Имре Калман (Imre Kálmán) |

Imre Kalman

Na san cewa rabin shafi na maki Liszt zai fi dukkan operettas dina, na riga an rubuta da kuma na gaba… Manyan mawaƙa za su kasance suna da masu sha'awar su da masu sha'awar sha'awar. Amma tare da su, dole ne a sami mawaƙan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ba sa yin watsi da haske, masu fara'a, masu wayo, da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na wayo, waɗanda Johann Strauss ya kasance na gargajiya. I. Kalman

An haife shi a wani wurin shakatawa da ke gabar tafkin Balaton. Halayen kida na farko da mara gogewa na ɗan ƙaramin Imre shine darussan piano na ƙanwarsa Wilma, wasan violin na Farfesa Lilde, wanda ke hutu a Siofok, da operetta “Die Fledermaus” na I. Strauss. Gidan motsa jiki da makarantar kiɗa a Budapest, ajin abun da ke ciki na X. Kesler a F. Liszt Academy, kuma a lokaci guda nazarin shari'a a sashin shari'a na jami'a - waɗannan su ne manyan matakai a cikin ilimin mawaki na gaba. Ya fara tsara kiɗa a cikin shekarun karatunsa. Waɗannan su ne ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo, waƙoƙi, guntun piano, ma'aurata don cabaret. Kalman kuma ya gwada kansa a fagen sukar kiɗa, yana aiki tsawon shekaru 4 (1904-08) a cikin jaridar Peshti Naplo. Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na marubucin shine gadon operetta Peresleni (1906). Ya fuskanci mummunan makoma: ganin yadda tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa a lokuta da dama, hukumomin gwamnati sun yi ƙoƙari su tabbatar da cewa an cire wasan kwaikwayo daga mataki. Ganewa ya zo ga Kalman bayan farkon operetta Autumn Maneuvers. An fara farawa a Budapest (1908), sannan a Vienna, daga baya ya zagaya matakai da yawa a Turai, Afirka ta Kudu da Amurka.

Wa]annan wa]ansu wa]ansu kade-kade, sun kawo shaharar duniya ga mawaki: "Soja a Hutu" (1910), "Gypsy Premier" (1912), "Sarauniyar Czardas" (1915, wadda aka fi sani da "Silva"). Kalman ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun marubutan wannan nau'in. Masu sukar sun lura cewa kiɗan sa yana tsaye a kan wani tushe mai tushe na waƙoƙin jama'a kuma yana bayyana ra'ayoyin ɗan adam a fili, waƙoƙinsa suna da sauƙi, amma a lokaci guda na asali da kuma shayari, kuma wasan karshe na operettas shine ainihin hotunan symphonic dangane da ci gaba, na farko- fasaha na aji da kayan aiki mai haske.

Ƙirƙirar Kalman ta kai kololuwarta a cikin 20s. A lokacin ya zauna a Vienna, inda aka gudanar da farko na "La Bayadere" (1921), "Countess Maritza" (1924), "Princess na Circus" (1926), "Violets na Montmartre" (1930). Karimcin wakokin wa]annan ayyukan ya haifar da rud'ani a tsakanin masu sauraren rashin kulawa da haske na alqalamin mawakin Kalman. Kuma ko da yake wannan ruɗi ne kawai, Kalman, wanda ya kasance mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, a cikin wasikar da ya rubuta wa 'yar'uwarsa ya shawarce ta da kada ta kunyata masu sha'awar aikinsa da kuma yin magana game da aikinsa kamar haka: "Yayana da masu ra'ayinsa suna saduwa a kullum. . Suna shan baƙar kofi lita da yawa, suna shan sigari da sigari marasa adadi, suna ba da dariya… jayayya, dariya, jayayya, ihu… Wannan yana ci gaba har tsawon watanni. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani, wata rana mai kyau, operetta ya shirya. "

A cikin 30s. Mawaƙin yana aiki da yawa a cikin nau'in kiɗan fim, ya rubuta operetta Rider na Iblis (1932), farkonsa shine Kalman na ƙarshe a Vienna. Barazanar farkisanci ya rataya ne a kan Turai. A shekara ta 1938, bayan da Jamus ta mamaye ƙasar Ostiriya, Kalman da iyalinsa sun tilasta yin hijira. Ya yi shekaru 2 a Switzerland, a 1940 ya koma Amurka, kuma bayan yakin, a 1948, ya sake komawa Turai ya zauna a Paris.

