Ilimin waka |

Tsarin ƙware da ilimi, ƙwarewa da iyawar da ake buƙata don ayyukan kiɗa, da kuma jimillar ilimi da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar da aka samu a sakamakon horo. Karkashin M. o. sau da yawa fahimtar ainihin tsarin tsarin muses. koyo. Babban hanyar samun M. o. - shirye-shirye a ƙarƙashin jagorancin malami, mafi yawan lokuta a cikin asusun. cibiyar. Za a iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar ilmantarwa, da kuma haɗakar da ilimi da basira a cikin aikin prof. aikin kiɗa ko shiga cikin ayyukan mai son. yin kiɗa. Bambance M. game da. gabaɗaya, wanda ke ba da ilimi, ƙwarewa da iyawa gwargwadon abin da ake buƙata don ayyukan masu son ko kawai don fahimtar kiɗa, da M. o. na musamman, shirya wa prof. aiki (hadawa, yin, kimiyya, ilmantarwa). M. o. na iya zama firamare (ƙananan), tsakiya da sama, yanke a kusan duk ƙasashe na musamman ne. hali. Gabaɗaya didactic. ka'idar reno ilimi kuma tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da M. o. kuma yana nunawa a cikin abubuwan da ke ciki, hanyoyi da siffofin kungiya. Janar kuma na musamman M. o. yana ba da shawarar haɗin kan kwayoyin halitta na ilimin kiɗa da kiɗa. ilimi: ba kawai malamin kiɗa ba shine ilimin gama gari. Makarantu da koyar da yara da ba su ilimin kida na gaba daya, yana karantar da su ta hanyar waka da fahimtarsa, amma malamin prof. makarantun kiɗa na kowane mataki, gabatar da makomar kiɗan. adadi ga ilimi da basira na musamman, a lokaci guda yana samar da halayensa - ra'ayin duniya, kyawawan halaye da kyawawan halaye, so da hali.

M. o. - nau'in tarihi, kuma a cikin al'umma mai daraja - mai daraja-tarihi. Manufofin, abun ciki, matakin, hanyoyin da tsari. M. ta siffofin game da. ƙaddara ta hanyar canzawa cikin tarihin muses. al'adu, zamantakewa, nat. takamaiman, rawar kiɗa. art-va a cikin rayuwar wannan al'umma, muz.-aesthetic. ra'ayoyi, salon kiɗa. kerawa, nau'ikan kiɗan da ke akwai. ayyuka, ayyuka da mawaƙa ke yi, ƙwararrun koyarwa na gabaɗaya. ra'ayoyi da matakin ci gaban muses. ilmantarwa. Halin M. game da. haka kuma saboda shekarun dalibi, iyawarsa, irin waka. ayyukan da suke tanadar masa, da dai sauran su. sauran kiɗan. An gina koyarwar yaro dabam da ta babba, kuma wasa, a ce, violin ya bambanta da wasan piano. Bugu da ƙari, an san shi gabaɗaya a cikin manyan kiɗan zamani. Ilimin koyarwa (ga duk bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya ƙididdige su ba a cikin sifofinsa da hanyoyinsa) ƙa'idodi ne guda biyu: Janar M. o. ba za a iya kuma bai kamata a maye gurbinsa da na musamman ba (wanda galibi ana ba da fifiko kan koyar da dabarun fasaha, sarrafa bayanan kida-ka'idar, da sauransu); kiɗan gabaɗaya. tarbiyya da tarbiyya ita ce tushen wajibi wanda ya wajaba a gina na musamman. M. o.

A farkon matakan ci gaban al'ummar ɗan adam, lokacin da babu wani aiki na musamman na mawaƙa kuma duk membobin kabilanci da kansu sun haifar da haɓaka-sihiri. kankara ayyuka da aikata su da kansu, muses. basirar, a fili, ba a koyar da su musamman ba, kuma ƙanana daga cikin manya ne suka karbe su. A nan gaba, kiɗa da sihiri. Shamans da shuwagabannin kabilanci ne suka mamaye ayyukan, ta haka ne suka kafa harsashin rarrabuwar kawuna a lokutan da suka biyo baya. fasaha. sana’a, wacce mawakin ya kasance a lokaci guda. dan rawa da mawaka. Lokacin art. al'ada, ko da a cikin yanayin al'umma kafin aji, ya kai matsayi mai girma, akwai bukatar musamman. koyo. Wannan, musamman, yana tabbatar da gaskiyar abubuwan da suka shafi al'ummomi. rayuwar Indiyawan Arewa. Amurka kafin mulkin mallaka da Turawa suka yi: a cikin 'yan asalin Arewa. Amurka, an biya kudin koyar da sabbin wakoki (daga murya); tsoffin mazaunan Mexico suna da ilimin kiɗa. Cibiyoyin koyar da waƙoƙi da raye-raye, kuma tsoffin mutanen Peru sun koyar da karatun almara mai daɗi. almara. Kusan lokacin da a cikin wayewar duniyar duniyar da al'ada, gidan sarauta, sojoji sun fara rarraba a fili. da kiɗan rumman da lokacin da aka kafa Dec. nau'ikan mawakan da ke tsaye a matakai daban-daban na zamantakewa (mawakan haikali karkashin jagorancin mawaƙin firist; mawakan fada suna yabon sarki-sarauta, soja. mawakan iska da kaɗe-kaɗe, wasu lokuta ma suna da manyan mukamai na soja; a ƙarshe, mawaƙa, sau da yawa suna yawo, rera waƙa da wasa a lokacin bunks. bukukuwa da bukukuwan iyali), sun haɗa da farkon warwatse bayanai game da M. game da. Mafi tsufansu na ƙasar Masar ne, inda a ƙarshen zamanin Tsohon Mulkin (c. 2500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. e) adv. mawaƙa sun wuce horo na musamman, kuma daga baya, a lokacin zamanin daular XII na Masarautar Tsakiyar Tsakiya (2000-1785), firistoci, suna yin hukunci da hotuna masu rai, sun zama malamai waɗanda suka koyar da su rera waƙa ga zither, tafawa da hatimi. . An ɗauka cewa Memphis ya kasance na dogon lokaci a mayar da hankali ga makarantu inda ake nazarin al'adun gargajiya da na duniya. A tsohuwar kasar Sin a karni na 11-3. B. e. a zamanin Zhou. game da., to-roe aika na musamman. sashen fadar da ke karkashin kulawar sarki, ya taka rawar gani a rayuwar al'umma kuma ya hada da ch. ar. cewa an koya wa yara maza rera waƙa da kida da rawa. Kasar Girka na daya daga cikin kasashe na farko da suka ba da muhimmanci ga zamantakewa da siyasa. gefen music, ta "ethos" da kuma inda muses. horarwa ta fito fili ta bi tsarin siyasa. ilimi. burin. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa asalin Girkanci M. game da. aka kafa a tsibirin Crete, inda yara maza na free azuzuwan koyi raira waƙa, instr. kiɗa da gymnastics, waɗanda aka yi la'akari da su azaman haɗin kai. Na 7 in. B. e. wani tsibiri na Girka, Lesvos, ya kasance “cigaba da kiyayewa.” Anan, wanda Terpander ya jagoranta, wanda ya kammala kithara, an kafa makarantar kitfareds da tushe na fasaha na prof. kyfaristics, watau da ikon furta rubutu, rera waƙa da raka. Sana'ar aeds (mawaƙa-masu ba da labari), waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na bitar masu sana'a a tsohuwar Girka kuma su ne masu kiyaye wasu al'adun baka, an rarraba su daga tsara zuwa tsara. M. game da. Aeda ta kunshi cewa malami (sau da yawa uba) ya koya wa yaron wasan cithara, auna karatun wakoki, da dokokin waka. versification da kuma isar masa da adadin wakokin da malamin da kansa ya yi ko kuma sun zo masa ta al’ada. A cikin Sparta, tare da tsarin rayuwar sa na soja da jiha. kula da cigaban ilimi, mawaka. An yi la’akari da rera waƙa a matsayin abin da ya dace na ilimin samari, waɗanda lokaci-lokaci suna yin wasan kwaikwayo a al’umma da bukukuwa. A Athens, a cikin aiwatar da abin da ake kira. ilimin kida, yaran sun yi karatu da sauransu. batutuwa da kiɗa, da koyarwa suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud tare da haɗar mafi kyawun misalan Girkanci. adabi da didactic. shayari. Yawanci, har zuwa shekaru 14, yara maza sun tsunduma cikin wasan cithara a makarantu masu zaman kansu da ake biyan kuɗi kuma sun ƙware da fasahar citharistic. An yi amfani da monochord don tace tazara da filaye. gagarumin tasiri a kan kiɗa. horo a Girka an yi shi ta hanyar kiɗa da ƙawa. da kuma ra'ayoyin koyarwa na Plato da Aristotle. Plato ya yi imanin cewa “ilimin kiɗa” yana samuwa ga kowane matashi kuma bai kamata kuma ba za a iya zama batun kiɗan ɗalibin ko rashin kidan ba. Bayani game da M. game da. cikin Dr. Roma tana da wuya sosai. T. saboda Roma ta zama siyasa. tsakiya a karni na 2. B. e., a lokacin babbar rana ta Hellenistic. wayewa, sai kidan Rum. al'ada kuma, a fili, Roman M. game da. ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sanannun tasirin Hellenism. Kiɗa, duk da haka, sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa azaman kimiyya. horo, a waje da dangantakarsa kai tsaye da rayuwa, kuma wannan ba zai iya rinjayar koyo ba. Barka da ranar haihuwa. gefe, M. game da.

