Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich |

Dmitri Shostakovich

D. Shostakovich al'ada ce ta kiɗa na ƙarni na XNUMX. Babu wani daga cikin manyan mashahuranta da ke da alaƙa da kusanci da ƙaƙƙarfan makoma na ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, ba zai iya bayyana sabani na kururuwa na lokacinsa da irin wannan ƙarfi da sha'awar ba, kimanta shi da mummunan hukunci na ɗabi'a. A cikin wannan hatsaniya da mawakin ya yi cikin radadin al’ummarsa ne babban mahimmin gudummawar da ya bayar a tarihin waka a karni na yakin duniya da gagarumin rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, wanda dan Adam bai taba saninsa ba a da.

Shostakovich ta yanayi ne mai fasaha na baiwa na duniya. Babu wani nau'i daya da bai fadi kalmarsa mai nauyi ba. Ya yi cudanya da irin wakokin da wasu mawakan mawaqan gaske suke yi da girman kai. Shi ne mawallafin wakoki da dama da talakawan jama’a suka dauka, kuma har wala yau da kyakykyawan yadda ya dace da wakokin shahararru da wakokin jazz, wadanda ya fi sha’awar a lokacin da aka kirkiro salon – a cikin 20- 30s, murna. Amma babban filin aikace-aikace na m sojojin a gare shi shi ne symphony. Ba don sauran nau'ikan kiɗan kida masu mahimmanci sun kasance baƙo gare shi gabaɗaya - an ba shi basirar da ba ta da kyau a matsayin mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo na gaske, kuma aiki a cikin fina-finai ya ba shi babban hanyar rayuwa. Amma zagi da rashin adalci da aka yi a cikin 1936 a cikin editan jaridar Pravda a ƙarƙashin taken "Muddle maimakon kiɗa" ya hana shi shiga cikin wasan opera na dogon lokaci - ƙoƙarin da aka yi (wasan opera "'yan wasa" na N. Gogol) ya kasance ba a gama ba, kuma tsare-tsaren ba su shiga cikin matakin aiwatarwa ba.

Wataƙila wannan shi ne ainihin abin da halayen Shostakovich ya yi tasiri a kai - bisa ga dabi'a ba shi da sha'awar bude nau'i na nuna rashin amincewa, cikin sauƙi ya mika wuya ga masu taurin kai saboda basirar sa na musamman, rashin tausayi da rashin tsaro ga rashin adalci. Amma wannan kawai a cikin rayuwa - a cikin fasaharsa ya kasance mai gaskiya ga ka'idodinsa na halitta kuma ya tabbatar da su a cikin nau'in inda ya ji cikakken 'yanci. Saboda haka, ra'ayi Symphony ya zama a tsakiyar binciken Shostakovich, inda zai iya bayyana gaskiya game da lokacinsa ba tare da sulhu ba. Duk da haka, bai ƙi shiga cikin masana'antun fasaha da aka haifa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun fasaha da tsarin tsarin gudanarwa ya sanya shi ba, kamar fim din M. Chiaureli "The Fall of Berlin", inda yabo mara iyaka na girman girman. kuma hikimar “uban al’ummai” ta kai matuƙar iyaka. Amma shiga cikin irin wannan abubuwan tarihi na fina-finai, ko wasu, wani lokacin ma har da hazikan ayyukan da suka gurbata gaskiya ta tarihi kuma suka haifar da tatsuniyar da ke faranta wa shugabannin siyasa rai, bai kare mai zanen daga mummunan ramuwar gayya da aka yi a 1948 ba. Jagoran akidar mulkin Stalin. , A. Zhdanov, ya maimaita munanan hare-haren da ke kunshe a cikin wata tsohuwar labarin a cikin jaridar Pravda kuma ya zargi mawakin, tare da wasu mashawartan kade-kaden Soviet na wancan lokacin, da yin riko da tsarin kin jinin mutane.

Daga baya, a lokacin Khrushchev "narke", irin wannan zargi da aka bar watsi da kuma m ayyukan da mawaki, wanda aka dakatar da jama'a yi, samu su hanya zuwa ga mai sauraro. Amma wasan kwaikwayo na abin da ya faru na mawaƙin, wanda ya tsira daga zalunci na rashin adalci, ya bar tambari marar ƙarewa a kan mutuntakarsa kuma ya ƙaddara ja-gorancin ƙoƙarinsa na halitta, da ke magance matsalolin ɗabi’a na wanzuwar ’yan Adam a duniya. Wannan ya kasance kuma ya kasance babban abin da ya bambanta Shostakovich a cikin masu kirkiro kiɗa a cikin karni na XNUMX.

