Sauti na kiɗa |
Mafi ƙarancin tsarin tsarin kiɗa. Idan aka kwatanta da duk sautin "marasa kida" da ake ji, yana da fasaloli da dama waɗanda na'urar sashin ji ta ke tantance, yanayin sadarwa na muses. fasaha da buƙatun kyau na mawaƙa da masu sauraro.
Babban kaddarorin raƙuman sauti sune sauti, ƙara, tsawon lokaci, da katako. Z. m. na iya samun farar farar daga C2 zuwa c5 - d6 (daga 16 zuwa 4000-4500 Hz; mafi girma sautuka an haɗa su a cikin Z. m. a matsayin overtones); Ƙarar sa ya kamata ya fi girma a cikin ɗakin, amma ba zai iya wuce iyakar zafi ba; tsawon lokacin Z.m. yana da bambanci sosai - mafi guntu sauti (a cikin sauri sauri - glissando) ba zai iya zama guntu fiye da 0,015-0,020 seconds (bayan wannan iyaka, jin tsayin tsayi ya ɓace), mafi tsawo (misali, sautin feda na gabobin) na iya wucewa da yawa. mintuna; kawai dangane da timbre yana da wuya a kafa k.-l. physiological iyaka, tun da yawan haduwa da farar, ƙara, na wucin gadi da sauran aka gyara, daga abin da ra'ayin timbre (na farko daga ra'ayi na fahimta) aka kafa, shi ne kusan iyaka.
A cikin tsarin kiɗan Z. ayyuka na m. an shirya su a cikin muses. Tsari. Don haka, a cikin kowane octave, sau 12 kawai ana amfani da l. bisa ga tsayin sautunan da aka raba ta hanyar semitone daga juna (duba. Tsarin). Inuwa mai ƙarfi suna ƙarƙashin ma'aunin ma'aunin ƙarar ƙara (misali, pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff), waɗanda ba su da cikakkiyar ƙima (duba Dynamics). A cikin mafi yawan ma'auni na tsawon lokaci, sautunan da ke kusa suna cikin rabo 1:2 (kashi na takwas suna da alaƙa da kwata, kamar kwata zuwa rabi, da sauransu), ƙimar 1:3 ko wasu ƙarin hadaddun waɗanda ba a saba amfani da su ba. An bambanta timbres na waƙoƙin sauti ta hanyar keɓancewa na musamman. Sauti na violin da trombone, piano. da Ingilishi. ƙahoni sun bambanta sosai a cikin katako; mahimmanci, ko da yake ana samun ƙarin bambance-bambance masu hankali a cikin timbres na kayan kida iri ɗaya (misali, igiyoyi masu ruku'u). Tsarin sauti na waƙar yana da rikitarwa sosai. Kowane Z.m. za a iya la'akari da acoustic. bangaran, misali. bisa ga ko akwai jituwa a cikin abun da ke ciki. (mafi yawan halayen Z.m.) ko rashin jituwa. da yawan tone-tone, ko akwai masu tsarawa a cikinsa, wane bangare ne amo, da sauransu; ana iya siffanta shi da nau'in kayan aiki, wanda aka fitar da shi a kai (Tabled plucked, electromusical, da dai sauransu); Hakanan za'a iya haɗa shi a cikin ɗaya ko wani tsarin bisa ga yiwuwar haɗuwa da wasu sautuna (duba Instrumentation).
Ko da yake a cikin rubutun kiɗa kowane sauti yawanci ana daidaita shi azaman wani abu mara tabbas, a zahiri sautunan suna da sassauƙa sosai, cikin wayar hannu, kuma suna da alaƙa da yawa. matakai na wucin gadi ko marasa tsayawa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakai na wucin gadi suna da asali a cikin Z.m. kuma sakamakon acoustic ne. fasali na kiɗa. kayan aiki ko hanyar samar da sauti - irin wannan shine attenuation na sautunan fp., garaya, decomp. nau'ikan hari a cikin sautin kirtani. ruhi da ruhi. kayan aiki, daban-daban na lokaci-lokaci da na lokaci-lokaci. canje-canje a cikin timbre a cikin sautin jerin bugun. kayan aiki - misali, kararrawa, tam-tama. Wani bangare na matakai na wucin gadi an kirkiresu ne ta masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, Ch. arr. don cimma babban haɗin sauti ko haskaka daban. sauti daidai da zane-zane. ta zane. Waɗannan su ne glissando, portamento, vibrato, mai ƙarfi. lafazi, dec. rhythmic da timbre canje-canje, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin hadaddun tsarin sauti (tsayin sauti), mai ƙarfi. (ƙara), agogic. (lokacin da rhythm) da timbre tabarau.
Na dabam da aka ɗauka Z.m. ba k.-l. zai bayyana. Properties, amma ana shirya a daya ko wani muses. tsarin da kuma kunshe a cikin kiɗa. masana'anta, yi bayyananne. ayyuka. Saboda haka, sau da yawa Z. m. an ba su da wasu kaddarorin; su, a matsayin sassa, ana dangana kaddarorin duka. A cikin aikin waƙa (musamman na koyarwa) an ƙirƙiri ƙamus mai faɗi na kalmomi, wanda a cikinsa ake nuna ƙayatarwa. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don ZM Waɗannan ka'idoji, duk da haka, an ƙaddara tarihi kuma suna da alaƙa da salon kiɗan.
References: Mutli AF, Sauti da ji, a cikin: Tambayoyi na ilimin kida, vol. 3, M., 1960; Ƙauyen kiɗan kiɗa, jimla. ed. Edited by NA Garbuzova. Moscow, 1954. Helmholtz H. v., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863 kuma an sake bugawa; Stumpf, C., Tonpsychologie, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1883-90; Waetzmann R., Ton, Klang und sekundäre Klangerscheinungen, "Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie", Bd XI, B., 1926, S. 563-601; Handschin J., Der Toncharakter, Z., 1948; Eggebrecht HH, Musik als Tonsprache, “AfMw”, Jg. XVIII, 1961.
Farashin YH