Kalman, tare da I. Strauss da F. Lehar, wakilin abin da ake kira Viennese operetta. Ya rubuta ayyuka 20 a cikin wannan nau'in. Babban shaharar operettas ɗinsa ya samo asali ne saboda cancantar kiɗan - karin waƙa, ban mamaki, tsararriyar ƙira. Mawaƙin da kansa ya yarda cewa kiɗa na P. Tchaikovsky da kuma musamman mawallafin kade-kade na mashawarcin Rasha yana da tasiri mai yawa akan aikinsa.

Sha'awar Kalman, a cikin kalmominsa, "yi kida a cikin ayyukansa daga zuciyarsa" ya ba shi damar fadada bangaren wakoki na nau'in kuma ya fita daga cikin da'irar operetta clichés ga yawancin mawaƙa. Kuma ko da yake tushen operettas na adabi ba koyaushe yake daidai da kiɗa ba, ƙarfin fasaha na aikin mawaƙi ya zarce wannan gazawar. Mafi kyawun ayyukan Kalman har yanzu suna ƙawata wasan kwaikwayo na gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a duniya.

I. Vetlitsyna

An haifi Imre Kalman a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1882 a wani karamin garin Siofok na kasar Hungary da ke gabar tafkin Balaton. Hazakarsa ta kida ta kasance iri-iri. A cikin ƙuruciyarsa, ya yi mafarkin yin aiki a matsayin dan wasan pianist na kirki, amma, kamar gunkin shekarun ƙuruciyarsa, Robert Schumann, an tilasta masa ya bar wannan mafarki ta hanyar "buga" hannunsa. Shekaru da yawa ya yi tunani sosai game da sana'ar mai sukar kiɗa, kasancewar ma'aikaci ne na ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaridun Hungarian, Pesti Naplo. Na farko composing abubuwan da aka bayar da jama'a fitarwa: a cikin 1904, a cikin wani concert na digiri na Budapest Academy of Music, ya diploma aiki, da symphonic scherzo Saturnalia, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Budapest City Prize don ɗakin daki da ayyukan murya. A cikin 1908, farkon wasan operetta na farko, Autumn Maneuvers, ya faru a Budapest, wanda nan da nan ya zagaya duk manyan biranen Turai kuma an shirya shi a cikin teku (a New York). Tun 1909, Kalman ta m biography aka hade da Vienna na dogon lokaci. A shekarar 1938 aka tilasta wa mawaki ya yi hijira. Ya zauna a Zurich, a cikin Paris, tun 1940 - a New York. Kalman ya koma Turai ne kawai a 1951. Ya rasu a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1953 a Paris.

Za a iya bambanta lokuta uku a cikin juyin halitta na Kalman. Na farko, wanda ya shafi shekarun 1908-1915, yana da alaƙa da samuwar salo mai zaman kansa. Daga cikin ayyukan wadannan shekaru ("Soja a Hutu", "The Little King", da dai sauransu), "Prime Gypsy" (1912) tsaye a waje. Dukansu makircin wannan operetta na "Hungarian" (rikici tsakanin "uba da yara", wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya tare da wasan kwaikwayo na zane-zane), da kuma yanke shawara na kiɗa ya nuna cewa matashin mawaki, yana bin sawun Lehar, ba ya kwafi. bincikensa, amma da ƙirƙira yana haɓakawa, yana gina sigar asali na nau'in. A shekara ta 1913, bayan ya rubuta The Gypsy Premier, ya ba da hujjar matsayinsa kamar haka: “A cikin sabuwar operetta na, na yi ƙoƙarin karkata daga salon raye-rayen da na fi so, na gwammace in kunna kiɗa daga ƙasan zuciyata. Bugu da kari, na yi niyyar ba da babbar rawa ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an haɗa shi ne kawai a matsayin abin taimako da kuma cika matakin. A matsayina na abin koyi, na yi amfani da wasan kwaikwayo na operetta, wanda ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba ta zama dole ba kawai don rera ha-ha-ha da ah a wasan karshe ba, har ma sun taka rawa sosai a wasan. A cikin "Gypsy Premiere" ƙwararriyar haɓakar ƙa'idar Hungarian-Gypsy kuma ta jawo hankali. Fitaccen masanin kida na Austriya Richard Specht (gaba daya ba babban mai sha'awar wasan operetta ba) ya ware Kalman game da wannan a matsayin mawaƙin "mafi ƙwarin gwiwa" wanda "ya tsaya a kan ƙasa mai daɗi na kiɗan jama'a."

Lokaci na biyu na aikin Kalman yana buɗewa a cikin 1915 tare da "Sarauniyar Csardas" ("Silva"), kuma ta kammala shi tare da "Empress Josephine" (1936), ba a Vienna ba, amma a waje da Austria, a Zurich. A cikin waɗannan shekarun balagagge, mawaƙin ya ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun operettas: La Bayadère (1921), Countess Maritza (1924), Gimbiya Circus (1926), Duchess na Chicago (1928), Violet na Montmartre (1930) .

