Alexey Nikolaevich Verstovsky |
Alexei Verstovsky
Wani mawaƙin Rasha mai hazaka, mawaki kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo A. Verstovsky ya kasance daidai shekarun da Pushkin da kuma tsohon Glinka na zamani. A shekara ta 1862, bayan mutuwar mawakin, fitaccen mai sukar kiɗan A. Serov ya rubuta cewa “a fannin shahara, Verstovsky ya yi galaba a kan Glinka,” yana nuni ga nasarar da ba a saba gani ba na mafi kyawun wasan opera, Askold's Grave.
Bayan shiga cikin m filin a cikin marigayi 1810s Verstovsky ya kasance a tsakiyar cibiyar kida da wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha fiye da shekaru 40, da rayayye shiga a cikin shi duka biyu a matsayin m mawaki kuma a matsayin wani m gidan wasan kwaikwayo shugaba. Mawaƙin ya san da yawa fitattun mutane na al'adun fasaha na Rasha. Ya kasance "a kanku" tare da Pushkin, Griboyedov, Odoevsky. Kusan abota da aikin haɗin gwiwa sun haɗa shi da marubuta da marubuta da yawa - da farko A. Pisarev, M. Zagoskin, S. Aksakov.
Yanayin adabi da na wasan kwaikwayo sun yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a kan samuwar ɗanɗanon daɗin ɗanɗanon mawakin. Kusanci ga Figures na Rasha romanticism da Slavophiles da aka nuna duka a cikin Verstovsky ta sadaukar da Rasha tsoho, da kuma a cikin janyo hankalin zuwa ga "shaidan" fantasy, zuwa almara, bizarrely haɗe tare da ƙauna haifuwa na halayen halayen rayuwa na kasa, ainihin mutanen tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru.
Verstovsky aka haife shi a Seliverstovo Estate a lardin Tambov. Mahaifin mawakin shine ɗan shege na Janar A. Seliverstov da kuma mace Baturke da aka kama, sabili da haka sunansa na ƙarshe - Verstovsky - an kafa shi daga wani ɓangare na sunan iyali, kuma shi da kansa an sanya shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na "Polish". mai girma." Ci gaban kiɗa na yaron ya faru a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Iyali sun yi kaɗe-kaɗe da yawa, mahaifina yana da nasa ƙungiyar makaɗa ta serf da babban ɗakin karatu na kiɗa na wancan lokacin. Tun yana da shekaru 8, mawaƙin nan gaba ya fara yin kide-kide a matsayin dan wasan pianist, kuma nan da nan ya nuna kansa ga mawaƙinsa na kiɗan.
A cikin 1816, bisa ga nufin iyayensa, an sanya matashin zuwa Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Railway Engineers a St. Petersburg. Sai dai bayan ya yi karatu a wurin na tsawon shekara daya kacal, ya bar cibiyar ya shiga aikin gwamnati. Matashin mai hazaka ya kama shi da yanayin kade-kade na babban birnin kasar, kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa na kida a karkashin jagorancin mashahuran malamai na Petersburg. Verstovsky ya ɗauki darussan piano daga D. Steibelt da J. Field, ya buga violin, ya yi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa da kuma abubuwan da suka dace. A nan, a cikin St. Tare da halayensa na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a, Verstovsky yana shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai son ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fassara vaudevilles na Faransanci zuwa Rashanci, kuma yana tsara kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo. Abokai masu ban sha'awa suna yin tare da manyan wakilai na duniya na wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu fasaha. Daga cikin su akwai matashin marubuci N. Khmelnitsky, mashahurin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo A. Shakhovskoy, mai sukar P. Arapov, da mawaki A. Alyabyev. Daga cikin sanannun shi ne N. Vsevolozhsky, wanda ya kafa wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe da siyasa "Green Lamp", wanda ya hada da yawancin Decembrist da Pushkin nan gaba. Verstovsky kuma ya halarci waɗannan tarurruka. Wataƙila a wannan lokacin farkon saninsa da babban mawaƙi ya faru.
