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Kalma mai nuna layukan waƙa (muryoyi) iri-iri a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wakoki da yawa na Rashanci (koral da gungu) na waƙoƙi, musamman na waƙoƙi. Ana amfani da shi a cikin Nar. aikin chanter, ya shiga kiɗan. labarin almara. Asalinsa shine ƙarin kalmar gaba ɗaya "pocalphony". P. yana da alaƙa da kalmar "murya" a cikin ma'anar raira waƙa tare da wani a kan manyan bayanai (a irin waɗannan lokuta kuma suna cewa "ƙuƙwalwa") osn. waƙa ko bambancinsa (fasaha na bello). Sauran mutane kuma an san su. sharuddan ma'ana guda: "eyeliner" (a cikin kudancin Rasha yankin, a cikin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci Polesie), "dishkant" (a kan Don), "ja a kan piston" (Belgorod yankin), "goryak" (a Ukraine) . Ana amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan na ƙarshe zuwa babba P., suna samar da ingantacciyar mai zaman kanta. jam'iyyar waƙa; ƙananan muryoyin a cikin waɗannan lokuta "bass" (yankin Belgorod), "bass" (yankin Ryazan), da sauransu. Ana kiran muryoyin daidai da P. Na sama P. yawanci ana ba da amana ga murya ɗaya, yayin da za a iya samun ƙananan ƙananan. T. n. babban waƙar ana yawan gudanar da ita cikin tsakiyar murya; Sau da yawa mawaƙi ne ke yin shi (a kan Don – bass), kodayake ayyukan muryoyin a cikin waƙar a wasu salo na iya canzawa (misali, babban waƙar na iya motsawa lokaci-lokaci daga murya zuwa murya). A kowane hali, ana kiran P. muryoyin da suka karkata daga babba ko sama. Wannan siffa ce ta al'adun gargajiya na al'ada a matsayin aikin "ganowar kida" (BV Asafiev). Abun ko yana goyan bayan osn. waƙa (mafi yawan lokuta daga ƙasa), ko dai a kashe shi, a ƙawata shi (daga sama), ko adawa da shi, ya haifar da bambanci na ɗan lokaci.

A cikin Rashanci A arewa, ana rera tushen waƙar monophonic a cikin haɗin gwiwa ko a cikin octave, yayin da P., guje wa motsi iri ɗaya, ya bambanta sauti iri ɗaya, kamar dai ado da shi, a wasu lokuta suna adawa da ita tare da 'yancin kai. waƙa (yawanci daga sama), cika tsayawa da tsalle na babba. sau da yawa sau da yawa sautunan suna haɗuwa tare da shi a cikin haɗin gwiwa ko kuma octave, wanda hakan ya fi bayyana jujjuyawar sa. Ƙarshen unison-octave na waƙar a kan ƙarar fret-rhythm koyaushe wajibi ne. barga. P. - "wani tsiro a kan babban sautin, wani lokacin ma fiye, wani lokacin kuma ba shi da tushe a fili daga babban akwati" (Asafiev). Wani lokaci P. a cikin 'yancin kai da kuma bayyanawa yana daidaita da abin da ake kira. babban waƙa, kuma yana iya zama da wahala a bambance su. A arewacin Rasha. Styles suna mamaye P. - offshoots daga babba. muryoyin (a zahiri, bambance-bambancensa na kusa):

Daga tarin EV Gippius da ZV Ewald "Wakokin Pinezhya", No 55.

Daga tarin AM Listopadov "Wakokin Don Cossacks", vol. 3, Na 19.

A tsakiyar kuma musamman kudancin Rasha. Salon P. galibi ana samun sabani da DOS. murya (duba misalin sama).

Wasu echos suna sauƙaƙa, "daidaita" babba. waƙa, wasu, akasin haka, ƙawata shi, haɓaka shi da wadatar da shi. Nau'o'in P. na musamman sune ƙafar ƙafa (ch. arr. a cikin gajeren sassan waƙar) da abin da ake kira. P. ba tare da rubutu ba - "vocalises" (alal misali, a cikin yankin Voronezh), tare da tsayawa akai-akai a tsayin sauti na tonic (ƙananan ko babba) kuma, ƙasa da sau da yawa, kashi biyar ko digiri na VII (a cikin yanayin yanayi). sabawa ta wucin gadi).

A Belarushiyanci. Polissya ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kasu kashi biyu masu zaman kansu. jam'iyyu: babban waƙar tana sauti a ƙaramar murya, "bass" (saboda taƙaitaccen waƙa, ZV Ewald ya ayyana shi a matsayin nau'in cantus firmus), wanda a cikin aiwatar da manufa guda ɗaya. waƙar na iya yin reshe da yawa, yayin da babbar muryar solo ("padvodchyk") ke jagorantar layin. Waƙa ɗaya da iri ɗaya galibi tana ƙarƙashin da yawa. daban-daban a hali da kuma melodic. ci gaban waƙar. polygonal songs (misali, a cikin Polissya kauyen Tonezh).

A lokacin waƙa ɗaya, rikitarwa a hankali na ƙungiyar mawaƙa yana yiwuwa. laushi, kunnawa na P. Gabaɗaya, hadaddun, "masu aikin injiniya" mai ƙarfi na ainihin hulɗar muryoyin a cikin Nar na gaske. Har yanzu ba a yi cikakken binciken ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba. Sabbin rikodin sauti na tashoshi da yawa da sauran fasaha. ma'ana na iya ba da gudummawa ga gano ainihin wurin da ma'anar P. a cikin Nar. ƙungiyar mawaƙa. waka dec. salon yanki.

References: Melgunov Yu., waƙoƙin Rasha da aka rubuta kai tsaye daga muryoyin mutane, vol. 1, M., 1879; Palchikov N., Waƙoƙin Baƙi da aka rubuta a ƙauyen Nikolaevka, gundumar Menzelinsky, lardin Ufa, M., 1888; Lopatin HM, Prokunin VP, Tarin waƙoƙin wakoki na al'ada na Rasha, sassan 1-2, M., 1889; Lineva E., Manyan waƙoƙin Rashanci cikin jituwar jama'a, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1904; Gippius E., A kan al'adun gargajiya na Rasha a ƙarshen 1948th - farkon karni na 2, "Soviet Ethnography", 1960, No. 1974; Rudneva A., Ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Rasha da kuma aiki tare da shi, M., 1961, guda, 1; Bershadskaya T., Babban nau'i na nau'i na polyphony na waƙar gargajiya na Rasha, L., 1962; Popova T., Ƙirƙirar kiɗan gargajiya ta Rasha, vol. 1965, M., 1971; Asafiev B., Maganar Magana, M.-L., 1972; Mozheiko Z., Song al'adun Belarusian Polissya. Kauyen Tonezh, Minsk, XNUMX; Samfuran polyphony na jama'a, comp., jimla. ed. da gaba da I. Zemtsovsky, L.-M., XNUMX.

II Zemtsovsky