Bass Guitar Tarihin

Da zuwan jazz-rock, mawakan jazz sun fara amfani da kayan aikin lantarki da kuma tasiri daban-daban, suna binciken sababbin "palettes sauti" ba halayyar jazz na gargajiya ba. Sabbin kayan kida da tasiri kuma sun ba da damar gano sabbin dabarun wasa. Tun da masu zane-zane na jazz sun kasance sananne don sauti da halayensu, wannan tsari ya kasance na halitta a gare su. Ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken jazz ya rubuta: “Mawaƙin jazz yana da nasa muryar. Ma'auni don kimanta sautinsa koyaushe yana dogara ne ba kawai akan ra'ayoyin gargajiya game da sautin kayan aiki ba, amma akan [sautin]. Kuma, ɗayan kayan aikin da suka bayyana kansu a cikin jazz da jazz-rock makada na 70-80s shine guitar guitar ,  tarihin wanda za ku koya a wannan labarin.

Yan wasa irin su Stanley Clarke ne adam wata da kuma Jaco Pastorius  sun ɗauki bass guitar suna wasa zuwa sabon matakin a cikin ɗan gajeren tarihin kayan aikin, suna kafa ma'auni don tsararrun 'yan wasan bass. Bugu da ƙari, da farko an ƙi shi ta hanyar "gargajiya" jazz bands (tare da bass biyu), bass guitar ya ɗauki wurin da ya dace a jazz saboda sauƙin sufuri da haɓaka sigina.

Abubuwan da ake bukata don ƙirƙirar SABON KAYAN

Ƙarfin kayan aiki matsala ce ta har abada ga bassists biyu. Ba tare da haɓakawa ba, yana da matukar wahala a yi gasa a matakin ƙara tare da mai ganga, piano, guitar da ƙungiyar tagulla. Haka kuma, bassist sau da yawa ba ya iya jin kansa saboda kowa yana wasa da ƙarfi. Sha'awar warware matsalar ƙarar ƙarar bass biyu ne ya sa Leo Fender da sauran masu yin gita a gabansa su ƙirƙiri wani kayan aiki wanda ya cika buƙatun ɗan wasan jazz. Tunanin Leo shine ƙirƙirar sigar lantarki ta bass biyu ko sigar bass na guitar lantarki.

Dole ne kayan aikin ya dace da bukatun mawaƙa da ke wasa a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin rawa a Amurka. A gare su, yana da mahimmanci don dacewa da jigilar kayan aiki idan aka kwatanta da bass biyu, mafi girman daidaito na ƙasa [yadda bayanin kula yake ginawa], da kuma ikon cimma ma'auni mai mahimmanci na ƙarar tare da guitar lantarki yana samun shahara.

Mutum na iya ɗauka cewa bass guitar ya shahara a tsakanin mashahuran mawakan kiɗa, amma a zahiri, ya fi kowa a tsakanin makada na jazz na 50s. Akwai kuma tatsuniya cewa Leo Fender ya ƙirƙira gitar bass. A gaskiya ma, ya kirkiro wani zane wanda ya zama mafi nasara da sayarwa, idan aka kwatanta da masu fafatawa.

KOKARIN FARKO NA MASU SAUKAR GUITAR

Tun kafin Leo Fender, tun daga karni na 15, an yi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin bass wanda zai samar da tsattsauran ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarami mai ƙarfi. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun ƙunshi ba kawai wajen gano girman da siffar da ta dace ba, har ma sun kai ga haɗa ƙaho, kamar na tsofaffin wayoyin gramo, a cikin yankin gada don ƙara sauti da yada shi.

Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar irin wannan kayan aiki shine Regal bass guitar (Regal Bassoguitar) , wanda aka gabatar a farkon 30s. Samfurin sa guitar ce mai sauti, amma an buga shi a tsaye. Girman kayan aiki ya kai tsayin mita 1.5, ban da kwata-kwata na mita. Allon fret ɗin yayi lebur kamar akan guitar, kuma sikelin ya kasance 42” kamar akan bass biyu. Har ila yau, a cikin wannan kayan aiki, an yi ƙoƙari don magance matsalolin innation na bass biyu - akwai frets a kan yatsa, amma an yanke su tare da saman wuyansa. Don haka, ita ce samfurin farko na guitar bass mara ƙarfi tare da alamomin fretboard (Ex.1).