A 1819, mai shekaru ashirin da haihuwa mawaki ya zama sananne ga ya yi na Vaudeville "Kaka Parrots" (bisa ga Khmelnitsky rubutu). Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar nasara, Verstovsky ya yanke shawarar ba da kansa gaba ɗaya don hidimar fasahar da yake ƙauna. Vaudeville na farko ya biyo bayan "Quarantine", "Na farko halarta a karon na actress Troepolskaya", "Crazy House, ko wani m Wedding", da dai sauransu Vaudeville, canjawa wuri daga Faransa mataki da kuma remade zuwa Rasha kwastan, ya zama daya daga cikin fi so. nau'ikan al'ummar Rasha na wancan lokacin. Mai hikima da fara'a, cike da kyakkyawan fata na rayuwa, a hankali ya sha al'adun wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha kuma yana tasowa daga wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa tare da kiɗa zuwa wasan opera na vaudeville, wanda kiɗa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Masu zamani sun mutunta Verstovsky, marubucin vaudeville. Griboedov, a cikin aikin haɗin gwiwa a kan vaudeville "Wane ne ɗan'uwa, wanda yake 'yar'uwa, ko yaudara bayan yaudara" (1823), ya rubuta wa mawaki: "Ba ni da shakka game da kyawun kiɗan ku kuma in taya kaina murna a gaba. akan shi." Wani mai tsananin himma na babban fasaha V. Belinsky ya rubuta cewa: Wannan ba magana ce ta kida ta yau da kullun ba, ba tare da ma'ana ba, amma wani abu ne mai raɗaɗi ta hanyar rayuwa mai ƙarfi. Verstovsky ya mallaki kiɗa don fiye da 30 vaudevilles. Kuma ko da yake wasu daga cikinsu an rubuta su tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu mawaƙa, shi ne wanda aka gane a matsayin wanda ya kafa wannan nau'i a Rasha, mahaliccin, kamar yadda Serov ya rubuta, na "wani nau'i na kiɗa na vaudeville."
Haƙiƙa farkon aikin tsarawa na Verstovsky ya ƙarfafa ta aikin hidimarsa. A 1823, dangane da nada ofishin na Moscow soja gwamnan-Janar D. Golitsyn, da matasa mawaki koma Moscow. Tare da kuzarin da yake da shi da kuma sha'awarsa, ya shiga cikin rayuwar wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow, ya sa sababbin abokai, abokantaka da abokan hulɗa. Domin shekaru 35, Verstovsky ya yi aiki a ofishin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow, yana kula da duka repertory da dukan ƙungiyoyi da tattalin arziki, a gaskiya, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar opera da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi da Maly. Kuma ba daidai ba ne cewa mutanen zamaninsa sun kira tsawon lokacin hidimarsa ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo "zamanin Verstovsky." Bisa ga tunawa da mutane daban-daban da suka san shi, Verstovsky ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai, yana haɗuwa da babban gwaninta na mawaƙa tare da tunani mai kuzari na mai shiryawa - aikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da alhakinsa da yawa, Verstovsky ya ci gaba da tsara abubuwa da yawa. Shi ne marubucin ba wai kawai wakokin wasan kwaikwayo ba, har ma da wakoki daban-daban da na soyayya, wadanda aka yi nasarar yin su a kan fage, suka kuma kafu a cikin rayuwar birni. Yana da alaƙa da aiwatar da dabarar aiwatar da intonations na mutanen Rasha da waƙa ta yau da kullun, dogaro ga mashahurin waƙa da nau'ikan raye-raye, wadata, da takamaiman hoton kiɗan. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na bayyanar Verstovsky shine halinsa na haɗakar da karfi, mai kuzari, yanayin tunani. Hali mai haske da kuzari na musamman ya bambanta ayyukansa daga ayyukan mafi yawan mutanen zamaninsa, wanda aka yi masa fentin musamman a cikin sautin ɗabi'a.
Mafi cikakke kuma ainihin basirar Verstovsky ya bayyana a cikin waƙoƙin ballad, wanda shi da kansa ya kira "cantatas". Waɗannan su ne Black Shawl da aka haɗa a cikin 1823 (a tashar Pushkin), Waƙoƙi Uku da Mawaƙin Mawaƙi (a tashar V. Zhukovsky), suna nuna sha'awar mawaƙi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo, fassarar ban mamaki na soyayya. Wadannan "cantatas" kuma an yi su a cikin wani tsari - tare da shimfidar wuri, a cikin kayan ado da kuma tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa. Verstovsky kuma ya ƙirƙira manyan cantatas don mawaƙa, mawaƙa da mawaƙa, da waƙoƙin muryoyi da mawaƙa daban-daban “a lokaci” da kide kide kide kide da wake-wake masu tsarki. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa ya kasance wuri mafi daraja.
