Waka ta musamman |
Musamman kida (Musique concrite na Faransanci) - ƙaƙƙarfan sauti waɗanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar yin rikodi akan tef dec. sauti na halitta ko na wucin gadi, canjin su, haɗawa da gyarawa. Na Zamani Dabarun naɗa sautin maganadisu yana sauƙaƙa sauƙaƙan sauti (misali, ta hanyar sauri da rage motsin tef ɗin, da kuma matsar da shi ta wata hanya dabam), haɗa su (ta hanyar yin rikodin rikodi daban-daban a lokaci guda). a kan tef) kuma sanya su a kowane jere. A cikin K. m., zuwa wani matsayi, ana amfani da sautunan mutane. muryoyi da kiɗa. kayan aiki, duk da haka abu don ginin samfurori. K. m. su ne kowane irin hayaniya da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin rayuwa. K. m. - daya daga cikin abubuwan zamani na zamani. zarub. kiɗa. Magoya bayan K. m. tabbatar da hanyar su na tsara kiɗa ta hanyar amfani da abin da ake kira kawai. sautin kida da ake zaton yana iyakance mawaƙin, wanda mawaƙin yana da damar yin amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar aikinsa. wani sauti. Suna la'akari da K. m. a matsayin babban sabon abu a fagen kiɗa. art-va, mai ikon mayewa da maye gurbin tsoffin nau'ikan kiɗan. A gaskiya ma, samar da Abubuwan Haɗaɗɗen kayan, waɗanda ke karya tare da tsarin tsarin tsararru, ba su faɗaɗa ba, amma iyakance ga iyakar yiwuwar bayyana wani fasaha. abun ciki. Kyakkyawan haɓakar fasaha don ƙirƙirar CM (ciki har da amfani da na'urori na musamman don "gyara" da haɗuwa da sautuna - abin da ake kira "phonogen" tare da keyboard, mai rikodin tef tare da faifai 3, da dai sauransu) yana da sanannun darajar kawai don yi amfani da matsayin "tsarin hayaniya" na wasan kwaikwayo, daidaikun abubuwan fina-finai, da sauransu.
"Mai ƙirƙira" na K.m., fitaccen wakilinsa kuma mai yada farfaganda, shine Faransanci. Injiniya acoustic P. Schaeffer, wanda ya ba da wannan shugabanci da sunanta. Ayyukansa na farko na "concrete" sun koma 1948: binciken "Turniquet" ("Ütude aux tourniquets"), "Nazarin Railway" ("Ütude aux chemins de fer") da sauran wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda a cikin 1948 Franz ne ya watsa su. rediyo karkashin sunan gama gari. "Concert Noise" A cikin 1949, P. Henri ya shiga Schaeffer; tare suka kirkiro "Symphony for one person" ("Symphonie pour un homme seul"). A 1951 karkashin Franz. rediyo, an shirya wani gwaji na "Rukunin Nazari a fagen Waƙar Kankare", wanda kuma ya haɗa da mawaƙa - P. Boulez, P. Henri, O. Messiaen, A. Jolivet, F. Arthuis da sauransu (wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙirƙira daban. aikin K.m.). Ko da yake sabon salon ya samu ba magoya baya kadai ba, har ma da abokan adawa, nan da nan ya zarce na kasa. tsarin aiki. Ba Faransawa kaɗai suka fara zuwa Paris ba, har ma da baƙi. mawaƙa waɗanda suka karɓi ƙwarewar ƙirƙirar kiɗan gargajiya. A cikin 1958, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Schaeffer, an gudanar da shekaru goma na gwaji na kiɗa na duniya na farko. A lokaci guda, Schaeffer ya sake bayyana dalla-dalla ayyukan ƙungiyarsa, wanda tun daga wannan lokacin ya zama sananne a matsayin "Rukunin Bincike na Musical a ƙarƙashin Franz. rediyo da talabijin”. Ƙungiyar tana samun goyon bayan Majalisar Kiɗa ta Duniya ta UNESCO. Franz. mujallar “La revue musicale” da aka keɓe ga matsalolin K. m. uku na musamman. lambobi (1957, 1959, 1960).
References: Tambayoyi na ilimin kida. Littafin shekara, vol. 2, 1955, M., 1956, shafi. 476-477; Shneerson G., Game da kiɗa mai rai da matattu, M., 1964, p. 311-318; nasa, kiɗan Faransa na ƙarni na XX, M., 1970, p. 366; Schaeffer P., A la recherche d une musique concrite, P., 1952; Scriabine Marina, Pierre Boulez et la musique concrite, "RM", 1952, No 215; Baruch GW, Was Musique concrite ne?, Melos, Jahrg. XX, 1953; Keller W., Elektronische Musik und Musique concrite, “Merkur”, Jahrg. IX, H. 9, 1955; Roullin J., Musique concrite…, a cikin: Klangstruktur der Musik, hrsg. von Fr. Winckel, B., 1955, S. 109-132; Kwarewar kiɗan kiɗa. Musiques sun haɗa extoque na lantarki, "La Revue musicale", P., 1959, No 244; Vers une musique experimentale, ibid., R., 1957, No 236 (Numéro na musamman); Casini C, L impiego nella colonna sonora délia musica elettronica e della concreta, a cikin: Musica e fim, Roma, 1959, p. 179-93; Schaeffer P., Musique concrite et connaissance de l objet musical, "Revue Belge de Musicologie", XIII, 1959; Kwarewa. Paris. Juni. 1959. Par le groupe de recherches musicales de la Radiodiffusion-Télévision française…, “La Revue musicale”, P., 1960, No 247; Judd F. C, Waƙoƙin Lantarki da kiɗan kiɗa, L., 1961; Schaeffer P., Traité des objets musicaux, P., 1966.
GM Schneerson
