Komitas (Comitas) |

Komitas

Kiɗa na Komitas koyaushe yana burge ni kuma zan ci gaba da burge ni. A. Khachaturyan

Fitaccen mawakin Armenia, marubuci, mawaƙa, shugabar mawaƙa, malami, mawaƙa da jama'a, Komitas (ainihin suna Soghomon Gevorkovich Soghomonyan) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafawa da haɓaka makarantar mawaƙa ta ƙasa. Kwarewarsa na fassara al'adun kiɗan ƙwararrun Turawa bisa ga ƙasa, kuma musamman, shirye-shiryen murya da yawa na waƙoƙin jama'ar Armeniya na monodic (mai murya ɗaya), sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga al'ummomi masu zuwa na mawaƙan Armeniya. Komitas shi ne wanda ya kafa tarihin kade-kade na kade-kade na Armenia, wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tarihin kade-kade na kasa - ya tattara mafi kyawun tarihin ƙauyen Armeniya da tsoffin waƙoƙin Gusan (fasaha na mawaƙa-labaru). Dabarun fasaha na Komitas sun bayyana wa duniya duk wadatar al'adun gargajiya na Armeniya. Kiɗansa yana burgewa da tsafta mai ban mamaki da tsafta. Ƙwaƙwalwar waƙa mai ratsa jiki, da dabarar juzu'i na fasali masu jituwa da launi na al'adun gargajiya na ƙasa, ingantaccen rubutu, kamalar sifa sune halayen salon sa.

Komitas shine marubucin ƴan ƙananan ayyuka, gami da Liturgy ("Patarag"), piano miniatures, solo da shirye-shiryen mawaƙa na manoma da waƙoƙin birane, wuraren wasan opera guda ɗaya (“Anush”, “Waɗanda suka ci abinci”, “Sasun” jarumai"). Godiya ga fitattun iyawar kiɗan da muryarsa mai ban sha'awa, yaron marayu na farko a 1881 ya yi rajista a matsayin wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Etchmiadzin Theological Academy. Anan fitaccen gwaninsa ya bayyana: Komitas ya san ka'idar kiɗa ta Turai, ya rubuta waƙoƙin coci da na jama'a, ya fara gwaji na farko na sarrafa waƙoƙin ƙuruciya (polyphonic).

Bayan kammala karatun Kwalejin a cikin 1893, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na hieromonk kuma don girmama fitaccen mai yin waƙar Armeniya na ƙarni na XNUMX. mai suna Komitas. Ba da daɗewa ba aka nada Komitas a wurin a matsayin malamin waƙa; a layi daya, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, yana shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa na kayan kida na jama'a.

A cikin 1894-95. na farko rikodin Komitas na waƙoƙin jama'a da labarin "waƙar waƙoƙin cocin Armenia" sun bayyana a cikin bugawa. Da yake fahimtar rashin wadatar ilimin kiɗa da ka'idarsa, a 1896 Komitas ya tafi Berlin don kammala karatunsa. Tsawon shekaru uku a gidan ajiyar ra'ayi mai zaman kansa na R. Schmidt, ya karanta kwasa-kwasan hada-hada, ya dauki darussa wajen buga piano, rera waka da gudanar da wake-wake. A jami'a, Komitas yana halartar laccoci a kan falsafa, aesthetics, tarihin gabaɗaya da tarihin kiɗa. Tabbas, abin da ya fi mayar da hankali shi ne kan arzikin kade-kade na Berlin, inda yake sauraron karatuttuka da kide-kide na kade-kade na kade-kade, da kuma wasan opera. A lokacin zamansa a Berlin, yana ba da laccoci na jama'a game da al'adun gargajiya na Armeniya da kiɗan coci. Ikon Komitas a matsayin mai bincike-folklorist-bincike yana da girma har Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya ta zaɓe shi a matsayin memba kuma ta buga kayan karatunsa.

A 1899 Komitas ya koma Etchmiadzin. Shekarun aikinsa mafi fa'ida sun fara ne a fannoni daban-daban na al'adun kiɗan ƙasa - kimiyya, ƙabilanci, ƙirƙira, wasan kwaikwayo, ilimi. Yana aiki a kan babban "Tarin Ethnographic", yin rikodin game da 4000 Armenian, Kurdish, Persian da Turkawa coci da kuma wakoki na duniya, deciphering Armenian khaz (bayanin kula), nazarin ka'idar halaye, jama'a songs kansu. A cikin shekarun nan, ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen waƙoƙi don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba tare da rakiya ba, waɗanda ke da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, wanda mawaki ya haɗa a cikin shirye-shiryen kide-kide nasa. Waɗannan waƙoƙin sun bambanta da alaƙar alama da nau'ikan nau'ikan: soyayya-lyrical, ban dariya, rawa ("Spring", "Tafiya", "Tafiya, kyalkyali"). Daga cikin su akwai m monologues ("The Crane", "Song na Mara gida"), aiki ("The Lori Orovel", "The Song of Barn"), al'ada zane-zane ("Gaisuwa da safe"), almara-jarumi. ("The Brave Men of Sipan") da kuma zane-zanen wuri. ("Wata yana da taushi") kewayawa.