Bangaren da'a na ilimin kiɗa, wanda ke kan gaba a cikin tsoffin Helenawa, ya sami ƙarancin kulawa a lokacin daular Roma.

A cikin shekarun farko da na gargajiya na gargajiya. An halicci al'ada ta hanyar ƙwararrun mutane waɗanda suka tsaya a matakai daban-daban na matsayi na zamantakewa: mawaƙa-masu kida da mawaƙa-ma'aikata (cantors da instrumentalists, farko organists) hade da coci da cult music, trouvers, troubadours da minnesingers, adv. mawaƙa, barade-masu ba da labari, duwatsu. 'yan kida na iska, 'yan iska da goliards, spielmans da minstrels, da dai sauransu. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen, galibi masu adawa, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun mawaƙa (da kuma mawaƙa masu daraja, bisa ga muses. shirye-shirye, wani lokacin ba kasa da ƙwararru) ƙware ilimi da fasaha ta hanyoyi daban-daban: wasu - a cikin waƙa. makarantu (shap. ar. a gidajen ibada da manyan cathedrals), kuma tun daga karni na 13. kuma a cikin manyan takalman Jawo, wasu - a cikin yanayin muses. horar da kantin kuma a aikace kai tsaye. watsa hadisai daga ubangida ga dalibai. A cikin gidajen ibada, waɗanda a farkon zamanai na tsakiyar zamanai suka kasance matattarar ilimin Greco-Roman, sun yi karatu tare da Girkanci. da lat. harsuna da lissafi, kiɗa. Monastic, kuma daga baya, mawaƙa na cocin coci. makarantu sune foci prof. M. o., kuma galibin fitattun mawaka sun fito daga bangon wadannan makarantu. alkaluma na wancan lokacin. Daya daga cikin manyan mawaka. Makarantu shine "Schola Cantorum" a kotun Paparoma a Rome (kafin tushe. 600, wanda aka sake tsarawa a cikin 1484), wanda ya zama abin koyi don lissafin kuɗi. cibiyoyin makamantansu. rubuta a cikin garuruwan Zap. Turai (yawancinsu sun kai matsayi mai girma, musamman makarantu a Soissons da Metz). Hanyoyin koyarwa. waƙa ta dogara da haɗakar waƙa ta kunne. Malamin ya yi amfani da hanyoyin cheironomy: motsin muryar sama da ƙasa ana nuna shi ta yanayin motsin hannu da yatsu. Don ƙware bayanan ƙa'idar ya kasance na musamman. uku. littattafan da aka rubuta da hannu, yawanci ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin malami da ɗalibi (misali, littafi. "Dialogue de musica" - "Tattaunawa game da kiɗa", wanda aka danganta ga O. von Saint-Maur); Sau da yawa ana koya su da zuciya. Don tsabta, an yi amfani da adadi da teburi. Kamar yadda yake a zamanin da, monochord yayi aiki don bayyana tazara tsakanin sautuna. Hanyoyin kiɗa. Ilimi ya sami wasu sauye-sauye bayan sake fasalin Guido d'Arezzo (ƙarni na 11), wanda ya zama tushen zamani. rubuce-rubucen kiɗa; ya gabatar da sandar layi mai layi hudu, da sunan harafin makullin, da kuma sunaye. matakai na tashin hankali mataki shida. Daga kusan 10th c. Makarantun zuhudu sun mayar da hankali ch. ar. a cikin al'adar rera waƙa da rasa sha'awar kiɗa da kimiyya. ilimi. Ko da yake sun ci gaba da rike matsayi na jagoranci a cikin cocin kiɗa na shekaru masu zuwa. wayewa, sannu a hankali himma a fagen ci gaban muses. al'adu, musamman o., suna zuwa makarantun babban coci. Anan, haɓakar haɓaka (musamman a cikin ƙarni na 12) an tsara shi don haɗa ka'idar kiɗa-kaɗa. ilimi tare da aiki, yi da kuma tsarawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin malamai na wannan nau'in ita ce makaranta a Cathedral na Notre Dame (Paris), wanda ya zama abin koyi ga metris na gaba. A cikin doki. 12 a cikin. a birnin Paris, wani "kungiya na jami'a" na masters da dalibai ya tashi, wanda ya kafa harsashin Jami'ar Paris (main. 1215). A ciki, a sashen fasaha, tare da ci gaban kiɗa na coci. An yi nazarin rayuwar yau da kullum a cikin tsarin "fasahar kyauta bakwai" da kiɗa. Dangane da ra'ayoyin da aka saba gani a cikin waɗannan shekarun a Turai, an ba da kulawa mafi girma ga kimiyya da ka'idoji. gefe, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a cikin ruhin tiyoloji, ra'ayi mai zurfi. Hakazalika, mambobin kungiyar jami’o’i, kasancewar wasu lokuta ba mawakan ka’ida kadai ba, har ma da masu sana’a (masu wasan kwaikwayo da mawaka), suna da kusanci da wakokin yau da kullum. Wannan kuma ya shafi kiɗan. koyo. A cikin 12-14 ƙarni. high Jawo takalma, a cikin abin da music aka nazarin. kimiyya, ya taso a wasu garuruwan Yammacin Turai: a Cambridge (1129), Oxford (1163), Prague (1348), Krakow (1364), Vienna (1365), Heidelberg (1386). A wasu daga cikinsu, kida-ka'idar. ana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje don samun digiri na farko da na biyu. Babban malamin jami'a-mawaƙin wannan zamanin shine ni. Muris, ilimin ayyukan wanda shekaru da yawa an dauke shi wajibi ne a Turai. un-tah Ga Tsakanin Zamani. M. game da. Har ila yau, halayyar: mai tsanani, ba shakka mai son, kiɗa. horo, wanda sau da yawa samu knightly matasa, a makarantu a monasteries da Katolika. temples, a kotuna, da kuma a kan aiwatar da sabawa a lokacin tafiye-tafiye da kuma yakin da kasashen waje muses. al'adu; horarwa masu amfani na kayan aiki (ch. ar. masu busa ƙaho, trombonists da violists) ƙarƙashin yanayin da suka haɓaka ta ƙarni na 13. ƙungiyoyin sana'a na mawaƙa, inda yanayi da tsawon lokacin aiki tare da masu yin wasan gaba an ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙa'idodin bita na musamman da aka haɓaka cikin shekaru da yawa; horar da ƙwararrun mawaƙan kayan aiki da ungiyoyin coci-coci (hanyoyin na ƙarshe sun kasance gabaɗaya a cikin karni na 15.

