Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

A cikin zurfin yakini na, Mozart shine mafi girma, matsayi na ƙarshe, wanda kyau ya kai a fagen kiɗa. P. Tchaikovsky

“Me zurfi! Wane irin ƙarfin hali da jituwa! Wannan shine yadda Pushkin ya bayyana a fili ainihin ma'anar fasahar Mozart. Lallai, irin wannan haɗuwa na kamala na gargajiya tare da ƙarfin zuciya, irin wannan rashin iyaka na yanke shawara na mutum bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, ba za mu iya samun kowane daga cikin masu ƙirƙirar fasahar kiɗan ba. Sunny bayyananne kuma mai ban mamaki, mai sauƙi kuma mai rikitarwa, zurfin ɗan adam da duniya, sararin samaniya ya bayyana duniyar kiɗan Mozart.

WA Mozart an haife shi a cikin dangin Leopold Mozart, ɗan wasan violin kuma mawaƙa a kotun babban limamin Salzburg. Hazaka mai hazaka ya baiwa Mozart damar tsara kiɗa tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu, cikin sauri ya ƙware fasahar kunna clavier, violin, da gabo. Da basira uban ya kula da karatun dansa. A cikin 1762-71. ya gudanar da yawon bude ido, a lokacin da da yawa Turai kotuna samu saba da art na 'ya'yansa (babban, 'yar'uwar Wolfgang kasance mai baiwa clavier player, shi da kansa raira waƙa, gudanar, buga daban-daban kida virtuoso da improvised), wanda ko'ina ya sa sha'awa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Mozart ya sami lambar yabo ta Paparoma na Golden Spur, wanda aka zaba a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Philharmonic a Bologna.

A cikin tafiye-tafiye, Wolfgang ya saba da kiɗa na ƙasashe daban-daban, yana ƙware nau'ikan halayen zamanin. Saboda haka, sanin JK Bach, wanda ya zauna a London, ya kawo rai na farko symphonies (1764), a Vienna (1768) ya karbi umarni don wasan kwaikwayo a cikin nau'in wasan opera na Italiyanci ("The Pretend Simple Girl") da kuma Jamus Singspiel ("Bastien da Bastienne"; shekara guda da ta gabata, an yi wasan opera na makaranta (Latin comedy) Apollo da Hyacinth a Jami'ar Salzburg. (Bologna), ya sanya a cikin Milan, opera seria "Mithridates, Sarkin Pontus" (1770), da kuma a 1771 - opera "Lucius Sulla".

hazikin matashin ba shi da sha'awar abokan ciniki fiye da yaron mu'ujiza, kuma L. Mozart ba zai iya samun wurinsa ba a kowace kotun Turai a babban birnin kasar. Dole ne in koma Salzburg don in yi aikin mai rakiya a kotu. Mozart ta m burin yanzu an iyakance ga umarni don hada tsarki music, kazalika da nishadi guda - divertissements, cassations, serenades (wato, suites tare da raye-raye sassa na daban-daban kayan aiki ensembles cewa sauti ba kawai a kotu maraice, amma kuma a kan tituna). a cikin gidajen mutanen Austrian). Mozart ya ci gaba da aikinsa a wannan yanki daga baya a Vienna, inda aka halicci mafi shahararren aikinsa na irin wannan - "Little Night Serenade" (1787), wani nau'i na wasan kwaikwayo, mai cike da ban dariya da alheri. Mozart kuma ya rubuta kide-kide don violin da orchestra, clavier da violin sonatas, da dai sauransu. Daya daga cikin kololuwar kida na wannan lokacin shine Symphony a cikin G qananan No. 25, wanda ya nuna halin tawaye na "Werther" halin da ake ciki na zamanin, kusa. a cikin ruhu zuwa motsi na wallafe-wallafen "Storm and Slaught" .

Da yake jinkiri a lardin Salzburg, inda babban limamin cocin ya rike shi, Mozart ya yi ƙoƙarin zama a Munich, Mannheim, Paris, bai yi nasara ba. Tafiya zuwa waɗannan biranen (1777-79), duk da haka, ya kawo wani motsin rai (ƙaunar farko - ga mawaƙa Aloysia Weber, mutuwar mahaifiyarsa) da kuma zane-zane na zane-zane, wanda aka nuna, musamman, a cikin clavier sonatas (a cikin ƙarami, a cikin A). manyan tare da bambance-bambancen da Rondo alla turca), a cikin Symphony Concerto don violin da viola da Orchestra, da dai sauransu Rarrabe opera Productions ("The Dream of Scipio" - 1772, "The Shepherd King" - 1775, duka a Salzburg; "The Imaginary". Lambu" - 1775, Munich) bai gamsar da burin Mozart don saduwa da gidan opera na yau da kullun ba. Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na opera Idomeneo, Sarkin Crete (Munich, 1781) ya bayyana cikakken balagagge na Mozart a matsayin mai zane da mutum, ƙarfinsa da 'yancin kai a cikin al'amuran rayuwa da kerawa. Lokacin da ya isa daga Munich zuwa Vienna, inda babban Bishop ya tafi bikin nadin sarauta, Mozart ya rabu da shi, ya ki komawa Salzburg.