Akwai 6 operas a cikin m al'adun Verstovsky. Na farko daga cikinsu - "Pan Tvardovsky" (1828) - an rubuta a cikin libre. Zagoskin bisa ga "mummunan labarin" na wannan sunan, bisa ga West Slavic (Polish) version na almara na Faust. Wasan opera ta biyu, Vadim, ko farkawa na 'yan mata masu barci goma sha biyu (1832), bisa ga Zhukovsky's ballad Thunderbolt, ko 'yan mata masu barci goma sha biyu, sun dogara ne akan wani makirci daga rayuwar Kievan Rus. A zamanin d Kyiv, da mataki faruwa da kuma na uku - mafi shahara opera na Verstovsky - "Askold's Grave" (1835), dangane da tarihi da kuma romantic labarin na wannan sunan da Zagoskin.
Masu sauraro sun yi maraba da bayyanar operas guda uku na farko na Verstovsky, wanda da sane ya nemi ƙirƙirar wasan opera na ƙasar Rasha bisa ga al'amuran tarihi da tatsuniyoyi daga nesa mai nisa da tatsuniyoyi da suka haɗa da kyawawan ɗabi'a da haske na ƙasa na halayen jama'a. Haifuwar abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi da aka sanya su a cikin soyayya da ke faruwa a kan bangon cikakkun hotuna na rayuwar jama'a, tare da al'adunsa, waƙoƙi, da raye-raye, sun dace da ɗanɗano na fasaha na zamanin Romantic. Romantic da kuma bambanta ainihin rayuwar jarumai daga mutane da almara aljannu. Verstovsky ya kirkiro wani nau'in wasan opera na waƙar Rasha, wanda tushen halayen shine rawa-rawa na Rasha-Slavic, ƙauna mai kyan gani, ballad mai ban mamaki. Vocalism, song lyricism, ya yi la'akari da babban wajen samar da m, m haruffa da depicting dan Adam ji. Sabanin haka, abubuwan ban mamaki, sihiri-aljanu na wasan operas ɗinsa suna tattare ne ta hanyar ƙungiyar makaɗa, haka kuma tare da taimakon melodrama, wanda ke da siffa ta wancan lokacin (watau karatun da ya saba da bangon ƙungiyar makaɗa). Irin waɗannan su ne abubuwan "mummunan" na sihiri, maita, bayyanar "jahannama" mugayen ruhohi. Yin amfani da melodrama ya kasance na halitta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Verstovsky, tun da yake har yanzu sun kasance nau'i na nau'i na kiɗa da ban mamaki, wanda ya haɗa da maganganun maganganu. Abin lura ne cewa a cikin "Vadim" babban rawar da aka yi nufi ga sanannen bala'i P. Mochalov ya kasance mai ban mamaki ne kawai.
Bayyanar "Ivan Susanin" na Glinka, wanda aka shirya shekara guda bayan "Kabari Askold". (1836), ya nuna farkon wani sabon mataki a cikin tarihin waƙar Rasha, wanda ya mamaye duk abin da ya riga ya wuce kuma ya tura Verstovsky na naive-romantic operas a baya. Mawaƙin ya kasance cikin damuwa game da asarar tsohon shahararsa. "Daga cikin dukkan labaran da na gane a matsayin naku, na ga cikakken mantawa da kaina, kamar dai ba ni ba ..." ya rubuta wa Odoevsky. - "Ni ne farkon mai sha'awar mafi kyawun baiwar Glinka, amma ba na so kuma ba zan iya barin haƙƙin firamare ba."
Ba ya so ya zo ga asarar ikonsa, Verstovsky ya ci gaba da shirya wasan kwaikwayo. Ya bayyana a lokacin ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, wasan opera bisa wani makirci daga rayuwar zamani na Rasha mai son gida (1839), wasan kwaikwayo na tatsuniya-sihiri A Dream in Reality, ko Churova Valley (1844) da kuma babban almara- opera mai ban sha'awa The Stormbreaker (1857) - ba da shaida ga binciken ƙirƙira duka dangane da nau'in opera da kuma salon salo. Duk da haka, duk da wasu nasarorin da aka samu, musamman a cikin opera ta ƙarshe "Gromoboy", wanda aka nuna ta hanyar dandano na Rasha-Slavic na Verstovsky, mawakin har yanzu ya kasa komawa zuwa ga tsohon daukaka.
A 1860, ya bar sabis a Moscow gidan wasan kwaikwayo ofishin, da kuma Satumba 17, 1862, tsira Glinka shekaru 5 Verstovsky ya mutu. Abun da ya yi na ƙarshe shine cantata "Bikin Bitrus Mai Girma" akan ayoyin mawaƙin da ya fi so - AS Pushkin.
T. Korzhenyant