A cikin Renaissance, manyan muses. alkaluma sun yi adawa da scholasticism a ka'idar kiɗa da kiɗa. koyo, duba ma'anar darussan kiɗa a aikace. yin kida (a cikin tsara kiɗa da yin), yin ƙoƙari don daidaita ka'idar da aiki a cikin haɗakar muses. ilimi da samun basira, suna nema a cikin kiɗan kanta da kuma a cikin kiɗan. koyon ikon hada kayan ado. da farkon da'a (ka'idar aro daga tsohuwar kayan ado). Game da wannan babban layi na muses. Hakanan ana samun shaidar koyarwa ta hanyar daidaitawa na uch da yawa. littattafan da aka buga a cikin con. 15- bara. Karni na 16 (ban da littafin da aka ambata Pauman), - ayyukan Faransanci. masanin kimiyya N. Vollik (tare da malaminsa M. Schanpecher), Jamusanci - I. Kohleus, wanda ya yi tsayayya da yawancin bugu, Swiss - G. Glarean, da dai sauransu.

Ci gaban M. game da. Tsarin ingantattun daidaito kuma a lokaci guda m bayanin kida, wanda aka kafa a cikin Renaissance, da farkon bayanin kida ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan. Kidan da aka gyara. rubuce-rubuce da buga buga waƙa. rubuce-rubuce da littattafai tare da misalan kiɗa sun haifar da abubuwan da ake bukata waɗanda suka sauƙaƙe kayan aikin muses. koyarwa da watsa kiɗa. gwaninta daga tsara zuwa tsara. Ƙoƙarin kiɗa. koyarwa an yi niyya ne don samar da sabon nau'in mawaƙa, a hankali samun babban matsayi a cikin kiɗa. al'ada, - mawaƙi mai ilimi mai amfani, wanda ya inganta a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa tun lokacin yaro. rera waka, wasa da gabobi, da sauransu. kayan aikin ƙanƙara (ƙara koyaushe, musamman tun ƙarni na 16, ƙimar instr. kiɗan ya shafi ilmantarwa), a cikin kiɗa. ka'idar da art-ve don tsara kiɗa da to-ry daga baya sun ci gaba da shiga cikin farfesa iri-iri. aikin kankara. Ƙwararren ƙwarewa a cikin zamani. fahimta, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba: mawaƙi, na larura, dole ne ya sami damar motsawa daga wannan nau'in aiki zuwa wani, da kuma sana'ar tsara kiɗa da ingantawa a cikin shekarun da tsarawa ba ta da 'yanci. sana'a, duk wanda ke karbar M. game da. Samuwar wani sabon nau'in mawaƙa mai faɗin bayanin ya haifar da bullar makarantun kiɗan. basira, a lokaci guda kuma su kansu wadannan makarantu ne suke jagoranta ta hanyoyi. ƴan kankara sun taimaka wajen samar da ƙwararrun mawaƙa. Waɗannan makarantu guda ɗaya, waɗanda aka shirya a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi kuma a ƙasashe daban-daban sun bambanta. siffofin kungiya, yawanci ana ƙirƙira su a manyan cibiyoyin, inda akwai yanayi don horo da aiki. ayyukan matasa mawaƙa. A wasu makarantu, an ba da fifiko ga kundin sani. Ilimin ilimin ka'idar kiɗa da aikin rubuce-rubuce, a cikin wasu (musamman a cikin karni na 18) - akan wasan kwaikwayo (a tsakanin mawaƙa, alal misali, da ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar virtuoso). Daga cikin fitattun mawakan da suka assasa wadannan makarantu akwai sunayen da dama daga G. Dufai, X. Isaka, Orlando Lasso, A. Willart da J. Tsarlino (ƙarni na 15-16) zuwa J. B. Martin, F. E. Baha, N. Porpora da J. Tartini (karni na 18). Makarantun kiɗa. ƙwararre an ƙirƙira ta kusa da ɗaya ko wata nat. al'adun ƙanƙara, duk da haka, tasirin waɗannan ƙasa. makarantun koyar da waka Dr. kasashe suna da matukar muhimmanci. Sau da yawa ayyuka, misali, niderl. malamai sun ci gaba a Jamus, Jamusanci - a Faransa, da Faransanci., Niderl. ko kuma shi. matasa mawaka sun kammala M. game da. a Italiya ko Switzerland, da dai sauransu. game da. nasarorin da aka samu na ɗaiɗaikun makarantu sun zama ƙasashen Turai. gama gari. Ƙungiyar kiɗa. ilmantarwa ya gudana ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci (yafi a cikin Faransa da Netherlands) shine metriza. A cikin wannan makarantar mawaƙa a ƙarƙashin gidajen ibadar Katolika na tsari. koya wa yara maza kiɗa (waƙa, kunna gabo, ka'idar) kuma a lokaci guda. ana gudanar da darussa na ilimi gabaɗaya tun suna ƙanana. Yana nufin adadin mafi girman mashawartan polyphonic na ƙarni na 15-17. samu M. game da. a metriza, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa Babban Faransanci. juyin juya hali (a Faransa kawai ya kasance a lokacin. mita 400). Makarantu iri-iri kuma sun kasance a wasu ƙasashe (misali, makarantar a Seville Cathedral). A Italiya, daga gidajen marayu (conservatorio), inda aka dauki yara maza masu hazaka (Naples) da 'yan mata (Venice), a cikin karni na 16. akwai kankara uku na musamman. cibiyoyin (duba Conservatory). Baya ga gidajen marayu "tare da nuna son rai" a Italiya, an halicci wasu. Makarantun kiɗa. Kwararrun malamai da aka koyar a wasu ɗakunan ajiya da makarantu (A. Scarlati, A. Vivaldi da sauransu). Na 18 in. Kwalejin Philharmonic Academy a Bologna ta ji daɗin shaharar Turai duka (duba. Bologna Philharmonic Academy), memba kuma ainihin jagoran swarm shine J. B. Martini. Kiɗa. horo ya ci gaba a cikin manyan takalman Jawo; Duk da haka, a kasashe daban-daban an gudanar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Tsarin gabaɗaya yana da halaye: koyarwar kiɗa a cikin ƙarni na 15-16. sannu a hankali warware daga scholasticism, da kuma music fara karatu ba kawai a matsayin kimiyya, amma kuma a matsayin art. Don haka, malamin jami'a G. A cikin laccocinsa da rubuce-rubucensa, Glare-an ya ɗauki kiɗa duka a matsayin kimiyya da fasaha. yi A cikin karni na 17, lokacin da nazarin kiɗa. theories a mafi yawan kasashen Turai. manyan takalman Jawo sun kasance suna raguwa (sha'awar kiɗa da kimiyya. lamuran sun fara farfaɗo ne kawai zuwa tsakiya. Karni na 18), a Ingila al'adun tsohuwar kida-ka'idar. an kiyaye koyo. Koyaya, rawar kunna kiɗa a cikin da'irar ɗan adam kuma tare da Ingilishi. Yadi yana da mahimmanci sosai, don haka jami'o'in Oxford da Cambridge sun nemi shirya ƙwararrun ƙwararru da masu son waɗanda ba kawai sun san ka'idar kiɗa ba, har ma suna da ƙwarewar aiki. basira (tare da rera waƙa, ɗalibai sun koyi wasa da lute, viol da budurwa). A wasu biranen Jamus, kiɗa. horo daga jami'a "artistic. f-tov ”ya koma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da aka tsara a cikin ikon tunani. Don haka, a Cologne a farkon. 