Fitaccen Mozart na Viennese halarta a karon shi ne singspiel The Abduction daga Seraglio (1782, Burgtheater), wanda ya biyo bayan aurensa da Constance Weber (kanwar Aloysia). Duk da haka (daga baya, ba a sami umarnin opera sau da yawa ba. Mawallafin kotu L. Da Ponte ya ba da gudummawa ga samar da wasan kwaikwayo a kan mataki na Burgtheater, wanda aka rubuta a kan libretto: biyu daga cikin ayyukan tsakiya na Mozart - "Aure na Figaro" ("Aure na Figaro"). 1786) da "Don Giovanni" (1788), da kuma opera-buff "Wannan shi ne abin da kowa yake yi" (1790); a Schönbrunn (gidan bazara na kotu) wani wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya tare da kiɗa "Director of theater" (1786) kuma an shirya shi.

A cikin shekarun farko a Vienna, Mozart ya yi sau da yawa, yana ƙirƙirar kide-kide don clavier da ƙungiyar makaɗa don "makarantarsa" (wasan kwaikwayo da aka shirya ta hanyar biyan kuɗi tsakanin ma'abota fasaha). Wani muhimmin mahimmanci ga aikin mawaki shine nazarin ayyukan JS Bach (da kuma GF Handel, FE Bach), wanda ya jagoranci abubuwan fasaha na fasaha zuwa fagen polyphony, yana ba da sabon zurfi da mahimmanci ga ra'ayoyinsa. An bayyana wannan a fili a cikin Fantasia da Sonata a cikin ƙananan C (1784-85), a cikin kirtani guda shida da aka keɓe ga I. Haydn, wanda Mozart ya sami babban abota na ɗan adam da kerawa. A zurfin Mozart ta music shiga cikin sirrin rayuwar mutum, da karin mutum bayyanar da ayyukansa ya zama, da kasa nasara da suka kasance a Vienna (post na kotu kotun mawakan samu a 1787 ya wajabta shi kawai don ƙirƙirar raye-raye ga masquerades).

An sami ƙarin fahimta da mawaki a Prague, inda a cikin 1787 aka yi Aure na Figaro, kuma nan da nan an fara wasan Don Giovanni da aka rubuta don wannan birni (a cikin 1791 Mozart ya sake yin wani wasan opera a Prague - Rahamar Titus) , wanda ya fi dacewa a fili ya bayyana rawar da jigon mai ban tausayi a cikin aikin Mozart. The Prague Symphony in D major (1787) da na karshe uku symphonies (No. 39 a E-flat major, No. 40 a G qananan, No. 41 a C manyan - Jupiter; rani 1788) alama guda ƙarfin hali da sabon abu, wanda ya ba da wani sabon abu mai haske da cikakken hoto na ra'ayoyi da jin dadin zamaninsu kuma ya ba da hanya ga wasan kwaikwayo na karni na XIX. Daga cikin kade-kade guda uku na 1788, Symphony in G small an yi sau ɗaya a Vienna. Halitta na ƙarshe na hazaka na Mozart su ne wasan opera The Magic Flute - waƙar yabo ga haske da tunani (1791, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kewayen Viennese) - da makoki mai girma Requiem, wanda mawaki bai kammala ba.

