Hugo Wolf |

Hugo Wolf

A cikin aikin mawallafin Austrian G. Wolf, babban wurin yana shagaltar da waƙar, ɗakin murya na kiɗa. Mawaƙin ya yunƙura don haɗa waƙa gaba ɗaya tare da abin da ke cikin rubutun waƙa, waƙoƙin waƙarsa suna da mahimmanci ga ma'ana da ma'anar kowace kalma ɗaya, kowane tunanin waƙar. A cikin waƙar, Wolf, a cikin kalmominsa, ya sami "tushen gaskiya" na harshen kiɗa. “Ka yi tunanin ni a matsayin mawallafin waƙa mai haƙiƙa wanda zai iya bushewa ta kowace hanya; wanda duk waƙar waƙar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ƙwaƙƙwaran waƙoƙin waƙa suna iya samun dama iri ɗaya,” in ji mawaƙin. Ba shi da sauƙi a fahimci harshensa: mawallafin ya yi burin zama marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya cika waƙarsa, wadda ba ta da kamanni da waƙoƙi na yau da kullum, tare da kalmomin ɗan adam.

Hanyar Wolf a rayuwa da a cikin fasaha ta kasance mai matukar wahala. Shekaru na hawan hawan sun canza tare da rikice-rikice mafi raɗaɗi, lokacin da shekaru da yawa ba zai iya "matsi" takarda ɗaya ba. (“Hakika rayuwar kare ce lokacin da ba za ka iya aiki ba.”) Mawaƙin ya rubuta yawancin waƙoƙin a cikin shekaru uku (1888-91).

Mahaifin mawaƙin ya kasance mai son kiɗa, kuma a gida, a cikin da'irar iyali, suna yawan yin kiɗa. Akwai ko da ƙungiyar makaɗa (Hugo ya buga violin a cikinta), sanannen kida, faifan operas. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 10 Wolf ya shiga gymnasium a Graz, kuma a 15 ya zama dalibi a Vienna Conservatory. A can ya zama abokai tare da takwarorinsa G. Mahler, a nan gaba mafi girma mawaki da madugu. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, jin cizon yatsa a cikin Conservatory ilimi kafa a, da kuma a 1877 Wolff aka kori daga Conservatory "saboda cin zarafi da horo" (yanayin da aka rikitarwa da tsanani, kai tsaye yanayin). Shekaru na karatun kai sun fara: Wolf ya ƙware wajen buga piano kuma ya yi nazarin adabin kiɗa da kansa.

Ba da da ewa ya zama mai himma mai goyon bayan aikin R. Wagner; Ra'ayoyin Wagner game da ƙaddamar da kiɗa zuwa wasan kwaikwayo, game da haɗin kai na kalma da kiɗa Wolff ne ya fassara su cikin nau'in waƙar ta hanyar su. Mawaƙin mai burin ya ziyarci gunkinsa lokacin da yake Vienna. Na ɗan lokaci, an haɗa kida tare da aikin Wolf a matsayin jagora a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Salzburg (1881-82). Dan kadan ya kasance haɗin gwiwar a cikin mako-mako "Salon Salon Sheet" (1884-87). A matsayin mai sukar kiɗa, Wolf ya kare aikin Wagner da "fasahar nan gaba" da ya yi shelarsa (wanda ya kamata ya haɗa kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo da shayari). Amma tausayin yawancin mawakan Viennese sun kasance a gefen I. Brahms, wanda ya rubuta kiɗa a cikin al'ada, wanda ya saba da kowane nau'i (duka Wagner da Brahms suna da nasu hanya ta musamman "zuwa sabon tudu", masu goyon bayan kowane ɗayan waɗannan manyan. mawaƙa sun haɗu a cikin 2 yaƙi "sansanoni"). Godiya ga duk wannan, matsayin Wolf a cikin duniyar kiɗa na Vienna ya zama mai wahala; rubuce-rubucensa na farko sun sami sake dubawa mara kyau daga manema labarai. Ya kai ga cewa a cikin 1883, yayin wasan kwaikwayo na waƙar Wolff Penthesilea (bisa ga bala'in da G. Kleist ya yi), membobin ƙungiyar makaɗa sun yi wasa da gangan da ƙazanta, suna karkatar da kiɗan. Sakamakon wannan shi ne kusan cikakken ƙi na mawaki don ƙirƙirar ayyuka ga ƙungiyar makaɗa - kawai bayan shekaru 7 zai bayyana "Serenade Italiya" (1892).