Daga baya a ƙarshen 1930s. Gibson gabatar da su Guitar Wutar Lantarki , wata katuwar gita mai sautin murya mai kauri tare da karban a tsaye da karban wutar lantarki. Abin baƙin ciki shine, kawai amplifiers a lokacin an yi su ne don guitar, kuma sabon siginar kayan aiki ya lalace saboda gazawar amplifier don sarrafa ƙananan mitoci. Gibson ne kawai ya kera irin waɗannan kayan aikin na tsawon shekaru biyu daga 1938 zuwa 1940 (Ex. 2).

Yawancin bass biyu na lantarki sun bayyana a cikin 30s, kuma ɗaya daga cikin wakilan wannan dangi shine Rickenbacker Electro Bass-Viol George Beauchamp ya kirkiro (George Beauchamp) . An sanye shi da sandar ƙarfe da ta makale a cikin murfin amp, ɗaukar hoto mai kama da takalmi, kuma igiyoyin an naɗe su a cikin foil a sama da ɗaukar hoto. Wannan bass biyu na lantarki ba a ƙaddara don cinye kasuwa ba kuma ya zama sananne sosai. Duk da haka, Electro Bass-Viol ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin bass ɗin lantarki na farko da aka yi rikodin akan rikodin. An yi amfani dashi lokacin yin rikodin Mark Allen & Orchestra nasa a cikin 30s.

Yawancin, idan ba duka ba, na ƙirar guitar bass na shekarun 1930 sun dogara ne akan ko dai ƙirar gitar mai sauti ko ƙirar bass biyu, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su a tsaye. Matsalar ƙara siginar ba ta ƙara zama mai tsanani ba saboda amfani da abubuwan ɗaukar hoto, kuma an magance matsalolin innation tare da taimakon ɓacin rai ko aƙalla alamomi akan allon yatsa. Amma har yanzu ba a magance matsalolin girma da sufurin waɗannan kayan aikin ba.

FARKON BASS GUITAR AUDIOVOX MODEL 736

A cikin shekarun 1930 guda. Paul H. Tutmarc ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙirar guitar bass wasu shekaru 15 kafin lokacinsa. A cikin 1936 Tutmark's Audiovox Manufacturing kamfanin saki guitar bass na farko a duniya kamar yadda muka sani a yanzu Audiovox Model 736 . An yi guitar ne daga itace guda ɗaya, yana da igiyoyi 4, wuyan wuyansa da ƙwaƙƙwaran maganadisu. A cikin duka, an samar da kusan 100 daga cikin wadannan gitas, kuma a yau an san masu tsira guda uku, farashin wanda zai iya kaiwa fiye da $ 20,000. A cikin 1947, ɗan Bulus Bud Tutmark yayi ƙoƙari ya gina ra'ayin mahaifinsa tare da Serenader Electric String Bass , amma ya kasa.

Tun da babu wannan rata tsakanin Tutmark da Fender bass guitars, yana da ma'ana a yi mamakin ko Leo Fender ya ga gitar dangin Tutmark a cikin tallan jarida, misali? Ayyukan Leo Fender da masanin rayuwa Richard R. Smith, marubucin Fender: Sauti An Ji 'a Duniya, ya yi imanin cewa Fender bai kwafi tunanin Tutmark ba. An kwafi siffar bass na Leo daga Telecaster kuma yana da sikeli mafi girma fiye da bass na Tutmark.

FARKON FENDER BASS FADADA

A cikin 1951, Leo Fender ya ba da izinin sabon ƙirar guitar bass wanda ke nuna alamar juyi a cikin tarihin bass guitar da kiɗan gabaɗaya. Yawan samar da bass na Leo Fender ya warware duk matsalolin da bassists na lokacin ya fuskanta: ƙyale su su yi ƙarfi, rage farashin jigilar kayan aiki, da ba su damar yin wasa tare da ingantacciyar fahimta. Abin mamaki shine, Fender bass guitars sun fara samun shahara a cikin jazz, kodayake da farko 'yan wasan bass sun ƙi yarda da shi, duk da fa'idodinsa.

Ba zato ba tsammani ga kanmu, mun lura cewa akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba tare da band din. Ba shi da bassist, kodayake muna iya jin bass a fili. A na biyu daga baya, mun lura da wani ma baƙo abu: akwai biyu guitarists, ko da yake mun kawai ji daya guitar. Daga baya kadan, komai ya bayyana. Zaune kusa da mawaƙin wani mawaƙi ne wanda ke yin wani abu mai kama da gitar lantarki, amma da aka duba na kusa, wuyan guitar ɗin nasa ya fi tsayi, yana da ɓacin rai, da wani siffa mai banƙyama tare da ƙwanƙolin sarrafawa da igiya da ta ruga. da amp.