16 a cikin. akwai irin waɗannan kamfanoni guda huɗu, masu zaman kansu ba tare da juna ba, amma suna ba da rahoto ga shugaba ɗaya. Kiɗa. An kuma shirya horo a cikin majami'u (a kotunan duniya ko na ruhaniya), inda adv. Kapellmeister - sau da yawa mawaƙi mai iko - ya koyar da kiɗa ga matasa masu kida, masu shiga cikin kotu na gaba. ensembles, da kuma yara daga iyalai masu daraja. Samun gama gari, kuma wani lokacin na musamman. M. game da. ya kuma bayar da gudunmawa ga wasu kungiyoyi da ba su bi uch ba. raga, misali. Jamus mai son al'ummomin na singing masters (meistersingers), membobinsu, biyayya da tsananin kayyade hadisai. dokoki da mikawa ga adadin shekaru na musamman. gwaje-gwaje, a hankali ya hau "tsani na lakabi" daga "mawaƙi" zuwa "marubuci na waƙoƙi" kuma, a ƙarshe, zuwa "gwajin". Wani nau'in kiɗan ɗan ɗan bambanta. "'yan'uwa" (sing. da instr.) kuma suna samuwa a cikin wasu. Turai kasashe. Janar M. o., to-roe farawa daga kusan karni na 16. a fili ya rabu da na musamman, an gudanar da shi a daban-daban na makarantun sakandare Ch. ar. Cantors masu kula da cocin makaranta. kiɗa. Na 17 in. a kasashen Protestant (M. Luther da sauran wakilan gyare-gyare sun haɗe da ɗabi'a mai girma. ma'ana ga m. o.) Cantors, baya ga koyar da darussan makaranta, sun kuma koyar da waƙa da jagorancin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na makaranta, waɗanda suka yi ayyuka da yawa a cikin coci. da duwatsu. rayuwa. A wasu makarantu, cantors suma sun jagoranci instr. azuzuwan, ba da damar kunna kiɗa ga yara da matasa waɗanda, saboda wani dalili ko wani, ba su iya waƙa. Duk da haka, a matsayin mai mulkin, hanyar zuwa kayan aiki sai ta tafi ta hanyar waƙa. Dangane da mafi girman hankali ga kimiyyar halitta da lissafi, da kuma tasirin ra'ayi, da dai sauransu. dalilai a cikin karni na 18. ma'ana da ƙarar kiɗan. azuzuwan in lat. makarantu sun ƙi (tare da ƴan kaɗan, kamar a cikin Thomasschule a Leipzig). Idan cantors a shekarun baya sun sami horo na jami'a, sun kasance masu ilimi sosai a fagen ilimin bil'adama kuma galibi suna da lakabi na digiri ko masters, sannan a cikin 2nd jol. 18 a cikin. sun rikide zuwa malaman makada na makaranta, wadanda iliminsu bai wuce makarantar hauza ba. Akan kiɗa. ƙwararrun masu tunani sun tasiri ilimi sosai - Czech J. A. Comenius (karni na 17) da Bafaranshe J. G. Rousseau (karni na 18). Uch. Littattafai, waɗanda aka buga a cikin ƙarni na 16-18, sun nuna yanayin muses. ilimin ilmantarwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban gabaɗaya da na musamman. M. game da. kuma ya ba da gudummawa wajen sanin mawakan wata ƙasa tare da nasarorin kida da ilimi na wata. Magunguna na ƙarni na 16 da 17 (Thomas na San ta Maria, 1565; J. Diruta, awa 1, 1593, tare da adadin sake bugawa, sa'o'i 2, 1609; Spiridion, 1670) an sadaukar da su. c. ar. kunna kayan kida na madannai da ka'idar abun ciki na kiɗa. Yana nufin adadin mafi ban sha'awa kuma ya jure gwajin lokaci uch. wallafe-wallafe, kamar dai taƙaitawa da ƙarfafa nasarorin instr., wok. da kiɗa-ka'idar. ilimi, an buga shi a cikin karni na 18: littafin I. Mattheson “Cikakken Kapellmeister” (“Der vollkommene Capelmeister…”, 1739), yana rufe kidan gabaɗaya. aiwatar da lokacinsa, uch. Littattafai akan bass na gabaɗaya da ka'idar abun ciki ta F. AT. Marpurga - "Maganin Fugue" ("Abhandlung von der Fuge", TI 1-2, 1753-1754); "Jagora zuwa ga babban bass da abun da ke ciki" ("Handbuch bey dem Generalbasse und Composition", Tl 1-3, 1755-58), aiki na I. Й. Fuchs “Mataki zuwa Parnassus” (“Gradus ad Parnassum…”, 1725, a cikin lat. lang., sannan aka buga a cikin Jamusanci, Italiyanci, Faransanci. da Ingilishi. lang.) da J. B. Martini "Misali ko kuma ainihin ƙwarewar aiki na ma'amala" ("Esemplare o sia saggio fondamentale pratico di contrappunto...", pt. 1-2, 1774-75); littattafai da makarantu, wanda DOS. an mai da hankali kan koyon kida. kayan aiki, M. Saint-Lambert "Ayyukan kan mawaƙa" ("Principes de Clavecin", 1702), P. Couperin "The Art of Playing the Harpsichord" ("L'art de toucher le Clavecin", 1717), P. E. Bach "Kwarewa a Daidaitaccen Hanya na Wasa Clavier" ("Versuch über die wahre Art, das Ciavier zu spielen", Tl 1-2, 1753-62), I. DA. Quantz “Kwarewa a cikin sarrafa busa sarewa” (“Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen”, 1752, tare da sake bugawa. a cikin Jamusanci, Faransanci da ƙari yaz.), L. Mozart's "Kwarewar Makarantar Violin mai ƙarfi" ("Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756, tare da sake bugawa); aiki wok. ilimi P. F. Tosi “Bangarorin kan tsofaffi da sababbin mawaƙa” (“Opinioni de'cantori antichi e moderni”, 1723, an fassara tare da kari akansa. yaz. DA. F. Agricola, 1757, da dai sauransu. Turai rubuta.). Na 18 in. an ƙirƙiri wani babban wallafe-wallafen kiɗa, wanda marubutan da gangan suka tsara ayyukan ilimi da koyarwa - daga makarantun asali na violin, cello, viola, garaya, sarewa, bassoon, oboe, clavier da waƙa M. Correta (1730-82) zuwa irin ƙwararrun ƙwararru kamar su "Essercizi" (wanda aka sani da sonatas) na D. Scarlatti, ƙirƙira da karimci I.