Hanyar rayuwarsa ba ta da wadata a cikin abubuwan da suka faru. Bayan kammala karatu daga Leningrad Conservatory tare da m halarta a karon - m First Symphony, ya fara rayuwa na ƙwararrun mawaki, na farko a cikin birnin a kan Neva, sa'an nan a lokacin Babban Patriotic War a Moscow. Ayyukansa na malami a ɗakin ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci - ya bar shi ba tare da son ransa ba. Amma har ya zuwa yau, dalibansa sun adana tunawa da babban maigidan, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da halayen kirkire-kirkire. Tuni a cikin Symphony na Farko (1925), kaddarorin biyu na kiɗan Shostakovich suna bayyane. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya bayyana a cikin samar da sabon salon kayan aiki tare da sauƙi na asali, sauƙi na gasar kayan kida. Wani kuma ya bayyana kansa a cikin sha'awar dagewa don ba wa kiɗa mafi girman ma'ana, don bayyana zurfin ra'ayi na mahimmancin falsafa ta hanyar nau'in symphonic.

Yawancin ayyukan mawaƙin da suka biyo bayan irin wannan kyakkyawar mafarin sun nuna yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali a lokacin, inda aka ƙirƙiro sabon salo na wannan zamani cikin gwagwarmayar ɗabi’u masu karo da juna. Saboda haka a cikin na biyu da na uku Symphonies ("Oktoba" - 1927, "Mayu Day" - 1929) Shostakovich biya haraji ga m poster, sun nuna a fili tasiri na Martial, farfaganda art na 20s. (Ba daidai ba ne cewa mawaƙin ya haɗa a cikin su guntu guntun waƙa zuwa waƙoƙin matasa mawaƙa A. Bezymensky da S. Kirsanov). A lokaci guda, sun kuma nuna wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya burge a cikin ayyukan E. Vakhtangov da Vs. Meyerhold. Wasannin nasu ne suka yi tasiri ga salon wasan opera na farko na Shostakovich mai suna The Nose (1928), bisa shahararren labarin Gogol. Daga nan ya zo ba kawai kaifi satire, parody, kai grotesque a cikin depiction na mutum haruffa da kuma gullible, da sauri firgita da sauri yin hukunci da taron, amma kuma cewa poignant intonation na "dariya ta hanyar hawaye", wanda taimaka mana gane mutum. ko da a cikin irin wannan lalata da ganganci, kamar babban Gogol Kovalev.

Salon Shostakovich ba wai kawai ya shawo kan tasirin da ke fitowa daga gwanintar al'adun kiɗa na duniya ba (a nan mafi mahimmanci ga mawaƙa su ne M. Mussorgsky, P. Tchaikovsky da G. Mahler), amma kuma ya sha sautin rayuwar kiɗan ta wancan lokacin - wanda gabaɗaya. al'adar samun damar nau'in "haske" wanda ya mamaye zukatan talakawa. Mawaƙin hali zuwa gare shi ne ambivalent - ya wani lokacin exaggerates, parodies da halayyar juya na gaye songs da raye-raye, amma a lokaci guda ennobles su, ya tashe su zuwa high art. Wannan hali da aka musamman furta a farkon ballets The Golden Age (1930) da kuma The Bolt (1931), a cikin Farko Piano Concerto (1933), inda solo ƙaho ya zama cancantar kishiya ga piano tare da makada, kuma daga baya a cikin. da scherzo da kuma karshen na shida symphonies (1939). Kyakkyawan nagarta, eccentrics mara kyau an haɗa su a cikin wannan abun da ke ciki tare da waƙoƙin zuci, yanayi mai ban mamaki na ƙaddamar da waƙar "marasa iyaka" a farkon ɓangaren wasan kwaikwayo.

Kuma a ƙarshe, wanda ba zai iya kasa ambaton ɗayan ɓangaren ayyukan samar da mawaƙa na matasa ba - ya yi aiki tuƙuru da himma a cikin sinima, na farko a matsayin mai zane don nuna fina-finai na shiru, sannan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙirƙirar fina-finan sauti na Soviet. Waƙarsa daga fim ɗin "Mai zuwa" (1932) ya sami karbuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. A lokaci guda kuma, tasirin "ƙananan gidan kayan gargajiya" ya kuma shafi salo, harshe, da ka'idodin ƙa'idodin tsararru na concerto-philharmonic.