MUJALLAR DOWNBEAT JULY 1952

Leo Fender ya aika da wasu sabbin bas ɗinsa zuwa ga manyan mashahuran ƙungiyar makaɗa a lokacin. Daya daga cikinsu ya je wajen lionel hampton Orchestra a 1952. Hampton yana son sabon kayan aikin har ya dage cewa bassist Sunan mahaifi Montgomery , ɗan'uwan guitarist Wes Montgomery , kunna shi. Bassist Steve Swallow , Yana magana game da Montgomery a matsayin fitaccen ɗan wasa a cikin tarihin bass: "Shekaru da yawa shi kaɗai ne ya buɗe yuwuwar kayan aikin a cikin rock da roll da blues." Wani bassist wanda ya fara kunna bass shine Shifa Henry daga New York, wanda ya buga wasan jazz da tsalle-tsalle (tsalle blues).

Yayin da mawakan jazz suka yi taka tsantsan game da sabon ƙirƙira, Daidaitaccen Bass ya kusanci sabon salon kiɗa - rock da roll. A cikin wannan salon ne aka fara amfani da gitar bass ba tare da jin ƙai ba saboda ƙarfin ƙarfinsa - tare da haɓaka daidai, ba shi da wahala a kama ƙarar guitar guitar. Gitar bass har abada ta canza ma'auni na iko a cikin gungu: a cikin sashin raye-raye, tsakanin ƙungiyar tagulla da sauran kayan kida.

Dave Myers, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Chicago, bayan ya yi amfani da gitar bass a cikin ƙungiyarsa, ya kafa ƙa'idar de facto don amfani da guitar bass a wasu makada. Wannan yanayin ya kawo sababbin ƙananan layi zuwa yanayin blues da kuma tashi daga manyan ƙungiyoyi, saboda rashin son masu kula da kulab din don biyan manyan layi lokacin da ƙananan ƙananan za su iya yin haka don ƙananan kuɗi.

Bayan irin wannan saurin gabatarwar guitar bass a cikin kiɗa, har yanzu ya haifar da matsala tsakanin wasu bassists biyu. Duk da fa'idodin sabon kayan aikin, bass guitar ba ta da bayanin da ke cikin bass biyu. Duk da "matsalolin" sauti na kayan aiki a cikin gungu na jazz na gargajiya, watau Tare da kayan kida kawai, yawancin 'yan wasan bass biyu kamar Ron Carter, alal misali, sun yi amfani da bass guitar lokacin da ake bukata. A gaskiya ma, yawancin "mawakan jazz na gargajiya" irin su Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Jack DeJohnette ba su da adawa da amfani da shi. A hankali, gitar bass ta fara motsawa ta hanyarsa tare da mawaƙa a hankali suna bayyana shi kuma suna ɗaukar shi zuwa wani sabon matakin.

Tun daga farko…

Bass guitar bass na farko da aka fi sani da shi an yi shi ne a cikin 1930 ta hanyar mai ƙirƙira Seattle kuma mawaƙa Paul Tutmark, amma bai yi nasara sosai ba kuma an manta da ƙirƙirar. Leo Fender ya ƙera Bass Precision, wanda aka yi muhawara a 1951. An yi ƙananan gyare-gyare a tsakiyar 50s. Tun daga wannan lokacin, canje-canje kaɗan ne aka yi ga abin da ya zama ƙa'idar masana'antu da sauri. Daidaitaccen Bass har yanzu shine mafi yawan amfani da guitar bass kuma yawancin kofe na wannan kayan aikin ban mamaki wasu masana'antun a duniya sun yi.

Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan ƙirƙirar guitar bass na farko, ya gabatar da ɗabi'a na biyu ga duniya - Jazz Bass. Yana da slimmer, mafi wuyan wasa da ƙwanƙwasa guda biyu, ɗayan a saman wutsiya ɗaya kuma a wuya. Wannan ya ba da damar fadada kewayon tonal. Duk da sunan, Jazz bass ana amfani dashi sosai a duk nau'ikan kiɗan zamani. Kamar Madaidaicin, siffa da ƙirar Jazz Bass an kwafi su da yawa daga magina guitar.