Babban Faransanci. Juyin juya halin ya nuna sauyi a tarihin al'adun kiɗa da, musamman, a cikin M. game da. Ƙirƙirar Conservatory na Paris yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da wannan taron. Kusan. 18 a cikin. M. game da. An kafa shi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar sababbin abubuwa kuma yana jurewa halittu. canje-canje, kodayake wasu tsoffin al'adun koyarwa da hanyoyin koyarwa sun kasance ba su canzawa shekaru da yawa. Dimokuradiyya na kiɗa-gidan wasan kwaikwayo. da conc. rayuwa, bullowar sabbin gidajen wasan opera, qirqirar sabbin makada. ƙungiyoyin jama'a, bunƙasa instr. kida da nagarta, da faffadan ci gaban kidan gida da kowane irin mawaka. al'ummomin, dan damuwa a cikin sashen. kasashe game da koyar da kiɗa a makarantar sakandare - duk wannan yana buƙatar ƙarin muses. adadi (masu wasan kwaikwayo da malamai), da kuma mai da hankali kan ingantawa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Babban abin da ya fi dacewa a cikin wannan ƙwarewa shi ne cewa horar da zane-zane a matsayin mai fassara da virtuoso, da kuma mai son, an raba shi da horar da kayan aiki da haɓakawa, da horar da mawaƙa na ka'idar, duk da cewa ya ɗan rage. har, an rabu da horo na mawaki. Ƙwarewa a fagen wani nau'i ko wani zai yi. art-va, kazalika da bukatu na nagarta daga mai fassara, to-rye gabatar muses. wallafe-wallafe, ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in asusu. alawus - zane-zane da aka nufa Ch. ar. domin ci gaban instr. fasaha (zane-zane na M. Clementi, I. Karamar, K. Cherny da sauransu. za fp;. R. Kreuzer, J. Mazasa, Sh. Berio da sauransu. don violin, da sauransu). Har ila yau, ilimin kiɗan ya sami tasiri ta hanyar haɓaka da haɓaka da inganci idan aka kwatanta da karni na 18. Matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban - masu zaman kansu, birni da jihohi. Bayan Paris daya, daya bayan daya, ana bude wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki ko makamantansu. cibiyoyi (ilimi, manyan makarantun kiɗa, kwalejoji) a cikin pl. kasashen Turai. Wadannan uch. Cibiyoyin sun bambanta ba kawai ta fuskar cancantar koyarwa ba. abun da ke ciki, amma kuma bisa ga ayyukan da aka sanya a gabansu. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun koyar da ƙwararru da ƙwararru, yara, matasa da manya, ɗalibai na matakai daban-daban na haɓakawa da horo. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga mafi yawan wuraren kiyayewa shine yin aiki. art-in, a wasu-ryh malamai an kuma horar da makarantu da muses. tarbiyyar iyali. Na 19 in. kalmasa ma'ajiyar ajiyar kaya, sai na Parisian, ba su taka wata muhimmiyar rawa ba. rawar a cikin ilimin mawaƙa. Hanyoyin koyar da mawaƙa a ɗakin ajiyar sun bambanta. Don haka, a Faransa, sabanin sauran ƙasashe, daga farkon 19 in. Tushen samuwar mawaƙa na fannoni daban-daban (a kowane mataki na horo) shine hanya na solfeggio da ƙamus na kiɗa. Wani muhimmin wuri a wannan ƙasa ya mamaye tsarin jarabawar gasa. A cikin rabi na 2. 19 a cikin. a cikin jaridu shekaru da yawa, an yi ta cece-kuce tsakanin masu goyon bayan ilimin mazan jiya da abokan adawar su, waɗanda suka fi son ilimin mawaƙa a waje da ilimi. kamfanoni. Masu sukar tsarin ilimin mazan jiya (daga cikinsu akwai R. Wagner) ya yi imanin cewa babban horo na ƙwararrun mawaƙa yana hana haɓakar fasaha. mutuntaka daga cikin mafi baiwar su. Masu kare ma'auni (a farkon 20 in. G. Krechmar), yarda da dama na sirri kalamai na abokan adawar (waɗanda suka rubuta game da m-scholastic binciken na m-ka'idar. ilimantarwa da rabuwar su da aiki, ƙunci da ƙunci guda ɗaya na wasiƙar ana nazari, hasarar da aka yi a wasu lokuta da masu hazaka masu ƙarfi da lokaci a cikin horon haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗalibai masu matsakaicin matsakaici), a lokaci guda kuma yana nuni ga yanke hukunci. falalar horar da mawaka a fagen koyarwa. cibiyoyi: 1) damar da za a haɗa azuzuwan a cikin ƙwarewa tare da nazarin ƙarin. lamuran kankara (solfeggio, jituwa, nazarin siffofin, tarihin kiɗa, wajibi ga duk FP. da dai sauransu) kuma a aikace. kunna kiɗa a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wani lokacin kuma opera; 2) rawar motsa jiki na daidaitattun misalai da gasa a cikin tsarin karatu a cikin ƙungiya; 3) mafi girman samuwan M. game da. ga ɗimbin jama'a. Kamar yadda a baya, a cikin ci gaban M. game da. Makarantun ƙwararru ne suka taka muhimmiyar rawa ta musamman waɗanda manyan malamai ko mawaƙa masu ƙirƙira suka taka (ko da kuwa an ƙirƙiri waɗannan makarantu a cikin cibiyoyi ko a waje). Ana iya bambanta na pianistic (misali, M. Klementi, K. Cherny, F. Chopin, F. List, A. F. Marmontel, L. Dimeera, T. Leshetisky, L. Godovsky da sauransu), violin (misali, A. Viotana, Y. Joachim, R. Kreutzer), masu gudanarwa (R. Wagner, G. Malera) da sauransu. makarantu. Na 19 in. Jami'o'i sun haɓaka tsarin biyu daban-daban na M. o., a cikin ainihin sharuddan da aka adana a ƙarni na 20. A wasu ƙasashe (Jamus, Austria, Switzerland, da dai sauransu), manyan takalman Jawo sun zama cibiyoyin kawai don kida-ka'idar. ilimi; Ƙwaƙwalwar kiɗa (dalibi) ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ƙungiyar kade-kade, ensembles) sun kasance na yanayi mai son son rai a nan, wani lokaci, duk da haka, suna tashi zuwa babban matsayi. Takaitacciyar tattaunawa game da M. game da. a cikin manyan takalman Jawo, G. Krechmar a cikin 1903 ya rubuta cewa don yin nazari a marasa amfani. horon ba zai zama mara ma'ana ba kamar koyar da nahawu na farko da zane a jami'a, kuma masu neman shiga jami'a yakamata su kasance ƙwararrun mawaƙa a zahiri kuma su wuce ilimin kiɗa na asali kawai a nan. da masanin ilimin kimiya na zamani. fannonin ilimi. A wasu ƙasashe (na farko a Birtaniya, sannan a Amurka, da dai sauransu), inda horar da masu ilimin kida kuma ya faru a cikin manyan takalma na Jawo, dalibai tare da masu ilimin kiɗa. fannonin ƙware wa kiɗa.