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 28, Wolf a ƙarshe ya sami nau'insa da jigon sa. A cewar Wolf da kansa, ya kasance kamar "ba zato ba tsammani ya waye shi": yanzu ya juya dukan ƙarfinsa don tsara waƙoƙi (kimanin 300 a duka). Kuma tuni a cikin 1890-91. fitarwa ya zo: ana gudanar da kide-kide a birane daban-daban na Austria da Jamus, wanda Wolf da kansa sau da yawa yana tare da mawaƙin soloist. A ƙoƙari na jaddada mahimmancin rubutun waƙa, mai yin waƙa yakan kira ayyukansa ba waƙoƙi ba, amma "waƙoƙi": "Waƙoƙi na E. Merike", " Waqoqin I. Eichendorff ", " Waqoqin JV Goethe ". Mafi kyawun ayyuka kuma sun haɗa da "littattafan waƙoƙi" guda biyu: "Spanish" da "Italiyanci".

Ayyukan kirkira na Wolf ya kasance mai wahala, mai tsanani - ya yi tunani game da sabon aiki na dogon lokaci, wanda aka shigar da shi a kan takarda a cikin tsari mai ƙare. Kamar F. Schubert ko M. Mussorgsky, Wolf ba zai iya "raba" tsakanin kerawa da ayyukan hukuma ba. Unpretentious cikin sharuddan kayan yanayi na rayuwa, mawaki ya rayu a lokaci-lokaci samun kudin shiga daga kide kide da kuma buga ayyukansa. Ba shi da kwana na dindindin har ma da kayan aiki (ya je wurin abokai don yin piano), kuma a ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya sami hayan ɗaki da piano. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Wolf ya juya zuwa nau'in opera: ya rubuta opera mai ban dariya Corregidor ("ba za mu iya yin dariya da gaske ba a zamaninmu") da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na kida Manuel Venegas (dukansu bisa ga labarun Spaniard X. Alarcon). ) . Wani matsanancin ciwon hauka ya hana shi kammala wasan opera na biyu; a cikin 1898 an sanya mawakin a asibitin tunani. Mummunan makomar Wolf ta kasance ta hanyoyi da yawa. Wasu lokutanta (rikicin soyayya, rashin lafiya da mutuwa) suna nunawa a cikin littafin T. Mann "Doctor Faustus" - a cikin tarihin rayuwar marubucin Adrian Leverkün.

K. Zankin

A cikin kiɗa na karni na XNUMX, babban wuri ya mamaye filin waƙoƙin murya. A kullum-girma sha'awa a cikin ciki rai na mutum, a cikin canja wurin mafi kyau nuances na psyche, da "harshen rai" (NG Chernyshevsky) ya haifar da flowering na song da romance Genre, wanda ya ci gaba musamman intensively. Austria (farawa daga Schubert) da Jamus (farawa da Schumann). ). Bayyanar fasaha na wannan nau'in sun bambanta. Amma ana iya lura da koguna guda biyu a cikin ci gabansa: ɗaya yana da alaƙa da Schubert song al'ada, ɗayan - tare da Schumann sanarwa. Johannes Brahms ya ci gaba da na farko, na biyu Hugo Wolf.

Matsayin farko na ƙirƙira waɗannan manyan mashahuran mawaƙa guda biyu, waɗanda ke zaune a Vienna a lokaci guda, sun bambanta (ko da yake Wolf ya cika shekaru 27 da haihuwa fiye da Brahms), kuma tsari na alama da salon waƙoƙin su da na soyayya suna da alama ta musamman. mutum fasali. Wani bambanci kuma yana da mahimmanci: Brahms ya yi aiki sosai a cikin kowane nau'ikan kerawa na kiɗa (ban da opera), yayin da Wolf ya bayyana kansa a fili a fagen waƙoƙin murya (shine, ƙari, marubucin opera da ƙaramin ƙarami. adadin kayan aikin kayan aiki).

Makomar wannan mawaki ba sabon abu ba ne, wanda ke da alamun wahalhalun rayuwa, rashi na abin duniya, da bukata. Da yake bai sami ilimin kiɗa na yau da kullun ba, tun yana ɗan shekara ashirin da takwas bai riga ya ƙirƙiri wani abu mai mahimmanci ba. Nan da nan sai ga balaga ta fasaha; A cikin shekaru biyu, daga 1888 zuwa 1890, Wolf ya tsara kusan waƙoƙi ɗari biyu. Ƙarfin ƙonawarsa na ruhaniya ya kasance abin ban mamaki da gaske! Amma a cikin 90s, tushen wahayi ya ɓace na ɗan lokaci; sannan akwai dogon hutun kirkire-kirkire – mawakin ba zai iya rubuta layin kida daya ba. A cikin 1897, yana da shekaru talatin da bakwai, Wolf ya buge da hauka mara magani. A asibiti ga mahaukaci, ya sake rayuwa shekaru biyar masu zafi.