Alfijir na masana'antu

Idan ba a manta ba, Gibson ya gabatar da ƙaramin bass na farko mai siffar violin wanda za a iya buga shi a tsaye ko a kwance. Daga nan suka haɓaka jerin bass ɗin EB da aka yaba sosai, tare da EB-3 shine mafi nasara. Sannan sanannen bass na Thunderbird ya zo, wanda shine bass ɗin su na farko tare da sikelin 34 ″.

Wani shahararren layin bass shine na kamfanin Music Man, wanda Leo Fender ya haɓaka bayan ya bar kamfanin da ke ɗauke da sunansa. The Music Man Stingray sananne ne don zurfinsa, sautin kuɗawa da ƙirar ƙira.

Akwai bass guitar da ke da alaƙa da mawaƙa ɗaya - Hofner Violin Bass, wanda yanzu ake kira Beatle Bass. saboda alakarsa da Paul McCartney. Fitaccen mawakin mawaƙin ya yaba wa wannan bass saboda sauƙin nauyi da kuma ikon daidaitawa da masu hannun hagu cikin sauƙi. Shi ya sa yake amfani da bass na Hofner ko da shekaru 50 bayan haka. Kodayake akwai wasu bambance-bambancen guitar bass da yawa, yawancin su ne samfuran da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin da kwafin su.

Daga zamanin jazz zuwa farkon zamanin dutsen da nadi, ana amfani da bass biyu da ’yan’uwansa. Tare da haɓaka duka jazz da dutsen, da kuma sha'awar ɗaukar hoto mai girma, ɗaukar hoto, sauƙin wasa, da iri-iri a cikin sautin bass na lantarki, bass ɗin lantarki sun tashi zuwa matsayi. Tun 1957, lokacin da Elvis Presley bassist Bill Black "ya tafi lantarki" tare da kyawawan layukan bass na Paul McCartney, sabbin abubuwan bass na Jack Bruce, layin jazz jazz na Jaco Pastorius, sabbin hanyoyin ci gaba na Tony Levine da Chris Squire. ana watsawa, bass guitar ya kasance ƙarfin da ba zai iya tsayawa ba. a cikin kiɗa.

BASS GUITAR AKAN RUBUTUN STUDIO

A cikin 1960s, 'yan wasan bass suma sun zauna sosai a cikin ɗakunan studio. Da farko, an buga bass biyu akan rikodi tare da guitar bass, wanda ya haifar da tasirin kaska wanda masu kera ke buƙata. A wasu lokuta, bass uku sun shiga cikin rikodin: bass biyu, Fender Precision da Danelectro mai kirtani 6. Sanin shaharar da Dan bass , Leo Fender ya saki nasa Fender Bass VI a 1961.

Har zuwa kusan ƙarshen 60s, ana kunna gitar bass musamman da yatsun hannu ko zaɓi. Har sai da Larry Graham ya fara buga zaren da babban yatsan yatsa da yin cudanya da dan yatsansa. Sabuwa "bugu da tara" Dabarar kaɗa wata hanya ce kawai ta cika ƙarancin ɗan ganga a cikin ƙungiyar. Ya bugi zaren da babban yatsan yatsa, sai ya kwaikwayi drum na bass, da yin ƙugiya da ɗan yatsansa, gangunan tarko.

Daga baya kadan, Stanley Clarke ne adam wata ya haɗu da salon Larry Graham da na musamman na bassist Scott LaFaro a cikin salon wasansa, zama babban dan wasan bass na farko a tarihi tare da Komawa Har abada a 1971.

BASS GUITARS DAGA SAURAN SUNA

A cikin wannan labarin, mun kalli tarihin bass guitar tun farkonsa, ƙirar gwaji waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su zama mafi ƙarfi, haske, kuma mafi inganci fiye da bass biyu kafin faɗaɗa bass Fender. Tabbas, ba Fender ne kaɗai ya kera gitar bass ba. Da sabon kayan aikin ya fara samun karbuwa, masana'antun kayan kida sun kama wayar kuma suka fara ba da ci gaban su ga abokan ciniki.

Höfner ya saki guitar bass ɗin su kamar violin a cikin 1955, kawai ya kira shi  Höfner 500/1 . Daga baya, wannan samfurin ya zama sananne saboda gaskiyar cewa an zaba shi a matsayin babban kayan aiki na Paul McCartney, dan wasan bass na Beatles. Gibson bai ja baya a bayan masu fafatawa ba. Amma, duk waɗannan kayan aikin, kamar Fender Precision Bass, sun cancanci labarin dabam a cikin wannan shafin. Kuma wata rana tabbas za ku karanta game da su akan shafukan yanar gizon!