfani da ƙungiyar mawaƙa a cikin yanayi mafi ban sha'awa: lokacin nuna baƙin ciki da farin ciki, jarumtakar sha'awar, fushi da fushi, lokacin da yake nuna fastoci mai haske, idyll na karkara. Yanzu ya kawo sautin mawaƙa zuwa babban iko, sannan ya rage shi zuwa pianissimo na gaskiya; Wani lokaci Handel yana rubuta mawaƙa a cikin ma'ajin ma'auni mai ma'ana, yana haɗa muryoyi zuwa ƙarami mai yawa; arziƙin yuwuwar polyphony yana aiki azaman hanyar haɓaka motsi da tasiri. Abubuwan da ake kira polyphonic da chordal suna biyo baya, ko duka ka'idoji - polyphonic da chordal - an haɗa su.

A cewar PI Tchaikovsky, "Handel ya kasance ƙwararren gwani na iya sarrafa muryoyin. Ba tare da tilasta waƙar murya ba, yana nufin kwata-kwata, ba zai taɓa wuce iyakokin yanayin rikodin murya ba, ya ciro daga ƙungiyar mawaƙa irin wannan kyakkyawan tasirin da sauran mawaƙa ba su taɓa samu ba… “.

Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa a cikin oratorios na Handel koyaushe ƙarfin aiki ne wanda ke jagorantar kiɗa da ci gaba mai ban mamaki. Don haka, ayyukan tsarawa da ban mamaki na ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna da mahimmanci na musamman da banbance-banbance. A cikin oratorios, inda babban hali shine mutane, mahimmancin mawaƙa yana ƙaruwa musamman. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin misalin waƙar mawaƙa "Isra'ila a Masar". A Samson, an rarraba ƙungiyoyin jarumai da jama'a, wato aria, duet, da mawaƙa, kuma an haɗa su da juna. Idan a cikin oratorio "Samson" ƙungiyar mawaƙa tana isar da ji ne kawai ko jihohin yaƙi, to, a cikin "Yahuda Maccabee" ƙungiyar mawaƙa tana taka rawa sosai, ta shiga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki.

Wasan kwaikwayo da ci gabansa a cikin oratori an san su ta hanyar kiɗa kawai. Kamar yadda Romain Rolland ya ce, a cikin oratorio "waƙar tana aiki azaman kayan ado." Kamar dai yin sama don rashin kayan ado na kayan ado da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, an ba wa ƙungiyar makaɗa sababbin ayyuka: don fenti tare da sautin abin da ke faruwa, yanayin da ke faruwa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru.

Kamar a cikin wasan opera, sigar waƙar solo a cikin oratori shine aria. Duk iri-iri iri-iri da nau'ikan aria waɗanda suka ci gaba a cikin ayyukan makarantu daban-daban na opera, Handel yana canzawa zuwa oratorio: manyan arias na yanayin jarumtaka, ban mamaki da baƙin ciki arias, kusa da operatic lamento, m da virtuosic, a cikin abin da murya tana gogayya da kayan aikin solo, makiyayi mai haske mai haske, a ƙarshe, gine-ginen waƙa kamar arietta. Hakanan akwai sabon nau'in waƙar solo, wanda na Handel - aria mai ƙungiyar mawaƙa.

Mafi rinjaye da capo aria baya ware wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa: a nan akwai buɗewar kayan kyauta ba tare da maimaitawa ba, da kuma aria mai kashi biyu tare da juxtaposition na hotunan kiɗan biyu.

A cikin Handel, aria ba shi da rabuwa da gaba ɗaya; wani muhimmin sashi ne na gabaɗayan layin kiɗa da ci gaba mai ban mamaki.

Yin amfani da a cikin oratorios ƙwanƙolin waje na opera aria har ma da dabarun salon salon sauti na opera, Handel yana ba da abun ciki na kowane aria hali ɗaya; yana ƙarƙashin nau'ikan wasan opera na waƙar solo zuwa takamaiman zane na zane-zane da wakoki, yana guje wa makircin wasan kwaikwayo na seria.

Rubutun kida na Handel yana da ɗimbin ɗimbin hotuna, waɗanda ya samu saboda bayyani na tunani. Ba kamar Bach ba, Handel baya ƙoƙari don zurfafa ilimin falsafa, don watsa inuwar tunanin tunani ko jin daɗin rairayi. Kamar yadda masanin kida na Soviet TN Livanova ya rubuta, kiɗan Handel yana nuna "babban, sauƙi da karfi: sha'awar cin nasara da farin ciki na nasara, ɗaukakar jarumi da baƙin ciki mai haske don mutuwarsa mai daraja, jin daɗin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali bayan wuya. fadace-fadace, wakoki masu ni'ima na yanayi."

Hotunan kida na Handel galibi an rubuta su a cikin “manyan bugun jini” tare da jaddada bambance-bambance; rhythms na farko, tsabtar tsarin waƙa da jituwa suna ba su sauƙi mai sassaka, haske na zanen hoto. Tsananin tsarin waƙa, da ma'anar faifan kida na Handel daga baya Gluck ya gane shi. Za a iya samun samfuri na yawancin arias da waƙoƙin operas na Gluck a cikin oratorios na Handel.

Jigogi na jarumtaka, ƙayyadaddun siffofi an haɗa su a cikin Handel tare da mafi girman ingancin harshe na kiɗa, tare da mafi girman tattalin arzikin kuɗi. Beethoven, yana nazarin Handel's oratorios, cikin ƙwazo ya ce: "Wannan shi ne wanda kuke buƙatar koyo daga hanya madaidaiciya don samun sakamako mai ban mamaki." Ƙarfin Handel na bayyana manyan tunani, maɗaukakiyar tunani tare da sauƙi mai sauƙi Serov ya lura. Bayan ya saurari mawaƙa daga “Judas Maccabee” a ɗaya daga cikin raye-rayen, Serov ya rubuta: “Yaya mawaƙa na zamani suke da nisa daga irin wannan sauƙin tunani. Duk da haka, gaskiya ne cewa wannan sauƙi, kamar yadda muka riga muka fada a kan lokacin taron Pastoral Symphony, ana samuwa ne kawai a cikin hazaka na girman farko, wanda, ba shakka, Handel.

V. Galatskaya

• Handel's oratorio →
• Ƙirƙirar aiki na Handel →
• Ƙirƙirar kayan aiki na Handel →
• Handel's clavier art →
• Ƙirƙirar Rukunin-kayan aikin Handel →
• Handel Organ Concertos →
• Handel's Concerti Grossi →
• Nau'i na waje →