Kobyz: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, tarihi, almara, amfani

Tun zamanin d ¯ a, Kazakh shamans sun sami damar yin wani kayan kirtani mai ban mamaki, wanda sautinsa ya taimaka musu su sadarwa da ruhohin kakanninsu. Jama'a na kowa sun yi imanin cewa kobyz mai tsarki ne, a hannun shamans yana samun iko na musamman, kiɗansa yana iya rinjayar makomar mutum, fitar da mugayen ruhohi, warkar da cututtuka har ma da tsawon rai.

Na'urar kayan aiki

Ko a zamanin da, Kazakhs sun koyi yadda ake yin kobyz daga itace guda. Sun hudo wani lungu da sako a cikin guntun maple, pine ko birch, wanda a gefe guda aka ci gaba da lankwasa wuyansa da kai. A ɗaya kuma, an gina abin da aka saka wanda ya zama wurin tsayawa yayin wasan.

Kayan aikin ba shi da babban allo. Don kunna shi, an yi amfani da baka. Siffar sa yana tunawa da baka, wanda gashin doki ke yin aikin igiyar baka. Kobyz yana da igiyoyi biyu kawai. An karkatar da su daga gashin gashi 60-100, an ɗaure su da kai da zare mai ƙarfi na gashin raƙumi. Wani kayan aiki mai zaren gashin doki ana kiransa kyl-kobyz, idan aka yi amfani da zaren gashin raƙumi mai ƙarfi ana kiransa nar-kobyz. Jimlar tsawon daga kai zuwa ƙarshen tsayawar bai wuce santimita 75 ba.

A cikin ƙarnuka da suka wuce, kayan kiɗan ƙasa bai canza sosai ba. Haka kuma an yi shi daga itace, da imani cewa tsattsauran gutsuttsauran ra'ayi ne kawai zai iya ceton rai wanda zai iya raira waƙa kamar iska mai 'yanci, ya yi kuka kamar kerkeci, ko zobe kamar kibiya da aka harba.

A tsakiyar karni na karshe, an ƙara ƙarin igiyoyi biyu zuwa biyu da aka rigaya. Wannan ya ba masu wasan damar fadada kewayon sauti, don yin wasa akan kayan aikin ba kawai waƙoƙin ƙabilanci na farko ba, har ma da hadaddun ayyuka na mawaƙa na Rasha da Turai.

Tarihi

Fitaccen mahaliccin kobyz shine Turkic akyn kuma mai ba da labari Korkyt, wanda ya rayu a karni na XNUMX. Mazaunan Kazakhstan a hankali suna ci gaba da ba da labari daga baki zuwa baki da tatsuniyoyi game da wannan mawakin jama'a. Tun zamanin d ¯ a, an yi la'akari da kayan aiki a matsayin sifa na masu ɗaukar addinin Tengrian - dala.

Shamans sun dauke shi a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin duniyar mutane da alloli. Sun daure karfe, pendants na dutse, fuka-fukan mujiya a kan kayan aikin, suka sanya madubi a cikin akwati. Suna aiwatar da al'adun su na ban mamaki a cikin yurt mai duhu, sun yi ta kururuwa, suna tilasta wa talakawa su yi biyayya ga nufin "mafi girma".

Makiyaya sun yi amfani da kobyz don kawar da bakin ciki a kan doguwar tafiya. An raba fasahar wasan kida daga ubanni zuwa ’ya’ya maza. A farkon karni na XNUMX, an fara tsananta wa shamans, sakamakon haka, al'adun wasa da kayan aiki sun katse. Kobyz ya kusan rasa mahimmancinta na ƙasa da na tarihi.

Mawaƙin Kazakhstan Zhappas Kalambaev da malamin Conservatory na Alma-Ata Daulet Myktybaev sun sami nasarar dawo da kayan aikin jama'a har ma sun kawo shi babban mataki.

Labarin game da halittar kobyz

A lokutan da ba wanda ya tuna, saurayin Korkut ya rayu. An ƙaddara ya mutu yana da shekaru 40 - don haka dattijon ya yi annabci, wanda ya bayyana a mafarki. Ba ya so ya shiga cikin baƙin ciki ba, mutumin ya ba wa raƙumi, ya yi tafiya, yana fatan ya sami mutuwa. A cikin tafiyarsa ya gamu da mutanen da suka tona masa kabari. Saurayin ya fahimci cewa mutuwa babu makawa.

Sa'an nan kuma, a cikin baƙin ciki, ya yanka raƙumi, ya halicci kobyz daga gangar jikin tsohuwar bishiya, kuma ya rufe jikinsa da fata na dabba. Ya buga makada, duk masu rai suka taho da gudu su saurari kade-kade masu kyau. Yayin da ake kara, Mutuwa ba ta da iko. Amma da zarar Korkut ya yi barci, sai maciji ya harbe shi, a cikinsa Mutuwa ta sake haihuwa. Bayan ya bar duniyar masu rai, saurayin ya zama mai ɗaukar dawwama da rai na har abada, majiɓincin dukan shamans, Ubangijin Ƙarƙashin Ruwa.

Amfani da kobyz

A cikin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya akwai irin wannan kayan aikin Kazakh. A Mongolia ita ce morin-khuur, a Indiya ita ce taus, a Pakistan kuma sarangi ne. Analog na Rasha - violin, cello. A Kazakhstan, al'adun wasan kobyz suna da alaƙa ba kawai da al'adun kabilanci ba. An yi amfani da shi ta hanyar makiyaya da zhyrau - masu ba da shawara ga khans, waɗanda suka rera abubuwan da suka yi. A yau memba ne na ƙungiyoyin kade-kade da kade-kade na kayan kida na jama'a, yana sautin solo, yana haɓaka kuis na gargajiya na ƙasa. Mawakan Kazakhstan suna amfani da kobyz a cikin waƙoƙin dutse, a cikin kiɗan pop da kuma cikin almara na jama'a.

Shahararrun Masu Wasa

Shahararrun kobyzists:

• Korkyt mawaki ne na marigayi IX-farkon X ƙarni;
• Zhappas Kalambaev - virtuoso da marubucin kide-kide;
• Fatima Balgayeva mawaƙin soloist na Kazakh Academic Orchestra of Folk Instruments, marubucin ainihin dabarar wasan kobyz.

A Kazakhstan, Layli Tazhibayeva ya shahara - sanannen dan wasan kobyz, mace ta gaba na kungiyar Layla-Qobyz. Tawagar tana yin ballads na dutse na asali, wanda sautin kobyz ke ba da dandano na musamman.