Enrico Tamberlik (Enrico Tamberlik) |

Enrico Tamberlik

Tamberlik yana daya daga cikin manyan mawakan Italiya na karni na 16. Yana da murya mai kyan gani, mai dumi, mai iko mai ban mamaki, tare da babban rajista mai haske (ya ɗauki babban kirji cis). An haifi Enrico Tamberlic a ranar Maris 1820, XNUMX a Rome. Ya fara nazarin waƙa a Roma, tare da K. Zerilli. Daga baya, Enrico ya ci gaba da ingantawa tare da G. Guglielmi a Naples, sa'an nan kuma ya haɓaka basirarsa tare da P. de Abella.

A 1837, Tamberlic ya fara halarta a karon a concert a Roma - a cikin quartet daga opera "Puritanes" na Bellini, a kan mataki na wasan kwaikwayo "Argentina". A shekara mai zuwa, Enrico ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Rome Philharmonic Academy a Apollo Theater, inda ya yi a William Tell (Rossini) da Lucrezia Borgia (Donizetti).

Tamberlik ya fara sana'a a shekara ta 1841. A gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Neapolitan "Del Fondo" a karkashin sunan mahaifiyarsa Danieli, ya rera a cikin opera Bellini "Montagues and Capulets". Akwai, a Naples, a cikin shekaru 1841-1844, ya ci gaba da aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo "San Carlo". Tun 1845 Tamberlik ya fara yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje. Ayyukansa a Madrid, Barcelona, ​​​​London (Covent Garden), Buenos Aires, Paris (Opera Italiya), a cikin biranen Portugal da Amurka an gudanar da su tare da babban nasara.

A cikin 1850, Tamberlik ya rera waƙa a karon farko a Opera na Italiya a St. Petersburg. Ya tashi a 1856, mawaƙin ya koma Rasha bayan shekaru uku kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan har zuwa 1864. Tamberlik kuma ya zo Rasha daga baya, amma ya rera waƙa kawai a cikin kide-kide.

AA Gozenpud ya rubuta: “Fitaccen mawaƙi, ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ya mallaki kyautar tasirin da ba za a iya jurewa ba ga masu sauraro. Mutane da yawa sun yaba, duk da haka, ba basirar mai fasaha mai ban mamaki ba, amma bayanansa na sama - musamman ban mamaki a ƙarfin da makamashi "C-kaifi" na babban octave; wasu sun zo gidan wasan kwaikwayo na musamman domin jin yadda ya dauki shahararriyarsa a. Amma tare da irin waɗannan "masu sani" akwai masu sauraron da suka yaba da zurfi da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayonsa. Ƙaunar ƙarfin fasaha na Tamberlik a cikin jarumtaka an ƙaddara ta wurin matsayin ɗan adam na mai zane.

A cewar Cui, "Lokacin da a cikin William Tell ... ya yi farin ciki da cewa" cercar la liberta ", masu sauraro koyaushe suna tilasta masa ya maimaita wannan jumla - bayyanar rashin laifi na 'yancin kai na 60s."

Tamberlik ya riga ya kasance cikin sabon igiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance fitaccen mai fassara Verdi. Duk da haka, tare da wannan nasarar ya rera waka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Rossini da Bellini, kodayake magoya bayan tsohuwar makaranta sun gano cewa ya wuce gona da iri. A cikin wasan operas na Rossini, tare da Arnold, Tamberlik ya sami nasara mafi girma a cikin mafi wahala na Othello. Bisa ga ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya, a matsayin mawaƙa, ya kama Rubini a ciki, kuma a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo ya wuce shi.

A cikin bita na Rostislav, mun karanta: “Othello shine mafi kyawun rawar Tamberlik… A cikin wasu ayyuka, yana da kyakyawan hangen nesa, lokuta masu jan hankali, amma a nan kowane mataki, kowane motsi, kowane sauti ana la’akari da shi sosai har ma ana sadaukar da wasu tasirin don goyon bayan gama gari. fasaha duka. Garcia da Donzelli (ba mu ambaci Rubini ba, wanda ya rera wannan sashin da kyau, amma ya taka rawar gani) sun bayyana Otello a matsayin wani nau'in paladin na zamanin da, tare da kyawawan halaye, har zuwa lokacin bala'i, wanda ba zato ba tsammani Othello ya rikide zuwa dabbar kishirwa… Tamberlik ya fahimci yanayin rawar a wata hanya ta daban: ya kwatanta Moor rabin daji, da gangan ya sanya shi a shugaban sojojin Venetian, wanda aka kama shi ta hanyar girmamawa, amma wanda gaba daya ya riƙe rashin amana, sirri da rashin daidaituwar halayen mutane. na kabilarsa. An buƙaci la'akari da yawa don kiyaye mutunci mai kyau ga Moor, wanda yanayi ya ɗaukaka, kuma a lokaci guda yana nuna inuwa na tsohuwar yanayi, rashin kunya. Wannan shi ne aiki ko burin da Tamberlik ya yunƙura har zuwa lokacin da Othello, ya ruɗe shi da ɓatanci na Yago, ya watsar da mutuncin Gabas, ya kuma shiga cikin dukan ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar da ba ta da iyaka. Shahararren furucin: si dopo lei toro! shi ya sa yake birge masu saurare zuwa zurfin ruhi, da cewa yana fita daga kirji kamar kukan da zuciya ta samu rauni… Mun tabbata cewa babban dalilin da ya sa yake ganin wannan rawar ta fito ne daga mai wayo. fahimta da ƙwarewar siffanta halayen gwarzon Shakespeare.

