Muryar jagora |

Jamus Stimmführung, Turanci. Rubutun bangare, jagorar murya (a cikin Amurka), Faransanci conduite des voix

Motsi na mutum murya da duk muryoyin tare a cikin wani polyphonic yanki na music a lokacin da miƙa mulki daga daya hade da sautunan zuwa wani, a wasu kalmomi, da general ka'ida na ci gaban melodic. layuka (muryoyi), daga abin da aka haɗa kiɗan. masana'anta (texture) na aikin.

Siffofin G. sun dogara da salo. ka'idodin mawaƙa, dukan makarantun mawaƙa da kerawa. kwatance, da kuma kan abubuwan da aka tsara na masu yin abin da aka rubuta wannan abun. A cikin faffadan ma'ana, G. yana ƙarƙashin duka biyun melodic da jituwa. alamu. A karkashin kulawar muryoyin suna shafar wurinsa a cikin muses. yadudduka (sama, kasa, tsakiya, da dai sauransu) da kuma yi. iyawar kayan aikin, wanda aka ba da amanar aiwatar da shi.

Dangane da rabon muryoyin, G. yana bambanta kai tsaye, kaikaice da kuma akasin haka. Motsi kai tsaye (bambance-bambancen-daidaitacce) ana siffanta shi ta hanyar hawa ɗaya ko saukowa na motsi a cikin duk muryoyin, kaikaice - barin ɗaya ko fiye da muryoyin ba canzawa. tsawo, akasin - bambanta. jagorancin muryoyin motsi (a cikin tsaftataccen tsari yana yiwuwa kawai a cikin murya biyu kawai, tare da yawan adadin muryoyin dole ne a haɗa shi da motsi kai tsaye ko kai tsaye).

Kowace murya na iya motsawa cikin matakai ko tsalle. Motsi na mataki-mataki yana ba da mafi girman santsi da haɗin kai na consonances; Sauye-sauye na biyu na duk muryoyin na iya yin na halitta ko da jeri na nesa da juna. Ana samun santsi na musamman tare da motsi kai tsaye, lokacin da ake kiyaye sautin gabaɗaya na maƙallan, yayin da sauran muryoyin ke motsawa a nesa kusa. Ya danganta da nau'in haɗin kai tsakanin sautunan sauti lokaci guda, masu jituwa, sautin murya mai ƙarfi, da muryoyin polyphonic an bambanta.

harmonic g. hade da chordal, choral (duba Chorale) rubutu, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar haɗin kai na dukan muryoyin. Mafi kyawun tarihin tarihin muryoyin muryoyin su huɗu ne, wanda yayi daidai da muryoyin mawaƙa: soprano, alto, tenor da bass. Ana iya ninka waɗannan ƙuri'un. Haɗuwa da maɗaukaki tare da motsi kai tsaye ana kiran su jituwa, tare da kai tsaye da akasin haka - melodic. haɗi. Sau da yawa jituwa. G. yana ƙarƙashin rakiyar babbar waƙar (yawanci a cikin babbar murya) kuma yana cikin abin da ake kira. homophonic harmonic. sito (duba Homophony).

Heterofonno-podgolosochnoe G. (duba heteropony) ana siffanta shi da motsi kai tsaye (sau da yawa a layi daya). A cikin decomp. muryoyin sauti iri-iri iri ɗaya; Matsayin bambancin ya dogara da salo da na ƙasa. asali na aikin. Muryar heterophonic-vocal sifa ce ta wasu abubuwan ban mamaki na kiɗa da salo, alal misali. don waƙar Gregorian (Turai 11-14 ƙarni), adadin ma'aurata. al'adun kiɗa (musamman, don waƙar drawl na Rasha); samu a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa waɗanda, ko wani mataki, suna amfani da hadisai na murya na Nar. kiɗa (MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin, SV Rakhmaninov, DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, IF Stravinsky da sauransu).

AP Borodin. Chorus na ƙauyen daga opera "Prince Igor".

polyphonic g. (duba Polyphony) yana hade da lokaci guda. rike da yawa fiye ko žasa masu zaman kansu. waƙoƙin waƙa.

R. Wagner. Ƙarfafa zuwa wasan opera "Masu Mastersing na Nuremberg".

Siffar siffa ta polyphonic G. ita ce 'yancin kai na rhythm a kowace muryoyin tare da motsin su kai tsaye.

Wannan yana tabbatar da kyakkyawar fahimtar kowane waƙa ta kunne kuma yana ba ku damar bin haɗin su.

Masu kida da masu kida da masu kida sun fara kula da guitar tun farkon zamanai na tsakiya. Don haka, Guido d'Arezzo ya yi magana game da daidaici. Hukbald's organum kuma a cikin ka'idarsa occurus sun tsara dokoki don haɗa murya a cikin ƙwararru. Ci gaba na koyaswar G. kai tsaye yana nuna juyin halitta na muses. fasaha, babban salon sa. Har zuwa karni na 16 G. dokokin decomp. muryoyin sun bambanta - a cikin countertenor shiga cikin tenor da treble (don aikin instr.), tsalle, ƙetare tare da wasu muryoyin an yarda. A cikin karni na 16 godiya ga muryar kiɗa. yadudduka da yin amfani da kwaikwayi yana faruwa ma'ana. daidaita kuri'u. Mn. ka'idodin ƙididdiga sun kasance ainihin ƙa'idodin G. - akasin motsi na muryoyin a matsayin tushen, haramcin daidaici. ƙungiyoyi da ƙetare, fifiko don raguwar tazara a kan ƙarar (tun bayan tsalle, motsin melodic a cikin sauran shugabanci ya zama kamar na halitta), da dai sauransu (waɗannan dokoki, har zuwa wani lokaci, sun riƙe mahimmancinsu a cikin rubutun homophonic choral). Tun daga karni na 17 an kafa abin da ake kira bambanci. m da kuma free styles. An siffanta salo mai tsauri, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ta hanyar rashin bin addini. yawan muryoyin da ke cikin aikin, a cikin salon kyauta, ya canza kullum (tare da abin da ake kira ainihin muryoyin, karin sauti da sautuna sun bayyana), yawancin "'yanci" sun ba da izinin G. A zamanin bass general, G. sannu a hankali ya 'yantar da kansa daga tsauraran ka'idoji na counterpoint; a lokaci guda, babbar murya ta zama mafi haɓaka cikin waƙoƙi, yayin da sauran suka mamaye matsayi na ƙasa. Irin wannan rabo ana kiyaye shi ko da bayan an daina amfani da bass na gaba ɗaya, musamman a cikin piano. da kiɗan kade-kade (mafi yawa "cika" rawar tsakiyar muryoyin), ko da yake daga farkon. Karni na 20 darajar polyphonic G. ya sake karuwa.

References: Skrebkov S., Binciken Polyphonic, M., 1940; nasa, Littafin rubutu na polyphony, M., 1965; nasa, Harmony a cikin kiɗan zamani, M., 1965; Mazel L., Ya waƙa, M., 1952; Berkov V., Harmony, Littafin koyarwa, sashi na 1, M., 1962, 2 ƙarƙashin taken: Littafin jituwa, M., 1970; Protopopov Vl., Tarihin polyphony a cikin mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da ya faru. Rasha gargajiya da kuma Soviet music, M., 1962; nasa, Tarihin polyphony a cikin mafi mahimmancin al'amuransa. Alamar Yammacin Turai na ƙarni na XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Sposobin I., Siffar kiɗa, M., 1964; Tyulin Yu. da Privano N., Ka'idodin Ka'idodin Harmony, M., 1965; Stepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972.

FG Arzamanov