A cikin 1905-07. Komitas yana ba da kide kide da wake-wake da yawa, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma yana ƙwazo a ayyukan kiɗa da farfaganda. A shekara ta 1905, tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ya ƙirƙira a Etchmiadzin, ya je cibiyar al'adun kiɗa na Transcaucasia, Tiflis (Tbilisi), inda ya gudanar da kide-kide da laccoci tare da babban nasara. Bayan shekara guda, a cikin Disamba 1906, a Paris, tare da kide-kide da laccoci, Komitas ya jawo hankalin shahararrun mawaƙa, wakilan kimiyya da fasaha na duniya. jawabai sun yi matukar jin dadi. Ƙimar fasaha na gyare-gyare da abubuwan asali na Komitas yana da mahimmanci cewa ya ba C. Debussy filaye ya ce: "Idan Komitas ya rubuta kawai "Antuni" ("Waƙar Mara Gida." - DA), to wannan zai isa ya isa. a dauke shi babban mai fasaha." An buga labarin Komitas na “Kiɗa na Ƙauyen Armeniya” da tarin waƙoƙin da ya shirya shi “Armenian Lyre” a birnin Paris. Daga baya, ya gudanar da kide-kide a Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Venice.

Komawa zuwa Etchmiadzin (1907), Komitas ya ci gaba da ayyukansa masu yawa na tsawon shekaru uku. Wani shiri don ƙirƙirar opera "Anush" yana girma. A lokaci guda kuma, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Komitas da takwarorinsa na majami'u tana ƙara tabarbarewa. Budaddiyar ƙiyayya a ɓangaren limaman ɗariƙar ra'ayi, rashin fahimtar su gaba ɗaya game da muhimmancin tarihin ayyukansa, ya tilasta wa mawaƙin barin Etchmiadzin (1910) ya zauna a Konstantinoful tare da bege na ƙirƙirar gidan ajiyar Armeniya a can. Duk da cewa ya gaza cimma wannan shiri, amma Komitas yana gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da kuma yin ayyuka da kuzari iri daya - yana gudanar da kide-kide a biranen Turkiyya da Masar, yana rike da mukamin shugaban kungiyar mawakan da yake shiryawa kuma a matsayin mawakin soloist. Rikodin na rera na rera waƙar Komitas, da aka yi a cikin waɗannan shekaru, sun ba da ra'ayi game da muryarsa na timbre mai laushi, yadda ake rera waƙa, wanda ke ba da salon waƙar da aka yi na musamman da dabara. Ma’ana, shi ne ya kafa makarantar waka ta kasa.

Kamar yadda yake a baya, ana gayyatar Komitas don ba da laccoci da rahotanni a manyan cibiyoyin kiɗa na Turai - Berlin, Leipzig, Paris. Rahotanni game da kiɗan gargajiya na Armeniya, wanda aka gudanar a watan Yuni 1914. a birnin Paris a taron Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya, ya sanya, a cewarsa, babban tasiri ga mahalarta taron.

Ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na Komitas sun katse sakamakon mummunan al'amuran da suka faru na kisan kare dangi - kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Armeniyawa, wanda hukumomin Turkiyya suka shirya. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1915, bayan an ɗaure shi, an kai shi tare da gungun fitattun ’yan Armaniya na adabi da fasaha, zuwa ƙasar Turkiya mai zurfi. Bisa ga buƙatar mutane masu tasiri, Komitas an mayar da shi zuwa Constantinople. Duk da haka, abin da ya gani ya shafi tunaninsa sosai har a shekara ta 1916 ya ƙare a asibiti don masu tabin hankali. A 1919, an kai Komitas zuwa Paris, inda ya mutu. An binne ragowar mawaƙin a cikin Yerevan pantheon na masana kimiyya da masu fasaha. Ayyukan Komitas sun shiga asusun zinariya na al'adun kiɗa na Armenia. Fitaccen mawaƙin Armeniya Yeghishe Charents ya yi magana da kyau game da dangantakar jininsa da mutanensa:

Mawaki, jama'a suna ciyar da ku, kun ɗauki waƙa daga gare shi, kuna mafarkin farin ciki, kamar shi, wahalarsa da damuwa da kuka raba a cikin makomarku - don yadda hikimar mutum, aka ba ku tun daga yara masu tsabta.

D. Arutynov