Saboda haka, daya kawai shekaru goma dade tsawon m balagagge Wolf, da kuma a cikin wannan shekaru goma ya hada music a total na kawai uku ko hudu shekaru. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci ya sami damar bayyana kansa sosai kuma ya dace da cewa ya sami damar yin daidai da ɗaya daga cikin wurare na farko a cikin mawallafin waƙoƙin murya na kasashen waje na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX a matsayin babban mai fasaha.

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An haifi Hugo Wolf a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1860 a wani karamin gari na Windischgraz, dake Kudancin Styria (tun 1919, ya tafi Yugoslavia). Mahaifinsa, masanin fata, mai son kiɗa, yana buga violin, guitar, garaya, sarewa da piano. Babban iyali - a cikin 'ya'ya takwas, Hugo shine na hudu - ya rayu cikin ladabi. Duk da haka, da yawa music aka buga a cikin gidan: Austrian, Italiyanci, Slavic jama'a sautunan sauti sauti (kakanninta uwar gaba mawaki su ne Slovene peasants). Waƙar Quartet kuma ta bunƙasa: mahaifinsa ya zauna a na'urar wasan bidiyo na violin na farko, kuma ƙaramin Hugo a na'urar wasan bidiyo na biyu. Sun kuma shiga cikin wata kade-kade mai son son rai, wadda ta fi yin kade-kade na nishadantarwa, na yau da kullum.

Tun daga ƙuruciya, halayen halayen Wolf sun bayyana: tare da ƙaunatattunsa ya kasance mai laushi, ƙauna, budewa, tare da baƙi - m, mai saurin fushi, jayayya. Irin waɗannan halayen sun sa ya zama da wuya a sadarwa tare da shi, kuma, a sakamakon haka, ya sa rayuwarsa ta kasance mai wuyar gaske. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya kasa samun ilimin kide-kide na yau da kullun da ƙwararru: shekaru huɗu ne kawai Wolf yayi karatu a dakin motsa jiki kuma shekaru biyu kacal a Vienna Conservatory, daga inda aka kore shi saboda "cin zarafi."

Ƙaunar kiɗa ta farkar da shi da wuri kuma mahaifinsa ya ƙarfafa shi da farko. Amma ya tsorata lokacin da matashin mai taurin kai ya so ya zama ƙwararren mawaki. Shawarar, sabanin haramcin mahaifinsa, ta girma bayan ganawa da Richard Wagner a 1875.

Wagner, sanannen maestro, ya ziyarci Vienna, inda aka shirya operas dinsa Tannhäuser da Lohengrin. Wani matashi mai shekaru goma sha biyar, wanda ya fara yin waƙa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya san shi da abubuwan da ya fara halitta. Shi kuwa ba tare da ya kalle su ba, duk da haka ya kyautatawa mai kaunarsa. An yi wahayi, Wolf ya ba da kansa gaba ɗaya ga kiɗa, wanda ya zama dole a gare shi a matsayin "abinci da abin sha." Domin son abin da yake so, dole ne ya bar komai, yana iyakance bukatunsa ga iyaka.

Bayan ya bar ɗakin karatu yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ba tare da goyon bayan uba ba, Wolf yana rayuwa akan ayyuka marasa kyau, yana karɓar kuɗi don wasiƙun rubutu ko darussa masu zaman kansu (a lokacin ya ci gaba da zama ƙwararren pianist!). Ba shi da gidan dindindin. (Don haka, daga Satumba 1876 zuwa Mayu 1879, Wolf ya tilastawa, ya kasa biyan kuɗi, don canza ɗakuna sama da ashirin! ..), ba ya iya cin abinci kowace rana, kuma wani lokacin ma ba ya da kuɗin buga tambarin aika wa iyayensa wasiƙa. Amma mawaƙin Vienna, wanda ya ɗanɗana lokacinsa na fasaha a cikin 70s da 80s, yana ba wa matashin mai sha'awar arziƙin arziƙi don ƙirƙira.

