Alban Berg |

Alban Berg

Soul, yadda kuke zama mafi kyau, zurfi bayan guguwar dusar ƙanƙara. P. Altenberg

A. Berg yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kiɗa na ƙarni na XNUMX. - mallakar abin da ake kira Novovensk makaranta, wanda ya ci gaba a farkon karni a kusa da A. Schoenberg, wanda ya hada da A. Webern, G. Eisler da sauransu. Berg, kamar Schoenberg, yawanci ana danganta shi da jagorancin Austro-Jamusanci (hagu ma, ga rassansa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi) godiya ga bincikensa na matsananciyar matakin bayyana harshe na kiɗa. An kira wasan operas na Berg “wasan kwaikwayo na kururuwa” saboda wannan dalili.

Berg ya kasance daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da halin da ake ciki a lokacinsa - mummunan halin rikici na al'ummar bourgeois a lokacin yakin duniya na farko da kuma shekarun da suka wuce farkon farkisanci a Turai. Ayyukansa yana da halin zamantakewa mai mahimmanci, rashin amincewa da cynicism na bourgeois mores, kamar fina-finai na Ch. Chaplin, m tausayi ga "karamin mutum". Jin rashin bege, damuwa, bala'i shine na hali don canza launi na ayyukansa. A lokaci guda, Berg ƙwararren marubuci ne wanda ya kiyaye shi a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX. romantic cult of feeling, don haka hali na baya sha tara karni. Rawar mawaƙa ta tashi da faɗuwa, faɗaɗa numfashi na babban ƙungiyar makaɗa, nunin kayan kirtani, tashin hankali na ƙasa, raira waƙa, cike da ɗimbin ra'ayoyi masu ma'ana, sun haɗa takamaiman sautin kiɗan nasa, kuma wannan cikar waƙar ya saba wa. rashin bege, grotesque da bala'i.

An haifi Berg a cikin iyali inda suke son littattafai, suna sha'awar kunna piano, rera waƙa. Babban dan uwan ​​​​Charlie ya tsunduma cikin rawar murya, kuma wannan ya haifar da matashi Alban don tsara waƙoƙi da yawa tare da rakiyar piano. Da yake son samun ƙwararrun ilimi a cikin abubuwan kiɗan, Berg ya fara karatu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Schoenberg, wanda ya yi suna a matsayin ƙwararren malami. Ya koya daga samfurin gargajiya, yayin da a lokaci guda yana samun damar yin amfani da sababbin dabaru don sababbin nau'ikan maganganu. A zahiri, horon ya kasance daga 1904 zuwa 1910, daga baya wannan sadarwar ta girma zuwa abokantaka mafi kusanci ga rayuwa.

Daga cikin abubuwan haɗin kai na farko na Berg a cikin salo shine Piano Sonata, mai launin launi tare da waƙoƙi mai daɗi (1908). Duk da haka, wasan kwaikwayo na farko na kade-kade bai tada hankulan masu saurare ba; Berg, kamar Schoenberg da Webern, sun sami tazara tsakanin burinsu na hagu da kuma ɗanɗano na al'umma.

A cikin 1915-18. Berg yayi aiki a soja. Bayan ya dawo, ya shiga cikin aikin Society for Private Performances, ya rubuta articles, ya shahara a matsayin malami (an tuntube shi, musamman, da sanannen masanin falsafa na Jamus T. Adorno).

Aikin da ya kawo karramawa mawaƙin a duk duniya shine opera Wozzeck (1921), wanda aka fara (bayan karatun 137) a 1925 a Berlin. A shekara ta 1927, an yi wasan opera a Leningrad, kuma marubucin ya zo wurin farko. A cikin mahaifarsa, ba da daɗewa ba aka dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon na Wozzeck - yanayin duhun da ya haifar da ci gaban farkisanci na Jamus ya kasance mai kauri mai ban tsoro. A cikin aiwatar da aiki a kan opera "Lulu" (bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na F. Wedekind "Ruhun Duniya" da "Pandora ta Akwatin"), ya ga cewa ba a cikin tambaya don tada shi a kan mataki, da aikin ya kasance ba a gama ba. Da jin ƙiyayyar da ke kewaye da duniya, Berg ya rubuta "waƙar swan" a cikin shekarar mutuwarsa - Violin Concerto "A cikin Ƙwaƙwalwar Mala'ika".