Sha'awar shigar da mafi girman rikice-rikice na duniyar zamani tare da manyan tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikice na sojojin da ke adawa da juna sun kasance musamman a cikin manyan ayyukan babban malamin na lokacin 30s. Wani muhimmin mataki a kan wannan hanya shi ne opera Katerina Izmailova (1932), bisa ga makirci na labarin N. Leskov Lady Macbeth na gundumar Mtsensk. A cikin hoton babban hali, an bayyana gwagwarmayar ciki mai rikitarwa a cikin ruhin yanayin da yake cikakke kuma yana da wadata a cikin hanyarsa - a ƙarƙashin karkiyar "abubuwan banƙyama na jagoranci na rayuwa", ƙarƙashin ikon makafi, rashin hankali. sha'awa, ta aikata manyan laifuffuka, sai kuma azaba mai tsanani.

Duk da haka, mawaki ya sami babban nasara a cikin Symphony na biyar (1937), mafi mahimmanci da mahimmancin nasara a ci gaban wasan kwaikwayo na Soviet a cikin 30s. (An bayyana juyowa zuwa sabon salon salo a cikin Symphony na Hudu da aka rubuta a baya, amma ba a buga ba - 1936). Ƙarfin Symphony na biyar ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa an bayyana abubuwan da gwarzon mawaƙansa ya yi a cikin kusanci mafi kusa da rayuwar mutane kuma, mafi fa'ida, na dukan 'yan adam a jajibirin firgita mafi girma da mutanen zamanin suka taɓa fuskanta. duniya - yakin duniya na biyu. Wannan ya ƙaddara wasan kwaikwayon da aka jaddada na kiɗan, da ma'anarsa mai girma - jarumin mawaƙa ba ya zama mai tunani a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayo, yana yin hukunci akan abin da ke faruwa da abin da zai zo tare da kotu mafi girma. A cikin rashin damuwa da makomar duniya, matsayi na jama'a na mai zane, yanayin ɗan adam na kiɗansa, ya kuma shafi. Ana iya jin shi a cikin wasu ayyukan da suka shafi nau'ikan kerawa na kayan aikin ɗakin gida, wanda Piano Quintet (1940) ya fito.

A lokacin Great Patriotic War Shostakovich zama daya daga cikin na gaba sahu na artists - mayakan da farkisanci. Na Bakwai ("Leningrad") Symphony (1941) an san shi a duk faɗin duniya a matsayin murya mai rai na mutane masu faɗa, waɗanda suka shiga gwagwarmayar rayuwa da mutuwa da sunan 'yancin wanzuwa, don kare mafi girman ɗan adam. dabi'u. A cikin wannan aikin, kamar yadda yake a cikin Symphony na takwas (1943), adawar sansanonin biyu masu adawa da juna sun sami kai tsaye, magana kai tsaye. Ba a taɓa kwatanta ƙarfin mugunta a cikin fasahar kiɗan ba, ba a taɓa fallasa ƙwaƙƙwaran inji na “na’urar lalata” na fasikanci mai ƙwazo da irin wannan fushi da sha’awar ba. Amma mawaƙa ta "soja" symphonies (kazalika a cikin wasu ayyukansa da dama, alal misali, a cikin Piano Trio a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar I. Sollertinsky - 1944) kamar yadda a bayyane yake wakilta a cikin waƙoƙin "yaƙi" na mawaƙa, na ruhaniya. kyau da wadatar duniyar cikin mutum mai fama da matsalolin zamaninsa.

A cikin post-yaki shekaru, m aiki na Shostakovich ya bayyana tare da sabunta ƙarfi. Kamar yadda yake a da, an gabatar da jagororin bincikensa na fasaha a cikin manyan zane-zane na symphonic. Bayan ɗan haske na Tara (1945), wani nau'in intermezzo, wanda, duk da haka, bai kasance ba tare da bayyanannun ra'ayoyin yaƙin da aka ƙare kwanan nan ba, mawaƙin ya ƙirƙiri wahayin Symphony na Goma (1953), wanda ya ɗaga jigon mummunan makoma. artist, babban ma'auni na alhakinsa a cikin zamani duniya. Duk da haka, sabon ya kasance mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace na kokarin da al'ummomin da suka gabata suka yi - shi ya sa mawallafin ya sha'awar abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Rasha. Juyin juya hali na 1905, alama ta Jini Lahadi a ranar 9 ga Janairu, ya zo rayuwa a cikin gagarumin shirye-shirye na sha daya Symphony (1957), da kuma nasarori na nasara 1917 wahayi Shostakovich don ƙirƙirar Symphony na sha biyu (1961).