Mutuwar Mozart na kwatsam, wanda mai yiwuwa lafiyarsa ta lalace ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙirƙira da yanayi mai wahala na shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, abubuwan ban mamaki na tsari na Requiem (kamar yadda aka bayyana, umarnin da ba a san shi ba ya kasance na wasu Count F. Walzag-Stuppach, wanda ya yi niyya ya wuce shi a matsayin abun da ke ciki), binne a cikin kabari na kowa - duk wannan ya haifar da yaduwar tatsuniyoyi game da guba na Mozart (duba, alal misali, bala'in Pushkin "Mozart da Salieri"), wanda bai sami wani tabbaci ba. Ga yawancin al'ummomi masu zuwa, aikin Mozart ya zama mutum na kiɗa a gaba ɗaya, ikonsa na sake haifar da duk wani nau'i na rayuwar ɗan adam, yana gabatar da su a cikin kyakkyawan tsari da cikakkiyar jituwa, cike, duk da haka, tare da bambance-bambance na ciki da kuma sabani. Duniyar fasaha ta kiɗan Mozart da alama tana cikin mutane iri-iri, halayen ɗan adam iri-iri. Ya nuna daya daga cikin manyan siffofi na zamanin, wanda ya ƙare a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789, ka'idar ba da rai (Hotunan Figaro, Don Juan, wasan kwaikwayo na "Jupiter", da dai sauransu). Tabbatar da halayen ɗan adam, aikin ruhu kuma yana da alaƙa da bayyanar da mafi kyawun duniyar tunani - iri-iri na inuwarta da cikakkun bayanai sun sa Mozart ya zama farkon fasahar soyayya.

Cikakken halin kiɗan Mozart, wanda ya ƙunshi duk nau'ikan zamanin (sai dai waɗanda aka ambata - ballet "Trinkets" - 1778, Paris; kiɗa don abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, waƙoƙi, gami da "Violet" a tashar JW Goethe , talakawa , motets, cantatas da sauran choral ayyukan, jam'iyya ensembles na daban-daban qagaggun, concertos for iska kida tare da makada, Concerto for sarewa da garaya tare da makada, da dai sauransu) da kuma wanda ya ba su na gargajiya samfurori, shi ne sun fi mayar saboda da babbar. rawar da ta taka a cikinta hulɗar makarantu, salo, zamani da nau'ikan kiɗa.

Mozart ya haɗa da halayen halayen makarantar gargajiya na Viennese, Mozart ya taƙaita ƙwarewar Italiyanci, Faransanci, al'adun Jamusanci, al'adun gargajiya da ƙwararrun wasan kwaikwayo, nau'ikan opera daban-daban, da sauransu. Ayyukansa sun nuna rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da tunani waɗanda aka haife su daga yanayin juyin juya hali a Faransa. (libretto "Aure na Figaro" An rubuta bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ta P. Beaumarchais "Ranar Crazy, ko Aure na Figaro"), ruhun tawaye da kuma m na Jamus hadari ("Storm da Onslaught"), hadaddun da kuma har abada. matsalar rashin jituwa tsakanin tsoro na mutum da azabar ɗabi'a ("Don Juan").

Siffar mutum ɗaya na aikin Mozart ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i da yawa da dabarun ci gaba na wannan zamanin, wanda babban mahalicci ya haɗu kuma ya ji shi. Wasan opera ya rinjayi kayan aikin sa na kayan aiki, fasali na ci gaban symphonic sun shiga cikin wasan opera da taro, wasan kwaikwayo (misali, Symphony a G small - wani nau'in labari game da rayuwar ran ɗan adam) ana iya ba shi da shi. dalla-dalla halayyar kiɗan ɗakin ɗakin, wasan kwaikwayo - tare da mahimmancin wasan kwaikwayo, da dai sauransu The nau'in canons na Italiyanci buffa opera a cikin Aure na Figaro a sassauƙa da ƙaddamarwa ga ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin haruffa tare da bayyanannen lafazin lyrical, a baya. Sunan "wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa" akwai cikakken bayani game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a Don Giovanni, wanda ke cike da bambancin Shakespeare na ban dariya da ban tausayi.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan ƙirar fasahar Mozart shine sarewa Magic. A ƙarƙashin murfin tatsuniyar tatsuniya tare da makirci mai mahimmanci (ana amfani da maɓuɓɓuka da yawa a cikin libre ta E. Schikaneder), ra'ayoyin utopian na hikima, nagarta da adalci na duniya, halayyar haskakawa, suna ɓoye (tasirin Freemasonry kuma ya shafi nan - Mozart ya kasance memba na "'yan'uwa na 'yan'uwa masons"). Arias na Papageno's "tsuntsu-mutumin" a cikin ruhun waƙoƙin jama'a suna canzawa tare da tsauraran waƙoƙin waƙoƙi a cikin ɓangaren mai hikima Zorastro, waƙoƙin zuciya na arias na masoya Tamino da Pamina - tare da launi na Sarauniyar Dare. kusan parodying da virtuoso raira waƙa a Italiyanci opera, hade da arias da ensembles tare da colloquial dialogues (a cikin al'adar singspiel) an maye gurbinsu da wani ta hanyar ci gaba a cikin Extended finals. Duk wannan kuma an haɗa shi da sautin "sihiri" na ƙungiyar makaɗar Mozart dangane da ƙwarewar kayan aiki (tare da sarewa da karrarawa). Halin duniya na kiɗan Mozart ya ba shi damar zama manufa na fasaha don Pushkin da Glinka, Chopin da Tchaikovsky, Bizet da Stravinsky, Prokofiev da Shostakovich.