A cikin 'yan jari-hujja na zamani da kasashe masu tasowa, tsarin M. game da., na gabaɗaya da na musamman, ya bambanta sosai. A yawancin ƙasashe, kida na musamman ne kawai. Gwamnati ce ke kula da cibiyoyi, yayin da mafi yawansu mutane ne masu zaman kansu da kuma al'ummomi. kungiyoyi; yana nufin. yawan makarantun muses ba su da cikakkiyar bayanin martaba, kuma sau da yawa suna gudanar da azuzuwan tare da ƙwararru da masu son, tare da yara da manya; kudin koyarwa a pl. ku uch. cibiyoyi suna da girma, kuma kuɗaɗen tallafin karatu masu zaman kansu ne kawai ke ba da damar karɓar M. o. dalibai masu hazaka daga iyalai masu karamin karfi.

A cikin Burtaniya, azuzuwan kiɗa a cikin ilimin gabaɗaya. makarantun matakin farko biyu (makarantar jarirai da karamar makaranta) sun maida hankali ne akan Ch. arr. kan waka. A lokaci guda kuma, ci gaban ji ya fi sau da yawa bisa tsarin "tonic-sol-fa" na J. Curwen. Ƙungiyoyin mawakan makaranta na United sau da yawa suna yin wasan kwaikwayo mai rikitarwa - daga ayyukan Palestrina zuwa Op. R. Vaughan Williams. A cikin 1970s a kan yunƙurin dangin Domech, waɗanda suka haɓaka toshe-tashi da kuma shirya abubuwan da suke samarwa a Burtaniya, sannan a wasu ƙasashen Yammacin Turai. kasashe; wannan kayan aiki tare da kaɗa melodic. kayan kida ( hedkwatar K. Orff) ya dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin kiɗan makaranta. koyo. Dalibai na matakan ilimi daban-daban. Makarantu (ciki har da seconda-ryschool) na iya, idan suna so, su ɗauki darussan piano daga malamai masu zaman kansu. ko orc. kayan aiki. Ƙungiyoyin makaɗa da ƙungiyoyin makaranta sun ƙunshi waɗannan ɗalibai. A cikin kananan hukumomi da yawa akwai kayan tarihi na ƙasa. makarantu, a yawancin biranen kiɗan matasa masu zaman kansu. makarantu (Junior Music-School). Dalibai na makarantu daban-daban (da kuma malamai masu zaman kansu) suna da damar nuna kayan tarihi. ƙwarewa a cikin ƙungiyoyi na musamman (Takaddun Ilimi na Generale, Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, da dai sauransu). Bayan haka, an yanke shawarar ko za su ci gaba da karatun su a cikin kiɗa. Makarantun mataki mafi girma (kwalejoji na kiɗa, ɗakunan ajiya, makarantu) ko a cikin manyan takalman Jawo. Mafi shaharar mawakan Makarantun suna London (King Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, King College of Music, King College for Organists), Manchester (King Manchester College of Music) da Glasgow (King Scottish Academy of Music). A cikin manyan biranen da akwai manyan takalman Jawo da muses. kwalejoji, sau da yawa an tsara tsarin haɗin gwiwa na aikin su, wanda aka yi niyya ba kawai don horar da masana kimiyya ba, har ma da masu yin kida, incl. malamai. A Italiya, ilimin gabaɗaya. makarantu ba su da hankali ga kiɗa. Anan, ban da masu zaman kansu da coci. Makarantun kiɗa, akwai jaha. wuraren kiyaye muhalli da tsaunuka. music lyceums (shirye-shiryen ilimi na karshen sun bambanta kadan daga masu kiyayewa). Don shigar da su zuwa gwaje-gwaje na ƙarshe, ɗalibai na ɗakunan ajiya a cikin asusun. dole kwas din ya ci jarabawa na kasa da na sama. Ga mawaƙa, organists, pianists, violinists and cellists uch. kwas din yana da shekaru 10. A Conservatory "Santa Cecilia" (Rome), don mawaƙa da masu kida waɗanda suka sauke karatu daga ɗayan ɗakunan ajiya, an kafa darussan da ke ba da kiɗa mafi girma. cancanta. A Siena, a Academy of Chidzhana (a kasa da kasa jama'a kungiyar gudanar) da ake gudanar, kamar yadda a da yawa wasu. yafi uch. cibiyoyi na sauran kasashen Turai, taron karawa juna sani na bazara don inganta kwarewar mawaka (azuzuwan malamai daga kasashe daban-daban ne ke jagorantar karatun).

A Faransa, tun 1946, kiɗa ya mamaye wurin karuwa a cikin manhajar karatu. shirye-shiryen ilimi gabaɗaya. makarantu. Ana gudanar da horo bisa ga jiha guda. shirin, wanda a cikinsa ake mai da hankali sosai ga ci gaban ji da kuma samar da murya. A cikin waƙar jiha da masu zaman kansu. makarantu, da kuma a cikin conservatories M. game da. masu son da ƙwararru suka karɓa; yana nufin. wasu daga cikin daliban yara ne. Baya ga Cibiyar Conservatory ta Paris, akwai kuma cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu a babban birnin. cibiyoyi. Mafi girma daga cikinsu sune: “Ecole de Músique de classical religios” (wanda L. Niedermeyer ya kafa a shekara ta 1853), “Schola Cantorum” (wanda A. Gilman da V. d’Andy suka kafa a 1894), “Ecole Normale de Músique” (wanda L. Niedermeyer ya kafa). a cikin 1919 A. Cortot da A. Manzho). Yana da halayyar cewa a Faransa, inda a cikin kungiyar na horo a cikin na musamman. kiɗa A cikin makarantu, tsarin gasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa; Hakanan ana zabar malaman waƙa na lyceums don jarrabawar gasa, wanda ya ƙunshi bincika kiɗan. da ilimin ilmantarwa da basirar ɗan takara. Horon malaman kiɗa na mafi girman cancanta (na makarantun sakandare na ilimi) yana faruwa a Paris a Lyceum. J. La Fontaine, inda na musamman na shekaru 3 darussa.