Yana nazarin ayyukan ƙwararru, yana ciyar da sa'o'i da yawa a cikin ɗakunan karatu don ƙimar su. Don kunna piano, dole ne ya je wurin abokai - kawai a ƙarshen ɗan gajeren rayuwarsa (tun 1896) Wolf zai iya yin hayan ɗaki tare da kayan aiki don kansa.

Da'irar abokai ƙanana ne, amma mutane ne masu sadaukar da kai gare shi. Girmama Wagner, Wolf ya zama kusa da mawaƙa matasa - ɗaliban Anton Bruckner, wanda, kamar yadda kuka sani, ya yi sha'awar hazakar marubucin "Ring of the Nibelungen" kuma ya sami damar shigar da wannan ibada a cikin waɗanda ke kewaye da shi.

Ta halitta, tare da dukan sha'awar dukan yanayin, shiga cikin magoya bayan Wagner al'ada, Wolf ya zama abokin adawar Brahms, kuma ta haka ne da dukan-iko a Vienna, da caustically witty Hanslick, da sauran Brahmsians, ciki har da iko. sananne a waɗannan shekarun, madugu Hans Richter, da kuma Hans Bülow.

Don haka, ko da a farkon alfijir na aikinsa na kirkira, wanda ba a daidaita shi ba kuma yana da kaifi a cikin hukuncinsa, Wolf ya sami ba kawai abokai ba, har ma da abokan gaba.

Halin ƙiyayya ga Wolf daga manyan da'irar kaɗe-kaɗe na Vienna ya ƙara ƙaruwa bayan ya zama mai suka a cikin jaridar Salon Leaf. Kamar yadda sunan da kansa ya nuna, abun cikin sa ba komai bane, mara kyau. Amma wannan ba ruwansa da Wolf - yana buƙatar dandamali wanda, a matsayinsa na annabi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, zai iya ɗaukaka Gluck, Mozart da Beethoven, Berlioz, Wagner da Bruckner, yayin da ya kifar da Brahms da duk waɗanda suka ɗauki makamai a kan Wagnerians. Shekaru uku, daga 1884 zuwa 1887, Wolf ya jagoranci wannan gwagwarmayar da ba ta yi nasara ba, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya kawo masa gwaji mai tsanani. Amma bai yi tunanin sakamakon ba kuma a cikin bincikensa na ci gaba ya nemi gano keɓaɓɓen halittarsa.

Da farko, Wolf ya jawo hankalin manyan ra'ayoyi - wasan opera, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na violin, sonata na piano, da kayan aikin ɗakin gida. Yawancin su an adana su a cikin nau'i na guntuwar da ba a gama ba, yana nuna rashin balaga na fasaha na marubucin. Af, ya halicci mawaka da solo songs: a farkon ya bi yafi yau da kullum samfurori na "leadertafel", yayin da na biyu ya rubuta a karkashin karfi da tasiri na Schumann.

Aiki mafi mahimmanci farko Lokacin ƙirƙirar Wolf, wanda aka yiwa alama ta romanticism, shine waƙar waƙar Penthesilea (1883-1885, dangane da bala'i na wannan sunan ta G. Kleist) da Serenade na Italiyanci don string quartet (1887, a cikin 1892 wanda marubucin ya fassara don makada).

Suna da alama sun ƙunshi bangarori biyu na ruhin mawaƙa: a cikin waƙar, daidai da tushen wallafe-wallafen da ke ba da labari game da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Amazons a kan tsohon Troy, launuka masu duhu, tashin hankali, tashin hankali, yanayi mara kyau ya mamaye, yayin da kiɗan " Serenade” a bayyane yake, haske mai haske.

A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Wolf yana gabatowa ga burin da ya fi so. Duk da buƙatar, hare-haren makiya, rashin cin nasara na aikin "Pentesileia" (Kungiyar Orchestra ta Vienna a cikin 1885 ta amince da nuna Penthesilea a wani bita na baya-bayan nan. Kafin wannan, Wolf an san shi ne a Vienna kawai a matsayin mai sukar Salon Leaflet, wanda ya harzuka membobin ƙungiyar Orchestra da Hans Richter, wanda ya gudanar da karatun, tare da Jagoran, ya katse wasan kwaikwayon, ya yi wa ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kalmomi masu zuwa: "Masu girma, ba za mu buga wannan wasan ba har zuwa ƙarshe - Ina so in kalli mutumin da ya ba da kansa ya rubuta game da Maestro Brahms irin wannan. …”), a karshe ya tsinci kansa a matsayin mawaki. farawa biyu - lokacin balagagge na aikinsa. Tare da karimcin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, ainihin gwanintar Wolf ya bayyana. "A cikin hunturu na 1888," ya shaida wa abokinsa, "bayan yawo na dogon lokaci, sabon hangen nesa ya bayyana a gabana." Waɗannan abubuwan sun buɗe a gabansa a fagen kiɗan murya. Anan Wolff ya riga ya buɗe hanya don gaskiya.