E. Tsareva

Malaminsa na farko kuma mai ba shi shawara shi ne mahaifinsa, Leopold Mozart, mataimakin Kapellmeister a kotun babban Bishop na Salzburg. A cikin 1762, mahaifinsa ya gabatar da Wolfgang, har yanzu matashin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, da 'yar uwarsa Nannerl zuwa kotunan Munich da Vienna: yara suna wasa maɓalli, violin da raira waƙa, Wolfgang kuma yana haɓakawa. A cikin 1763, yawon shakatawa na dogon lokaci ya faru a kudanci da gabashin Jamus, Belgium, Holland, kudancin Faransa, Switzerland, har zuwa Ingila; sau biyu sun kasance a Paris. A London, an san Habila, JK Bach, da mawaƙa Tenducci da Manzuoli. A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyu, Mozart ya hada operas The Imaginary Shepherdess da Bastien et Bastienne. A Salzburg, an nada shi a matsayin mai rakiya. A cikin 1769, 1771 da 1772 ya ziyarci Italiya, inda ya sami karbuwa, ya shirya wasan operas kuma ya tsunduma cikin ilimin tsari. A cikin 1777, tare da mahaifiyarsa, ya yi tafiya zuwa Munich, Mannheim (inda ya ƙaunaci mawaƙa Aloisia Weber) da Paris (inda mahaifiyarsa ta mutu). Ya zauna a Vienna kuma a cikin 1782 ya auri Constance Weber, 'yar'uwar Aloysia. A cikin wannan shekarar, wasan opera ɗin sa The Sace daga Seraglio yana jiran babban nasara. Ya halitta ayyuka na daban-daban nau'o'i, nuna ban mamaki versatility, ya zama kotu mawaki (ba tare da takamaiman nauyi) da kuma fatan samun post na biyu Kapellmeister na Royal Chapel bayan Gluck mutuwar (na farko shi ne Salieri). Duk da shahara, musamman a matsayinsa na mawakin opera, burin Mozart bai cika ba, ciki har da tsegumi game da halinsa. Yana barin Requiem bai ƙare ba. Girmama ga al'adu da al'adu na aristocratic, na addini da na zamani, hade a Mozart tare da ma'anar alhakin da kuma motsi na ciki wanda ya sa wasu suka dauke shi a matsayin mawallafi mai mahimmanci na Romanticism, yayin da wasu ya kasance ƙarshen maras kyau na mai ladabi da hankali. shekaru, mutunta alaka da dokoki da canons. A kowane hali, ya kasance daidai daga ci gaba da rikice-rikice na kiɗa da dabi'u daban-daban na wancan lokacin, an haifi wannan tsantsa, mai laushi, kyakkyawa na kiɗan Mozart, wanda a cikin irin wannan hanya mai ban mamaki akwai zazzaɓi, dabara, girgiza cewa ana kiransa "aljani". Godiya ga jituwa tare da waɗannan halaye, maigidan Austriya - mu'ujiza ta gaskiya ta kiɗa - ta shawo kan duk matsalolin abun da ke ciki tare da sanin al'amarin, wanda A. Einstein ya kira daidai "somnambulistic", yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na ayyukan da suka fashe. daga ƙarƙashin alƙalaminsa duka suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga abokan ciniki da kuma sakamakon buƙatun ciki na gaggawa. Ya yi aiki da sauri da natsuwa na mutumin zamani, ko da yake ya kasance yaro na har abada, baƙo ga duk wani al'amuran al'adu waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da kiɗa, gaba ɗaya ya juya zuwa duniyar waje kuma a lokaci guda yana iya fahimtar ban mamaki game da abubuwan da suka faru. zurfafa tunani da tunani.

Masanin ruhin ɗan adam mara misaltuwa, musamman mace (wanda ya isar da alherinsa da duality daidai gwargwado), a hankalce munanan izgili, yana mafarkin kyakkyawar duniya, cikin sauƙi yana motsawa daga baƙin ciki mai zurfi zuwa babban farin ciki, mawaƙi mai tsoron Allah na sha'awa. da sacraments - ko waɗannan na biyun Katolika ne ko Masonic - Mozart har yanzu yana sha'awar mutum, ya rage kololuwar kiɗa a ma'anar zamani. A matsayinsa na mawaki, ya tsara dukkan nasarorin da aka samu a baya, inda ya kawo cikakkar dukkan nau'ikan waka, ya kuma zarce kusan dukkan magabata tare da cikakkiyar hadaddiyar ra'ayin arewa da Latin. Domin daidaita al'adun kiɗa na Mozart, ya zama dole a buga a cikin 1862 ƙasidar ƙididdiga, daga baya sabuntawa kuma aka gyara, wanda ke ɗauke da sunan mai haɗa shi L. von Köchel.