A Jamus, babu wani tsarin kula da al'amuran al'adu na tsakiya, sabili da haka tsarin ilimi a cikin jihohin tarayya ya ɗan bambanta. A cikin ilimin gabaɗaya ilimin kiɗa ya zama dole a makarantu. Choral, da yara da bunks. Makarantun kiɗa sun saita a matsayin burinsu na ba da Janar M. o. A wasu daga cikin waɗannan makarantu, koyon yin kiɗan. kayan aiki bisa ga shirin na musamman yana farawa a cikin shekaru 4. Ga yara masu kyauta a dep. makarantun ilimi na gabaɗaya a buɗe suke don kiɗa. azuzuwan, da kuma a wasu birane kafa na musamman. Makarantun kiɗa. Gor. kuma makarantun kiɗa masu zaman kansu sun haɗu a cikin ƙungiyoyin FRG. kungiyar - Tarayyar Jamus. Makarantun kiɗa, to-ry tun 1969 ya fara haɓaka shirye-shiryen horo don duk muses. ƙwarewa. Ayyukan Prof. ilimi ya yanke shawarar ta hanyar conservatories (a matsayin mai mulkin, makarantun sakandare na ilimi na kiɗa), manyan makarantu na kiɗa. kara, waka. academies da un-ku (babban arr. masanan kida suna nazarin nan).

L. Barenboim

A cikin asalin Amurka M. game da. hade da fitowar karni na 18 da yawa makarantun wakoki da suka shirya wa mawaka. yin waƙa a cikin majami'u da kuma cikin addini. tarurruka; malamai yawanci ba ƙwararrun mawaƙa ba ne, amma firistoci waɗanda suka yi amfani da ƙwarewar Ingilishi. waƙar coci. A cikin 1721, littattafan farko na irin waɗannan makarantu sun bayyana; marubutan su ne firist J. Tufts da T. Walter. tare da ayyukan addini. al'ummar Moravian Brothers (mazauni na Baitalami, kusa da Philadelphia, 1741) yana da alaƙa da ƙwarewar farko na M. o.

Zuwa farkon 19 in. aikin darussa masu zaman kansu ya fara tasowa. A cikin 1830s. fadakarwa L. Mason ya dage kan gabatar da tilas. darussan kiɗa a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. Rashin manyan muses. uku. cibiyoyi da rashin iya ingantawa a gida sun tilasta mutane da yawa. daci. mawaƙa don yin karatu a Turai (ch. ar. a Faransa da Jamus). Daga baya a Oberlin (Ohio) aka kafa mus. kwaleji (1835), a wuri guda - Conservatory (1865), a 1857 - Mus. Academy a Philadelphia, a 1862 - music. ft na Kwalejin Harvard, a 1867 - New England. Gidaje Na Siyarwa da Hayar a Boston, Mus. kwaleji a Chicago da Conservatory a Cincinnati, a 1868 - Cibiyar Peabody a Baltimore, a 1885 - Nat. Conservatory a New York, a 1886 - Amer. Conservatory a Chicago, a 1896 - kiɗa. Faculty of Columbia University. Yawancin waɗannan cibiyoyi na kayan tarihi an ƙirƙira su ne bisa kuɗin majiɓinta. A cikin 1876, Ƙungiyar Malaman Waƙa ta Ƙasa (MTNA). Zuwa saitin M. game da. Turawan gargajiya sun yi tasiri mai ƙarfi. tsarin ilimi (Kungiyar Conservatory na Paris ta zama abin koyi na yawancin ɗakunan ajiyar Amurka, ac. An fi amfani da littattafan Jamusanci). Baƙi daga ƙasashen Turai a con. 19 - ba. 20 cc ya ba da kuzari ga ci gaban Amer. yi. makarantu, watau saboda da yawa daga cikin mawakan salihai da suka iso sun fara koyarwa. aiki (I. Vengerova, I. Levin, E. Zimbalist da sauransu); an kirkiro sabbin asusu. cibiyoyin. Wani muhimmin mahimmanci shine aikin Juilliard Muses. makarantu a New York a 1926), Makarantar Kiɗa ta Eastman a Rochester (1921), Cibiyar Curtis a Philadelphia (1924), San Francisco Conservatory. Musa ya fara samun ƙarin mahimmanci. f-ku a manyan Jawo takalma. A cikin 1930's dangane da yaduwar farkisanci a yawancin ƙasashen Turai, da yawa sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka. fitattun mawakan da suka haɗa ayyukansu da Amer. un-tami (P. Hindemith - tare da Jami'ar Yale, A. Schoenberg - tare da California a Los Angeles, P. G. Lang - tare da Columbia, da dai sauransu). Idan a baya high Jawo takalma a Amurka sun iyakance ga horar da malamai (masu wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mawaki yawanci samu a Conservatory ilimi), sa'an nan a kan lokaci suka fara horar da m ma'aikata, kazalika da musicologists domin gudanar da bincike na kiɗa. An haɓaka sabbin abubuwa a cikin jami'o'in Kudu. California da Indiana, kuma a cikin 1950s da 60s. sun zama al'adar al'ada ga yawancin jami'o'in Amurka. A cikin shekaru 50 ya fara jin ƙarancin malamai. firam. A shawarar comp. N. Gidauniyar Dello Gioio Ford ta kirkiro aikin na zamani. kiɗa, a cewar Krom, matasa mawaƙa za su jagoranci tsarin M. game da. a makarantu, wanda zai sa koyo ya zama mai hazaka. yanayi. A cikin 60-70s. ka'idar gwaji a cikin tsara kiɗa. uku. tsari ya zama daban. hali na Amer. M. game da. Ya haɗa da amfani da Z. Kodaya, K. Orfa, T. Suzuki, da kuma gogewa tare da kwamfutoci da masu haɗa sauti, ƙirƙirar koyarwar jazz mafi girma. cibiyoyin (Boston, da dai sauransu). A cikin shekaru 70. kiɗan makarantar sakandare da ƙaramar makaranta. ilimi a Amurka ya dogara ne akan amfani da ka'idar koyo-wasan, wanda ya haɗa da waƙa, rhythmic. motsa jiki, saba da bayanin kida, sauraron kiɗa. A makarantar sakandare (kwaleji) azuzuwan kiɗa yawanci sun haɗa da kayan kida; gama gari. ensembles, ƙungiyoyin iska da jazz, symphony. makada. Mn. Jami'o'i suna jawo ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu yin aiki. ensembles, da mawaƙa a ƙarƙashin kwangilar shekara ɗaya ko fiye. uku.

A Kanada, M. o. yana da alaƙa da yawa da M. o. a Amurka. Daga cikin wakoki na musamman uch. mafi girma cibiyoyi su ne Academy of Music a Quebec (kafa a 1868), Canadian Conservatory a Toronto (1870), Conservatory a Montreal (1876), Toronto (1886), da kuma Halifax (1887). Mafi kyawun malamai sun mayar da hankali kan kiɗa. high Jawo takalma na Toronto, Montreal, da dai sauransu. Yawancin manyan Jawo takalma suna da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. da ɗakin taro, da kuma wasu - symphonic. makada.