Tunani game da ma'anar tarihi, game da muhimmancin ayyukan jarumai, an kuma nuna su a cikin waƙa mai suna "The Execution of Stepan Razin" (1964), wanda ya dogara ne akan guntu daga E. Yevtushenko's. Waƙar "The Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station". Amma abubuwan da suka faru na zamaninmu, wanda ya haifar da canje-canje masu yawa a cikin rayuwar mutane da kuma ra'ayinsu na duniya, wanda Majalisar XX ta CPSU ta sanar, ba ta bar sha'awar babban jagoran kiɗa na Soviet ba - numfashin su na rayuwa yana da kyau a cikin goma sha uku. Symphony (1962), kuma an rubuta zuwa ga kalmomin E. Yevtushenko. A cikin Symphony na goma sha huɗu, mawallafin ya juya zuwa waƙar mawaƙa na lokuta daban-daban da al'ummomi (FG Lorca, G. Apollinaire, W. Kuchelbecker, RM Rilke) - ya jawo hankalinsa da jigon rayuwar ɗan adam mai wucewa da kuma dawwama. halittun fasaha na gaskiya, kafin wanda har ma da mutuwa. Wannan jigon ya kafa tushen ra'ayin sake zagayowar murya-symphonic dangane da wakoki na babban dan wasan Italiya Michelangelo Buonarroti (1974). Kuma a ƙarshe, a ƙarshe, Symphony na goma sha biyar (1971), hotunan ƙuruciya sun sake dawowa, sun sake yin su kafin kallon mahalicci mai hikima a rayuwa, wanda ya san ainihin ma'auni na wahalar ɗan adam.

Domin duk muhimmancin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin aikin Shostakovich na baya-bayan nan, yana da nisa daga gajiyar duk mafi mahimmancin abin da mawaki ya halitta a cikin shekaru talatin na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa da kuma hanyar fasaha. Ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga kide kide da wake-wake da kuma salon kayan aikin dakin. Ya kirkiro kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide guda 2 (1948 da 1967), kide kide na cello guda biyu (1959 da 1966), da na biyu na Piano Concerto (1957). Mafi kyawun ayyuka na wannan nau'in sun ƙunshi zurfin tunani na mahimmancin falsafa, kwatankwacin waɗanda aka bayyana da irin wannan ƙarfi mai ban sha'awa a cikin waƙoƙinsa. Haɓakar karon ruhi da rashin ruhi, mafi girman yunƙurin hazaka na ɗan adam da kuma mummunan hari na lalata, da gangan primitiveness yana da kyau a cikin Concerto na biyu na Cello, inda wani sauƙi, "titin" dalili ya canza ba tare da ganewa ba, yana fallasa shi. ainihin rashin mutuntaka.

Koyaya, duka a cikin kide kide da kide-kide da kide-kide, ana bayyana nagarta ta Shostakovich wajen ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ke buɗe damar yin gasa kyauta tsakanin mawaƙa. A nan babban nau'in da ya ja hankalin maigidan shi ne nau'in kirtani na al'ada na al'ada (akwai da yawa da mawallafin ya rubuta kamar wasan kwaikwayo - 15). Quartets na Shostakovich suna mamakin mafita iri-iri daga zagayowar sassa da yawa (na sha ɗaya - 1966) zuwa ƙungiyoyin motsi ɗaya (na sha uku - 1970). A cikin ayyukan ɗakinsa da yawa (a cikin Quartet na takwas - 1960, a cikin Sonata don Viola da Piano - 1975), mawaƙin ya dawo cikin kiɗan abubuwan da ya gabata, yana ba shi sabon sauti.

Daga cikin ayyukan da wasu nau'o'in, za a iya ambata da monumental sake zagayowar na Preludes da Fugues for piano (1951), wahayi zuwa gare ta Bach bikin a Leipzig, da oratorio Song na Forests (1949), inda a karon farko a cikin Soviet music. An tayar da jigon alhakin ɗan adam don kiyaye yanayin da ke kewaye da shi. Hakanan zaka iya suna wakoki goma don mawaƙa a cappella (1951), zagayowar murya "Daga waƙar Yahudawa ta Yahudawa" (1948), zagayowar wakoki na mawaƙa Sasha Cherny ("Satires" - 1960), Marina Tsvetaeva (1973).

Aiki a cikin cinema ci gaba a cikin post-yaki shekaru - Shostakovich ta music ga fina-finan "The Gadfly" (dangane da labari na E. Voynich - 1955), kazalika da adaptations na Shakespeare ta bala'i "Hamlet" (1964) da kuma "King Lear" (1971) ya zama sananne. ).

Shostakovich yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ci gaban kiɗan Soviet. An bayyana ba sosai a cikin tasirin kai tsaye na salon maigidan da kuma ma'anar fasaha na halayensa ba, amma a cikin sha'awar babban abun ciki na kiɗa, alaƙarta da mahimman matsalolin rayuwar ɗan adam a duniya. Humanistic a cikin ainihinsa, da gaske m a cikin nau'i, Shostakovich aiki ya lashe a duniya fitarwa, ya zama bayyananne bayyana sabon da music na ƙasar Soviets ya ba duniya.

M. Tarakanov