A cikin shekaru 50 na rayuwarsa, Berg ya kirkiro ƙananan ayyuka. Shahararru daga cikin wadannan su ne wasan opera Wozzeck da kuma Concerto na Violin; opera "Lulu" kuma ana yin ta da yawa; "Lyrical Suite for Quartet" (1926); Sonata don piano; Chamber concerto na piano, violin da 13 iska kida (1925), concert aria "Wine" (a kan tashar ta C. Baudelaire, fassara ta S. George - 1929).

A cikin aikinsa, Berg ya kirkiro sabbin nau'ikan wasan opera da ayyukan kayan aiki. An rubuta opera "Wozzeck" bisa wasan kwaikwayo na "Woizeck" na H. Buchner. "Babu wani misali na wani abun da ke ciki a cikin wallafe-wallafen opera na duniya, wanda jarumin ya kasance karamin mutum mai rauni wanda ke aiki a cikin al'amuran yau da kullum, wanda aka zana tare da irin wannan taimako mai ban mamaki" (M. Tarakanov). Batman Wozzeck, wanda kyaftin dinsa ke zage-zage, yana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen charlatan ta likitan maniac, ya canza halitta mai tsada kawai - Marie. An hana shi bege na ƙarshe a rayuwarsa mara kyau, Wozzeck ya kashe Marie, bayan haka shi da kansa ya mutu a cikin fadama. Siffar irin wannan makircin wani aiki ne na zagin jama'a mafi kaifi. Haɗuwa da abubuwa masu banƙyama, dabi'a, waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa, abubuwan ban tsoro a cikin wasan opera suna buƙatar haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan sautin murya - nau'ikan recitative iri daban-daban, dabarar tsaka-tsaki tsakanin raira da magana (Sprechstimme), halayen innation na karya a cikin waƙar. ; hypertrophy na sifofin kiɗa na nau'ikan yau da kullun - waƙoƙi, tafiya, waltzes, polkas, da dai sauransu, yayin da yake kiyaye cikakkiyar cikar ƙungiyar makaɗa. B. Asafiev ya rubuta game da daidaituwar maganin kiɗan a Wozzeck tare da ra'ayin akida: “… Ban san wani wasan opera na yau da kullun wanda, fiye da Wozzeck, zai ƙarfafa manufar zamantakewar kiɗa a matsayin harshe kai tsaye na ji. musamman tare da irin wannan makirci mai ban mamaki kamar wasan kwaikwayo Buechner, kuma tare da irin wannan wayo da basirar ɗaukar hoto ta hanyar kiɗa, kamar yadda Berg ya yi nasara.

Violin Concerto ya zama sabon mataki a cikin tarihin wannan nau'in - an ba shi mummunan hali na requiem. An rubuta concerto a ƙarƙashin ra'ayi na mutuwar yarinya mai shekaru goma sha takwas, don haka ya karbi sadaukarwa "A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Mala'ika". Sassan wasan kide-kide suna nuna hotunan gajeriyar rayuwar saurayi da saurin mutuwa. Gabatarwar tana ba da jin daɗin rashin ƙarfi, rashin ƙarfi da wasu rabewa; Scherzo, alama ce ta farin ciki na rayuwa, an gina shi a kan raƙuman waltzes, masu mallakar gidaje, yana ƙunshe da waƙar Carinthian jama'a; Cadenza ya ƙunshi rushewar rayuwa, yana haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin magana mai haske na aikin; Bambance-bambancen Choral suna kaiwa ga catharsis mai tsarkakewa, wanda aka kwatanta da ambaton JS Bach's chorale (daga ruhaniya cantata No. 60 Es ist genug).

Ayyukan Berg ya yi tasiri sosai ga mawaƙa na ƙarni na XNUMX. kuma, musamman, a kan Soviet - D. Shostakovich, K. Karaev, F. Karaev, A. Schnittke da sauransu.

V. Kholopova

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