Ya gaya wa mahaifiyarsa: “Wannan ita ce shekarar da ta fi albarka kuma ita ce shekarar da ta fi farin ciki a rayuwata.” Watanni tara Wolf ya ƙirƙira waƙoƙi ɗari da goma, kuma a rana ɗaya ya yi guda biyu, ko da guda uku. Mai fasaha ne kawai wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin ƙirƙira tare da mantawa da kansa zai iya rubuta haka.

Wannan aikin, duk da haka, bai kasance mai sauƙi ga Wolf ba. Ba ruwansa da albarkar rayuwa, ga nasara da kuma sanin jama'a, amma ya gamsu da daidaicin abin da ya yi, ya ce: "Ina farin ciki lokacin da na rubuta." Sa’ad da tushen wahayi ya bushe, Wolf ya yi gunaguni cikin baƙin ciki: “Yaya makomar mai fasaha ke da wahala idan ya kasa cewa wani sabon abu! Sau dubu gara ya kwanta a cikin kabari...".

Daga 1888 zuwa 1891, Wolf yayi magana da cikakkiyar cikawa: ya kammala manyan zagayowar waƙoƙi guda huɗu - akan ayoyin Mörike, Eichendorff, Goethe da “Littafin Waƙoƙi na Mutanen Espanya” - jimlar ɗari da sittin da takwas kuma ya fara wasan. "Littafin Waƙoƙin Italiyanci" (ayyuka ashirin da biyu) (Bugu da ƙari, ya rubuta waƙoƙin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiku bisa ga kasidu na wasu mawaƙa.).

Sunansa ya zama sananne: "Wagner Society" a Vienna ya fara haɗawa da tsararru a cikin kide-kide na su; masu bugawa suna buga su; Wolf yana tafiya tare da kide-kiden marubuci a wajen Ostiriya - zuwa Jamus; da'irar abokansa da masu sha'awar sa na fadada.

Ba zato ba tsammani, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta daina bugawa, kuma rashin bege ya kama Wolf. Wasiƙunsa suna cike da irin waɗannan furci: “Babu batun rubutawa. Allah ya san yadda za a ƙare…”. "Na daɗe da mutuwa… Ina rayuwa kamar kurma kuma wawa dabba..." "Idan ba zan iya sake yin kiɗa ba, to ba lallai ne ku kula da ni ba - ya kamata ku jefa ni cikin shara..."

Aka yi shiru tsawon shekaru biyar. Amma a cikin Maris 1895 Wolf ya sake rayuwa - a cikin watanni uku ya rubuta clavier na opera Corregidor bisa makircin shahararren marubucin Mutanen Espanya Pedro d'Alarcon. A lokaci guda ya kammala "Littafin Italiyanci na Waƙoƙi" (karin ayyukan ashirin da huɗu) kuma ya sanya zane-zane na sabon wasan opera "Manuel Venegas" (dangane da makircin d'Alarcon).

Mafarkin Wolf ya zama gaskiya - duk rayuwarsa ta girma ya nemi ya gwada hannunsa a irin nau'in opera. Ayyukan murya sun yi masa gwaji a cikin irin waƙar ban mamaki, wasu daga cikinsu, ta hanyar shigar da mawaƙin, sun kasance wuraren wasan kwaikwayo. Opera da opera kawai! ya furta a cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga wani abokinsa a 1891. “Karɓawar amincewa da aka yi mini a matsayin mawaƙin waƙa yana tayar da ni zuwa zurfin raina. Menene kuma wannan zai iya nufi, idan ba zargi ba wanda koyaushe nake tsara waƙoƙi kawai, cewa na ƙware ƙaramin nau'i ne kawai har ma da ajizanci, tunda ya ƙunshi kawai alamu na salo mai ban mamaki… “. Irin wannan jan hankali ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana mamaye duk rayuwar mawaki.

