Waƙar Jama'ar Italiyanci: Ƙwallon Jama'a

An sadaukar da fitowar ta yau don kiɗan gargajiya na Italiya - waƙoƙi da raye-raye na wannan ƙasa, da kuma kayan kida.

Wadanda muka saba kiran Italiyanci su ne magada al'adun manya da kanana wadanda suka rayu tun zamanin da a sassa daban-daban na tsibirin Apennine. Girkawa da Etruscans, Italics (Romawa) da Gauls sun bar alamarsu akan kiɗan gargajiyar Italiya.

Tarihi mai ban sha'awa da yanayi mai ban sha'awa, aikin noma da raye-raye masu ban sha'awa, ikhlasi da motsin rai, kyakkyawan harshe da ɗanɗano na kida, farkon mawaƙa mai ma'ana da nau'ikan raye-raye, babban al'adun waƙa da fasaha na ƙungiyoyin kayan aiki - duk wannan ya bayyana kansa a cikin kiɗan Italiyanci. Kuma duk wannan ya rinjayi zukatan sauran al'ummomin da ke wajen tsibirin.

Wakokin gargajiya na Italiya

Kamar yadda suka ce, a cikin kowane wargi akwai rabo daga wargi: m jawabin da Italiyanci game da kansu a matsayin masters na tsarawa da kuma rera waƙa da aka tabbatar da duniya shahara. Saboda haka, waƙar jama'a na Italiya suna wakilta da farko ta waƙoƙi. Tabbas, mun san kadan game da al'adun waƙar baka, tun lokacin da aka rubuta misalai na farko a ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiya.

Bayyanar waƙoƙin gargajiya na Italiyanci a farkon karni na XNUMX yana da alaƙa da canzawa zuwa Renaissance. Sannan akwai sha'awar rayuwar duniya, a lokacin hutu mutanen gari suna jin daɗin 'yan iska da ƴan wasa masu raira waƙoƙin soyayya, suna ba da labarin iyali da na yau da kullun. Su kansu mazauna kauyuka da garuruwa ba sa kyamar waka da raye-raye a cikin sauki.

Daga baya, an kafa manyan nau'ikan waƙa. Frottola (wanda aka fassara da "waƙar jama'a, almara") an san shi a arewacin Italiya tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 3. Wannan waƙar waƙa ce don muryoyin 4-XNUMX tare da abubuwa na polyphony na kwaikwayo da ma'auni mai haske.

A karni na XNUMX, haske, rawa, tare da waƙa a cikin muryoyi uku villanella (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "waƙar ƙauye") an rarraba a cikin Italiya, amma kowane birni ya kira shi ta hanyarsa: Venetian, Neapolitan, Padovan, Roman, Toscanella da sauransu.

An maye gurbin ta canzonet (a cikin fassarar yana nufin "waƙa") - ƙaramin waƙa da aka yi a cikin murya ɗaya ko fiye. Ita ce ta zama kakannin nan gaba sanannen nau'in Aria. Kuma danceability na villanella ya koma nau'in rawa, - waƙoƙin da suka fi sauƙi a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma hali, dace da rawa.

Mafi kyawun nau'in waƙoƙin gargajiya na Italiyanci a yau shine Wakar Neapolitan (Yankin Kudancin Italiya na Campania). Waƙar waƙa, farin ciki ko waƙar baƙin ciki tana tare da mandolin, guitar ko lute na Neapolitan. Wanda bai ji wakar soyayya ba "Ya Rana" ko kuma taken rayuwa "Saint Lucia", ko waƙar waƙar funicular "Funiculi Funicula"wanda ke ɗauke da masoya zuwa saman Vesuvius? Sauƙin su yana bayyana ne kawai: wasan kwaikwayon zai nuna ba kawai matakin fasaha na mawaƙa ba, har ma da wadatar ransa.

Zamanin zinare na nau'in ya fara a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. Kuma a yau a Naples, babban birnin kade-kade na Italiya, ana gudanar da gasar bikin-gasar waƙar Piedigrotta (Festa di Piedigrotta).

Wani alamar da za a iya ganewa na yankin arewacin Veneto ne. Venetian waka akan ruwa or akai-akai (an fassara Barca a matsayin "kwale-kwale"), ana yin shi da sauri. Sa hannu na lokacin kiɗan 6/8 da nau'in rakiyar yawanci suna isar da ɗimbin raƙuman ruwa, kuma kyawawan wasan kwaikwayo na waƙar ana yin ta da bugun oars, cikin sauƙin shiga cikin ruwa.

raye-rayen jama'a na Italiya

Al'adun raye-raye na Italiya sun haɓaka a cikin nau'ikan gida, raye-raye da raye-raye Maritime (Moriscos). Moreski ya yi rawa da Larabawa (wanda ake kira da - a cikin fassarar, wannan kalma tana nufin "ƙananan Moors"), waɗanda suka koma Kiristanci kuma suka zauna a Apennines bayan an kori su daga Spain. An kira raye-rayen da aka shirya, wadanda aka shirya musamman domin bukukuwan. Kuma nau'in raye-rayen gida ko na zamantakewa sun fi yawa.

An danganta asalin nau'ikan nau'ikan zuwa tsakiyar zamanai, da kuma ƙirar su - zuwa karni na XNUMX, farkon Renaissance. Wannan zamanin ya kawo ladabi da alheri ga raye-rayen raye-raye na Italiyanci masu ban sha'awa. Sauƙaƙe mai sauƙi da motsi na rhythmic tare da sauye-sauye zuwa tsalle-tsalle mai haske, ya tashi daga cikakken ƙafa zuwa yatsan yatsa (a matsayin alamar ci gaba na ruhaniya daga duniya zuwa allahntaka), yanayin farin ciki na rakiyar kiɗa - waɗannan su ne halayen halayen waɗannan raye-raye. .

