Basso ostinato, basso ostinato |

Italiyanci, haske. - m, bass

Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan bambance-bambancen, osn. akan maimaita jigogi a cikin bass tare da canza manyan muryoyin. Ya samo asali daga polyphonic. nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce masu tsauri, waɗanda ke da cantus firmus iri ɗaya, wanda, lokacin da aka maimaita shi, an kewaye shi da sabbin makirufo. A cikin 16-17 ƙarni. V. o. ana amfani da shi sosai wajen rawa. kiɗa. Wasu tsoffin raye-raye-passacaglia, chaconne, da sauransu—sun wakilci bambancin akan V. o. Wannan tsari ya tsira ko da bayan passacaglia da chaconne sun rasa rawa. ma'ana. V. o. Hakanan ya shiga cikin aria da mawakan operas, oratorios, cantatas na ƙarni na 17-18. Wasu karin waƙa sun haɓaka. Dabarun V. na tafkin; hoton music V. game da. isar da yanayi guda ɗaya, ba tare da k.-l. sabanin ja da baya. Dangane da takaitaccen jigon V. o. mawaƙa sun nemi wadatar da shi tare da taimakon muryoyin contrapuntal, harmonica. bambance-bambancen da tonal canje-canje. Harmonic tarin batutuwa V. o. ya ba da gudummawa ga amincewar homophone-harmonic. sito, kodayake yawanci ana tura su cikin sautin murya. daftari. Jigogi V. game da. sun dogara ne akan ma'auni-kamar (diatonic ko chromatic) motsi ƙasa ko sama daga tonic zuwa rinjaye, wani lokaci tare da kama matakan da ke kusa da shi. Amma kuma an sami ƙarin jigogi masu zaman kansu:

G. Purcell. Barka da ranar haihuwar Sarauniya Maryamu.

Mista Sell. Ode zuwa St. Cecilia.

A. Vivaldi. Concerto na violin 2 da ƙungiyar makaɗa a-moll, motsi II.

G. Muffat. Passacaglia.

D. Buxtehude. Chaconne ga gabobin.

JS Baci. Passacaglia ga gabobin.

JS Baci. Chaconne daga Cantata No. 150

JS Baci. Concerto na clavier da ƙungiyar makaɗa a d-moll, sashi na II.

Makamantan wakokin. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da ƙididdiga a cikin ƙididdigar bass na farko na jigogi neostinata. Wannan ya nuna mu'amalarsu da ostinato thematism, wanda shine sifa ta ƙarni na 17-18. Hakanan yana shafar jigogin sonata har zuwa karni na 20. (WA Mozart - quartet in d-moll, KV 421, L. Beethoven - sonata don piano, op. 53, J. Brahms - sonata don piano, op. 5, SS Prokofiev - sonata No. 2 don FP - da babban jigon sassan farko).

V. o. a cikin passacaglia da chaconnes na ƙarni na 17-18. ya faru a cikin maɓalli ɗaya (JS Bach - Passacaglia a cikin c-moll don sashin jiki, Crucifixus daga taro a cikin b-moll) ko bayyana a cikin maɓallan da dama. A cikin akwati na ƙarshe, an aiwatar da gyare-gyare ta hanyar canza jigon (JS Bach - Chaconne daga cantata No. 150) ko kuma ta hanyar ƙananan hanyoyin haɗin kai, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a canja wurin jigon zuwa sabon maɓalli ba tare da karin waƙa ba. canje-canje (D. Buxtehude - Passacaglia d-moll don gabobin jiki). A wasu abubuwan samarwa. duka waɗannan fasahohin an haɗa su (JS Bach - tsakiyar ɓangaren clavier concerto a d-moll); wani lokaci ana shigar da sassan tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na jigo, godiya ga wanda nau'in ya zama rondo (J. Chambonière - Chaconne F-dur don harpsichord, F. Couperin - Passacaglia a cikin h-moll don harpsichord).

L. Beethoven ya faɗaɗa amfani da V. o.; ya yi amfani da shi ba kawai a matsayin tushen bambancin-cyclic ba. siffofin (ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na 3rd), amma kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na babban nau'i don gyara tunani da birki bayan fadi da gudu. Waɗannan su ne V. o. a karshen Allegro Symphony No. 9, inda V. o. mayar da hankali cikin baƙin ciki ban mamaki. lokaci, a cikin Vivace code na Symphony No 7 da kuma tsakiyar Vivace quartet op. 135.

L. Beethoven. Siphony na 9, motsi I. 7th Symphony, motsi I.

L. Beethoven. Quartet op. 135, kashi na II.

A tsaye na maimaita gabatarwa na abu ɗaya yana cin nasara ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin ƙarfin sauti (daga p zuwa f ko akasin haka). A cikin ruhi guda, sakamakon babban ci gaba na hotuna masu bambanta, V. o. a cikin lambar overture zuwa opera "Ivan Susanin" ta Glinka.

MI Glinka. "Ivan Susanin", mai girma.

A cikin 19th da 20th ƙarni V. darajar game da. yana ƙaruwa. Biyu daga cikin tushe an ƙaddara. iri. Na farko yana dogara ne akan jigon da aka tattara kuma shine bayyanannen jeri na bambance-bambancensa na alama (I. Brahms - ƙarshen Symphony No. 4). Na biyu yana jujjuya tsakiyar nauyi daga jigo na farko, wanda ya juya zuwa sassauƙan abubuwan ɗaurewa, zuwa faffadan launin rawaya-harmonic. ci gaba (SI Taneev - Largo daga quintet op. 30). Hakanan ana amfani da duka nau'ikan biyu a cikin samfuran masu zaman kansu. (F. Chopin – Lullaby), kuma a matsayin ɓangare na sonata-symphony. cycles, da kuma wasan opera da ayyukan ballet.

Yin ƙetare iyakokin wasali, ostinato a hankali ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idodin tsarawa a cikin kiɗa na 19th da 20th century; yana bayyana kansa a fagen kari, jituwa, waƙa. wakoki da sauran hanyoyin kida. bayyanawa. Godiya ga ostinato, zaku iya ƙirƙirar yanayi na "ƙuƙwalwa", "mai sha'awar", mai da hankali kan c.-l. yanayi daya, nutsewa cikin tunani, da sauransu; V. o. Hakanan yana iya aiki azaman ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki. Wadannan za su bayyana. Yiwuwar V. game da. An riga an yi amfani da shi da mawaƙa na ƙarni na 19th. (AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, R. Wagner, A. Bruckner, da sauransu), amma sun sami mahimmanci na musamman a cikin karni na 20. (M. Ravel, IF Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, B. Britten, K. Orff da sauransu, a cikin ayyukan da ostinato siffofin mafi bambancin yanayi ana amfani da su).

References: Prорреr L., Basso ostinato a matsayin ka'idar fasaha da tsari, В., 1926 (diss.); Litterscheid R., A kan tarihin basso ostinato, Marburg, 1928; Nowak L., Babban fasali na tarihin basso ostinato a cikin kiɗan yamma, W., 1932; Meinardus W., Dabarar basso ostinato ta H. Purcell, Cologne, 1939 (diss.); Gurlill W., A JS Bach's Ostinato Technique, в кн.: Tarihin Kiɗa da Yanzu. Jerin kasidu. I (kariyar kayan tarihi na kiɗan kiɗa), Wiesbaden, 1966; Вerger G., Ostinato, Chaconne, Passacaglia, Wolfenbüttel, (1968). См. takже лит. при статьях Анализ музыкальный, Вариации, Форма музыкальная.

Vl. V. Protopov