Tun daga ƙuruciyarsa, Wolf ya ci gaba da neman makirce-makirce don ra'ayinsa na opera. Amma yana da ɗanɗano na wallafe-wallafen ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun wakoki, waɗanda suka yi masa wahayi lokacin ƙirƙirar abubuwan ƙirƙira, ya kasa samun libertto wanda ya gamsar da shi. Bugu da ƙari, Wolf yana so ya rubuta wasan opera mai ban dariya tare da mutane na gaske da kuma takamaiman yanayi na yau da kullum - "ba tare da falsafar Schopenhauer ba," in ji shi, yana nufin gunkinsa Wagner.

Wolf ya ce: "Gaskiya girman mai fasaha ana samun shi cikin ko zai iya jin daɗin rayuwa." Irin wannan nau'in rayuwa ce mai daɗi, wasan ban dariya mai ban dariya wanda Wolf ya yi mafarkin rubutu. Wannan aikin, duk da haka, bai yi nasara gaba ɗaya a gare shi ba.

Don duk cancantar ta musamman, kiɗan Corregidor ba shi da, a gefe guda, haske, ƙayatarwa - ƙimarsa, a cikin yanayin Wagner's “Meistersingers”, yana da ɗan nauyi, kuma a ɗayan, ba shi da “babban taɓawa” , m ban mamaki ci gaba. Bugu da kari, akwai kurakurai da yawa a cikin shimfidar wuri, rashin isassun ingantattun daidaituwar libretto, da kuma ainihin makircin ɗan gajeren labarin d'Alarcon na “Hat mai kusurwa uku” (Takaitaccen labarin ya ba da labarin yadda wani miller da kyakykyawan matarsa, suna tsananin son junansu, suka yaudari tsohuwar mace corregidor (Alƙali mafi girma na birni, wanda, bisa ga matsayinsa, ya sa babbar hular triangular), wanda ya nemi taimakonta. . Wannan makircin ya kafa tushen Manuel's ballet de Falla's The Three Cornered Hat (1919). ya zama rashin isassun nauyi don wasan opera guda huɗu. Wannan ya sa aikin kida da wasan kwaikwayo kawai Wolf ya yi wahala ya shiga cikin matakin, kodayake farkon wasan opera ya kasance a cikin 1896 a Mannheim. Duk da haka, kwanakin rayuwar mawaƙa sun riga sun ƙidaya.

Fiye da shekara guda, Wolf ya yi aiki da fushi, "kamar injin tururi." Nan take hankalinsa ya tashi. A watan Satumba 1897, abokai dauki mawaki zuwa asibiti. Bayan 'yan watanni sai hayyacinsa ya dawo gare shi na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, amma ƙarfin aikinsa ya daina dawowa. Wani sabon hari na hauka ya zo a cikin 1898 - wannan lokacin magani bai taimaka ba: ci gaba da gurguwar cuta ta buge Wolf. Ya ci gaba da shan wahala fiye da shekaru hudu kuma ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1903.

M. Druskin

• Aikin muryar Wolf →

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

Waƙoƙin murya da piano (jimlar kusan 275) "Waƙoƙi na Mörike" (53 songs, 1888) "Waƙoƙi na Eichendorff" (20 songs, 1880-1888) "Poems na Goethe" (51 songs, 1888-1889) "Spanish Littafin Waƙoƙi" (44 wasa, 1888-1889 ) "Littafin Waƙoƙin Italiyanci" (Kashi na 1 - waƙoƙi 22, 1890-1891; kashi na 2 - waƙoƙi 24, 1896) Bugu da kari, wakokin mutum guda kan wakokin Goethe, Shakespeare, Byron, Michelangelo da sauransu.

Wakokin Cantata "Daren Kirsimeti" don gauraye mawaƙa da makaɗa (1886-1889) Waƙar Elves (zuwa kalmomi na Shakespeare) don ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mata (1889-1891) "Zuwa Uban ƙasa" (zuwa kalmomin Mörike) don mawaƙa na maza da makada (1890-1898)

Kayan aiki na kayan aiki String quartet a cikin d-moll (1879-1884) "Pentesileia", waƙar waƙar waƙar da ke kan bala'i ta H. Kleist (1883-1885) "Serenade Italiyanci" don string quartet (1887, tsari don ƙananan makaɗa - 1892)

Opera Corregidor, libretto Maireder bayan d'Alarcón (1895) "Manuel Venegas", libretto ta Gurnes bayan d'Alarcón (1897, ba a gama ba) Kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo "Iki a Solhaug" na G. Ibsen (1890-1891)