A cikin ayyukansa na ƙarshe "Marinka" (1945) da "Lady of Arizona" (dan mawaki ya cika kuma ya yi aiki bayan mutuwarsa) - Kalman yana aiki a gudun hijira, a Amurka. A cikin hanyarsa ta kirkira, suna wakiltar wani nau'in kalma na baya kuma ba sa gabatar da canje-canje na asali a cikin fassarar nau'in da ya haɓaka a tsakiyar matakin juyin halitta.

Tunanin matakin kiɗan Kalman mutum ɗaya ne. An kwatanta shi, da farko, ta irin wannan matakin wasan kwaikwayo da rikice-rikice a cikin ci gaban babban layin aiki, wanda operetta ba ta sani ba a baya. Sha'awar yanayin mataki mai nuni yana haɗuwa tare da ƙarfin magana da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba: inda kalmomin Lehar na jin daɗin kalaman soyayya suke burgewa, ainihin sha'awar Kalman ta girgiza. Bambance-bambancen nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in iri sun fi bayyana a cikin marubucin La Bayadère. Melos, yana da wadata kuma ya bambanta kamar na Legar, yana cike da motsin rai kuma yana cike da sha'awar jima'i, yana amfani da rhythms da waƙoƙin jazz fiye da ko'ina.

Samfuran opera na Kalman na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in wasan kwaikwayo na opera na wasan kwaikwayo na opera na Kalman sun nuna shi a fili suna nunawa a fili ta hanyar – duka a cikin fassarar makircin da kuma a cikin salon kiɗa); Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa ana kiran "Silva" "ƙaddarar operetta na "La Traviata", da kuma "The Violet of Montmartre" an kwatanta shi da Puccini's "La Boheme" (tare da duk dalilin da ya sa littafin Murger yayi aiki a matsayin tushen makirci. na biyu aiki). Hakanan yanayin aiki na tunanin Kalman ya bayyana a fili a fagen tsarawa da wasan kwaikwayo. Ƙungiyoyin, musamman manyan wasannin ƙarshe na ayyuka, sun zama masa mahimman abubuwan tsari da mahimman lokutan aiki; Matsayin ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa yana da girma a cikinsu, suna haɓaka leitmotifism sosai, kuma suna cike da ci gaban symphonic. Gasar ta ƙarshe tana daidaita gabaɗayan samuwar wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da ba ta hankali mai ma'ana. operettas na Lehar ba su da irin wannan ingantaccen mutunci, amma suna nuna wasu zaɓuɓɓukan tsari iri-iri. A Kalman, duk da haka, tsarin, wanda aka zayyana a cikin Gypsy Premiere kuma a ƙarshe an kafa shi a cikin Sarauniyar Czardas, an sake haifar da shi tare da ƙananan sabawa a duk ayyukan da suka biyo baya. Halin haɓaka tsarin, ba shakka, yana haifar da haɗarin samuwar wani tsari, duk da haka, a cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan mawaƙa, ana shawo kan wannan haɗari ta hanyar tabbatar da aiwatar da shirin da aka gwada da gwadawa, hasken haske. harshe na kiɗa, da sauƙi na hotuna.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Jerin manyan operettas:

(kwanakin suna cikin baka)

"Autumn Maneuvers", libretto na C. Bakoni (1908) Soja akan Hutu, libretto ta C. Bakoni (1910) Gypsy Premier, libretto na J. Wilhelm da F. Grünbaum (1912) Sarauniyar Czardas (Silva), libretto ta L. Stein dan B. Jenbach (1915) Yaren Holland, libretto na L. Stein da B. Jenbach (1920) La Bayadère, libretto na J. Brammer da A. Grunwald (1921) “Countess Maritza”, libretto na J. Brammer da A. Grunwald (1924) "Princess of the Circus" ("Mr. X"), libretto na J. Brammer da A. Grunwald (1926) The Duchess daga Chicago, libretto na J. Brammer da A. Grunwald (1928) The Violet na Montmartre, libretto na J. Brammer da A. Grunwald (1930) "Maiyin Iblis", libretto na R. Schanzer da E. Welish (1932) "Empress Josephine", libretto ta P. Kneppler da G. Hercella ( 1936) Marinka, libretto na K. Farkas da J. Marion (1945) The Arizona Lady, libretto ta A. Grunwald da G. Behr (1954, Karl Kalman ya kammala)