Irin wannan m yawan aiki - ba haka rare, duk da haka, a Turai music - shi ne ba kawai sakamakon innadient damar iya yin komai (an ce ya rubuta music da wannan sauƙi da sauƙi kamar yadda haruffa): a cikin gajeren lokaci kasaftawa zuwa gare shi ta hanyar kaddara da kuma wanda a wasu lokutan ma ba za a iya bayyana shi ba, an haɓaka shi ta hanyar sadarwa tare da malamai daban-daban, wanda ya ba da damar shawo kan lokutan rikici a cikin samuwar gwaninta. Daga cikin mawaƙa waɗanda ke da tasiri kai tsaye a kansa, ya kamata a ambaci suna (ban da mahaifinsa, magabata na Italiya da kuma zamani, da D. von Dittersdorf da JA Hasse) I. Schobert, KF Abel (a cikin Paris da London). duka 'ya'yan Bach, Philipp Emanuel da musamman Johann Christian, wanda ya kasance misali na haɗuwa da salon "gallant" da "koyi" a cikin manyan kayan aiki, da kuma arias da opera, KV Gluck - dangane da wasan kwaikwayo. , Duk da wani gagarumin bambanci a cikin saitunan ƙirƙira, Michael Haydn, ɗan wasa mai kyau na counterpoint, ɗan'uwan Yusufu mai girma, wanda, bi da bi, ya nuna Mozart yadda za a cimma gamsasshen magana, sauƙi, sauƙi da sassaucin ra'ayi na tattaunawa, ba tare da watsi da mafi rikitarwa ba. dabaru. tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Paris da London, zuwa Mannheim (inda ya saurari shahararren ƙungiyar makaɗa da Stamitz, ƙungiyar farko kuma mafi girma a Turai) tana da mahimmanci. Bari mu kuma nuna yanayin Baron von Swieten a Vienna, inda Mozart yayi karatu kuma ya yaba wa kiɗan Bach da Handel; A ƙarshe, mun lura tafiya zuwa Italiya, inda ya sadu da shahararrun mawaƙa da mawaƙa (Sammartini, Piccini, Manfredini) da kuma inda a Bologna ya dauki jarrabawa a cikin m counterpoint daga Padre Martini (ga gaskiya, ba sosai nasara).

A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Mozart ya sami haɗin gwiwar opera buffa da wasan kwaikwayo wanda ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba, yana samun sakamakon kida na ƙima. Yayin da aikin wasan operas nasa ya dogara ne akan tasirin matakin da aka zaɓa da kyau, ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kamar lymph, tana mamaye kowane ƙaramin tantanin halitta na halayen halayen, cikin sauƙin shiga cikin mafi ƙarancin rata a cikin kalmar, kamar ƙamshi, ruwan inabi mai laushi, kamar don tsoro. cewa hali ba zai sami isasshen ruhu ba. rike rawar. Kaɗe-kaɗe na haɗuwa da ba a saba gani ba suna tafiya cikin sauri, ko dai suna ƙirƙirar solos na almara, ko kuma yin sutura a cikin nau'o'in kaya daban-daban. Ƙarƙashin ma'auni mai ban sha'awa na tsari na yau da kullum da kuma a ƙarƙashin mashin satirical, mutum zai iya ganin kullun sha'awa ga hankalin ɗan adam, wanda yake ɓoye ta hanyar wasan da ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa ciwo da warkar da shi. Shin zai yiwu ƙwaƙƙwaran hanyarsa ta ƙirƙira ta ƙare da Requiem, wanda, ko da yake ba a gama ba kuma ba koyaushe ake iya share karatu ba, kodayake ɗalibin da ba shi da kyau ya kammala shi, har yanzu yana girgiza kuma yana zubar da hawaye? Mutuwa a matsayin wani aiki da kuma murmushin rayuwa mai nisa ya bayyana gare mu a cikin Lacrimosa mai nishi, kamar saƙon wani allahn saurayi da aka ɗauke mu da wuri.

G. Marchesi (E. Greceanii ya fassara)

• Jerin abubuwan da aka tsara ta Mozart →