A cikin fassarar Tamberlik, mafi girman ra'ayi ya kasance ba ta hanyar waƙoƙin waƙoƙi ko na soyayya ba, amma ta hanyar jarumtaka, masu tausayi. Babu shakka, shi ba ya cikin mawaƙan mawaƙa na ma'ajiyar manyan mutane.

Mawaƙin Rasha da kiɗa mai sukar AN Serov, wanda ba za a iya danganta shi da yawan masu sha'awar basirar Tamberlik ba. Abin da, duk da haka, ba ya hana shi (watakila a kan nufinsa) don lura da cancantar mawaƙin Italiyanci. Anan akwai ɓangarorin da ya bita na Meyerbeer's Guelphs da Ghibellines a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi. A nan Tamberlik ya yi aikin Raul, wanda, a cewar Serov, bai dace da shi ba: "Mr. Tamberlik a farkon aiki (haɗa ayyuka na 1st da 2 na ƙimar asali) da alama ba su da wuri. Soyayya tare da viola sun wuce babu launi. A wurin da baƙi na Nevers suka leƙa ta taga don ganin wace mace ce ta zo don ganin Nevers, Mista Tamberlik bai kula da gaskiyar cewa wasan kwaikwayo na Meyerbeer yana buƙatar wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki akai-akai ko da a cikin wuraren da ba a ba da wani abu ga muryar ba. sai dai a takaice, kalamai masu rarrafe. Mai wasan kwaikwayo wanda bai shiga matsayin mutumin da yake wakilta ba, wanda, a cikin Italiyanci, yana jira kawai aria ko babban solo a cikin morceaux densemble, ya yi nisa da bukatun kiɗan Meyerbeer. Irin wannan aibi ya fito da karfi a wurin karshe na aikin. Hutu tare da Valentina a gaban mahaifinta, a gaban gimbiya da dukan kotu, ba zai iya haifar da farin ciki mafi girma ba, duk hanyoyin da aka ɓata soyayya a cikin Raul, kuma Mista Tamberlik ya kasance kamar mai shaida na waje ga duk abin da ya faru. ya faru a kusa da shi.

A cikin aiki na biyu (aikin na uku na asali) a cikin sanannen septet na maza, sashin Raoul yana haskakawa tare da ingantaccen kirari akan manyan bayanai. Ga irin waɗannan fa'idodin, Mista Tamberlik ya kasance jarumi kuma, ba shakka, ya ƙarfafa dukan masu sauraro. Nan da nan suka bukaci a maimaita wannan tasirin daban, duk da alaƙar da ba za ta iya raba su da sauran ba, duk da yanayin yanayin yanayin…

… Babban duet tare da Valentina shi ma Mista Tamberlik ya yi shi da sha'awa kuma ya wuce cikin hazaka, kawai shakku a kai a kai, sautin muryar Mista Tamberlik da kyar ya yi daidai da niyyar Meyerbeer. Daga irin wannan nau'in tenore di forza ɗinmu koyaushe yana rawar jiki a cikin muryarsa, wurare suna faruwa inda kwata-kwata duk waƙoƙin waƙoƙin da marubucin ya rubuta suna haɗuwa zuwa wani nau'in sauti na gaba ɗaya, mara iyaka.

… A cikin quintet na wasan farko, jarumin wasan kwaikwayo ya bayyana a kan mataki - ataman na ƙungiyar Fra Diavolo na 'yan fashi a ƙarƙashin sunan dapper Marquis San Marco. Mutum zai iya jin tausayin Mista Tamberlik a wannan rawar. Our Othello bai sani ba, matalauci ɗan'uwanmu, yadda za a jimre da wani sashe da aka rubuta a cikin rajista ba zai yiwu ba ga Italian mawaƙa.

… Fra Diavolo ana magana ne ga matsayin masu yin wasa (spiel-tenor). Mista Tamberlik, a matsayinsa na ɗan Italiyanci, ya kasance na masu ba da wasa ne, kuma tun da ɓangaren muryarsa a cikin wannan yanki ba shi da daɗi sosai a gare shi, babu shakka babu inda zai bayyana kansa a nan.

Amma irin wannan matsayin kamar Raul har yanzu ban da. An bambanta Tamberlik ta hanyar cikakkiyar fasahar murya, zurfin bayyanawa mai ban mamaki. Ko da a cikin shekarunsa na raguwa, lokacin da tasirin lalacewa na lokaci ya shafi muryarsa, yana kiyaye saman kawai, Tamberlik ya yi mamakin shigar da aikinsa. Daga cikin mafi kyawun aikinsa akwai Otello a cikin wasan opera na Rossini mai suna iri ɗaya, Arnold a cikin William Tell, Duke a Rigoletto, John in The Prophet, Raul a cikin The Huguenots, Masaniello a cikin The Mute of Portici, Manrico a cikin Il trovatore, Ernani a cikin opera na Verdi. mai suna Faust.

Tamberlik mutum ne mai ra'ayin siyasa mai ci gaba. Yayin da yake a Madrid a shekara ta 1868, ya yi maraba da juyin juya halin da ya fara, kuma, ya yi kasada da ransa, ya yi Marseillaise a gaban masu mulkin mallaka. Bayan yawon shakatawa na Spain a 1881-1882, singer ya bar mataki.

W. Chechott ya rubuta a cikin 1884: “Fiye da kowane lokaci, da kowa, Tamberlik yanzu ya rera waƙa da ransa, ba kawai da muryarsa ba. Ruhinsa ne ke girgiza cikin kowace irin sauti, yana sanya zukatan masu jijjiga su girgiza, suna shiga cikin ruhinsu da kowace magana.

Tamberlic ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1889 a Paris.