Mai fara'a mai kuzari gallard wanda ma'aurata ko masu rawa guda ɗaya ke yi. A cikin ƙamus na rawa - babban motsi na matakai biyar, tsalle-tsalle mai yawa, tsalle-tsalle. Da shigewar lokaci, rawar rawan ya ragu.

Kusa da ruhu ga galliard wani rawa ne - sallarella - an haife shi a tsakiyar Italiya (yankunan Abruzzo, Molise da Lazio). An ba da sunan ta fi'ili saltare - "tsalle". Wannan raye-rayen biyu sun kasance tare da kiɗa a cikin lokaci 6/8. An yi shi a manyan bukukuwa - bukukuwan aure ko a ƙarshen girbi. Kalmomin raye-raye sun haɗa da jerin matakai biyu da bakuna, tare da canzawa zuwa cadence. Ana raye-raye a bukin bukin na zamani.

Ƙasar wata tsohuwar rawa bergamaska (bargamasca) yana cikin birni da lardin Bergamo (Lombardy, arewacin Italiya). Mazaunan Jamus, Faransa, Ingila sun ƙaunaci wannan rawa na ƙauyen. Kiɗa mai nishaɗi mai daɗi tare da mitoci huɗu, ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi sun mamaye mutane na kowane aji. W. Shakespeare ne ya ambaci wannan rawa a cikin wasan barkwanci A Midsummer Night's Dream.

tarantella – mafi shaharar raye-rayen jama’a. Sun kasance masu sha'awar musamman a yankunan kudancin Italiya na Calabria da Sicily. Kuma sunan ya fito daga birnin Taranto (yankin Apulia). Har ila yau, birnin ya ba da sunan ga gizo-gizo masu guba - tarantulas, daga cizon wanda tsayin daka, har zuwa gaji, aikin tarantella da ake zargi da ceto.

A sauki maimaita motif na raka a kan uku, da live yanayi na music da kuma musamman tsari na ƙungiyoyi tare da kaifi canji a cikin shugabanci rarrabe wannan rawa, yi a nau'i-nau'i, kasa da sau da yawa solo. Sha'awar rawa ta shawo kan zaluncin da aka yi masa: Cardinal Barberini ya ba shi damar yin wasa a kotu.

Wasu daga cikin raye-rayen jama'a da sauri sun mamaye duk Turai har ma sun zo kotun sarakunan Turai. Galliard, alal misali, mai mulkin Ingila, Elizabeth I, ya ƙaunace ta, kuma a tsawon rayuwarta tana rawa don jin daɗin kanta. Kuma bergamasca ya yi murna ga Louis XIII da fadawansa.

Salon da kaɗe-kaɗe na raye-raye da yawa sun ci gaba da rayuwarsu a cikin kiɗan kayan aiki.

Musical Instruments

Don rakiyar, an yi amfani da buhun buhu, sarewa, baki da harmonicas na yau da kullun, kayan kida masu zare - gita, violin da mandolins.

A cikin rubuce-rubucen shaidar, an ambaci mandala tun daga karni na XNUMX, ana iya yin shi a matsayin mafi sauƙi na lute (an fassara shi daga Girkanci a matsayin "ƙaramin lute"). Ana kuma kiransa da mandora, mandole, pandurina, bandurina, kuma ana kiran ƙaramin mandola mandolin. Wannan kayan aiki na kwankwalwa yana da igiyoyin waya guda biyu waɗanda aka gyara gaba ɗaya maimakon a cikin octave.

Violin, a tsakanin sauran kayan kida na jama'a na Italiya, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙaunataccen. Kuma masanan Italiyanci daga dangin Aati, Guarneri da Stradivari sun kawo shi cikakke a cikin XNUMXth - kwata na farko na ƙarni na XNUMX.

A cikin karni na 6, masu zane-zane masu tafiya, don kada su damu da kunna kiɗa, sun fara amfani da hurdy-gurdy - kayan aikin iska na inji wanda ya sake buga 8-XNUMX da aka rubuta ayyukan da aka fi so. Ya rage kawai don juya hannu da jigilar kaya ko ɗauka ta cikin tituna. Da farko dai, Barbieri na Italiya ne ya ƙirƙira gaɓar ganga don koyar da tsuntsayen waƙa, amma bayan lokaci sai ta fara faranta wa mutanen gari farin ciki a wajen Italiya.

Masu rawa sukan taimaka wa kansu don doke tarantella mai tsauri tare da taimakon tambourine - irin tambourine wanda ya zo Apennines daga Provence. Sau da yawa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo suna amfani da sarewa tare da tambourine.

Irin wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da nau'i na nau'i, hazaka da wadatar kade-kade na jama'ar Italiya sun tabbatar da ba wai kawai haɓakar ilimi ba, musamman opera, da kiɗan pop a Italiya, amma kuma an samu nasarar aro daga mawaƙa daga wasu ƙasashe.

Mawaƙin Rasha MI Glinka ya ba da mafi kyawun kima na fasahar jama'a, wanda ya taɓa cewa ainihin mahaliccin kiɗa shine mutane, kuma mawaƙin yana taka rawar mai shiryawa.

Marubuci – Elifeya