A Ostiraliya, an ƙirƙiri makarantun kiɗa na nau'in mafi sauƙi a cikin rabin 1st. Karni na 19 Daga baya akwai muses. koleji a Adelaide (kafuwar a 1883; an canza shi zuwa ɗakin ajiya), kiɗa. wata makaranta a Melbourne (daga baya N. Melba Conservatory), gidan ra'ayi a Sydney (wanda aka kafa a 1914), a cikin New South. Wells da sauransu. A farkon. An ƙirƙira kiɗan ƙarni na 20. f-ku a cikin manyan takalman Jawo na Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide. Daga con. 1960s a cikin shirye-shiryen asusun sun fara gabatar da zamani. kiɗa, sabbin ka'idoji da hanyoyin koyarwa sun fara amfani da su. Babban rawa a cikin wannan motsi na Canberra Muses ne. makaranta, babba a cikin 1965, bisa ga nau'in Amer. Makarantar Juilliard. Daliban bazara sun fara aiki. sansanonin (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1960; Melbourne, Adelaide), inda ake gudanar da azuzuwan kade-kade, ana gudanar da kide-kide, da tarurruka da fitattun mawakan. Ayyukan Muses na Australiya yana da mahimmanci. hukumar jarrabawa tana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na shekara-shekara kan ka'idar. batutuwa da kayan kida don haɓaka gabaɗayan muses. matakin. A 1967, an kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Yankunan Moscow.

A cikin kasashen Lat. Amurka M. o. ci gaba kamar haka: daga ayyuka masu zaman kansu da muses na farko. makarantu zuwa tsarin kiɗa. kolejoji, conservatories da muses. f-tov a manyan takalman Jawo, kuma da farko an kwafi Turai. tsarin kuma kawai a cikin 1950s. ya fara bayyana siffofin kasa. Mawakan ƙasashen Lat. Amurkawa da suka yi karatu a baya a Turai da Amurka suna ƙara zabar karatu a ƙasarsu. Manyan kasashe a fagen sanarwa M. game da. - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico.

A Argentina, farkon m uch. An bude makarantar (Academy of Music) a cikin 1822 a Buenos Aires, akan yunƙurin comp. A. Williams, an ƙirƙiri ɗakin ajiyar ɗaki a nan (1893, daga baya kuma aka sa masa suna bayan A. Williams). Daga baya a Buenos Aires - kiɗa. cibiyar Lat. Amurka, an kafa wasu wuraren kiyaye muhalli guda biyu - National mai suna bayan CL Buchardo (1924) da Municipal mai suna M. de Falla. Duk kiɗan R. 60-70 ya tashi. ku uch. cibiyoyi a Cordoba (rukunin gwaji na Makarantar Fine Arts, 1966), Makarantar Kiɗa ta Higher a Mendoza, kiɗa. f-ku a Katolika. jami'o'i a Buenos Aires da jami'o'in La Plata, Higher Music. in-t a Jami'ar Litoral a Rosario da sauransu. Wani muhimmin al'amari shine ƙirƙirar Lat.-Amer. cibiyar mafi girma music. bincike a Ying-those T. Di Tellya (1965). Ayyukan Argent yana da mahimmanci. Society of Music malamai (kafa a 1964).

A Brazil, farkon kida uch. cibiyar - Sarki. Conservatory a Rio de Janeiro (1841, tun 1937 - Makarantar Kiɗa ta Ƙasa). Babban gudunmawa ga ci gaban M. game da. gabatar Komi. E. Vila Lobos, wanda ya kafa yawan muses. makarantu, da kuma na National Choir Conservatory. waƙa (1942, galibi don dalilai na koyarwa), sannan Vraz. makarantar kiɗa. OL Fernandis (1945, Rio de Janeiro). Zuwa mafi mahimmancin kiɗan uch. Cibiyoyin Brazil kuma sun mallaki Braz. da Conservatory a Rio de Janeiro (kafa a 1940), Conservatory of Drama da Music a Sao Paulo (kafa a 1909). A cikin 1960s akwai sababbin hanyoyin gwaji na M. game da .: Svobodny mus. taron karawa juna sani a Jami'ar Bahia, Darussan bazara a Teresopolis (kusa da Rio de Janeiro), Mus. Taro na Pro Arte (Rio de Janeiro); shirya kiɗa. makarantu a Recife, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, da dai sauransu.

A Mexico, cibiyoyin mafi girma M. o. su Mex. nat. conservatory da kiɗa. un-ta makaranta a Mexico City, kazalika da kiɗa. reshe na National Institute of Fine Arts (Mexico City), Guadalajara Conservatory, da dai sauransu.

A zahiri a duk ƙasashe Lat. Amurka tana da mafi girman kayan tarihi. ku uch. cibiyoyi (conservatories ko music. F-you high Jawo takalma), to-rye bambanta yafi a matakin saitin asusu. tsari, maimakon shirye-shirye da hanyoyin koyarwa.

KO. ser. Ƙarni na 19 ya fara shiga Turai. form M. o. zuwa kasashen Asiya da Afirka. Manufar Eurocentric, bisa ga yawancin waɗanda ba Turawa ba. wayewar da aka gane a matsayin rashin ci gaba ko ma na dadewa, kusan an musunta nat. dabi'un al'adu. Mishaneri sannan kuma Kristi. Kungiyoyin addini sun saba da 'yan Afirka ga Katolika. ko cocin Furotesta. waka. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da aka shuka a makarantun Turai. tsarin ilimi, ciki har da. da kida. Daga baya, yawancin mawaƙa masu hazaka daga ƙasashen Asiya da Afirka sun fara karatu a Burtaniya (Kwalejin Trinity, inda mawaƙa da yawa daga Afirka ta Yamma suka sami ilimi), Faransa, Jamus, da Amurka. A gida, sun noma yammacin Turai. kiɗa da ka'idodin koyarwa. T. o., kiɗa. karatu da ƙwararru kamar haka sun zama kusa da Yammacin Turai. ilimin kida. cancanta. Kyawawan halaye a cikin M. game da. hade, a daya bangaren, tare da wayewa. ayyuka na sashen fitattun mawakan Turai a Asiya da Afirka (misali, A. Schweitzer), a daya bangaren, tare da yunkurin manyan kasashe. al'adu don samun sulhu mai karɓuwa tsakanin Gabas. da app. tsarin (gwajin R. Tagore a Shantiniketon).

Farfadowar al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Asiya da Afirka ya haifar da sha'awa mai zurfi a cikin al'adun. siffofin karar kasa. Matsaloli masu wuya da yawa sun taso: don lura nar. kide-kide ko noma shi cikin al'adar baka, adana tatsuniyar da ba ta canzawa ko haɓaka ta, yi amfani da Yammacin Turai. kwarewa ko a'a amfani da shi. Cibiyar sadarwa ta muses ta riga ta fara aiki a ƙasashe da yawa. cibiyoyi, shirye-shiryen horarwa suna tasowa, kuma akwai kwararrun kwararru.

A Japan, tsarin gina muses. in-tov zamani. nau'in ya fara tun da wuri fiye da sauran ƙasashen Asiya da Afirka - a farkon. Karni na 19 A cikin 1879 gwamnatin Jafananci don ƙungiyar M. game da. Amer. an gayyace shi zuwa makarantun kasar. mawaƙi-malamai LL Mason (ya yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru uku; aikin kiɗa na makaranta a Japan yana riƙe da sunan "waƙoƙin Mason" na dogon lokaci). Daga Ser. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta haɓaka da kulawa da shirye-shiryen makaranta na 1970s. Babban darajar a cikin yara M. game da. yana da hanyar T. Suzuki, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɓaka ƙwarewar sauraro ta hanyar violin. wasanni. Daga cikin manyan cibiyoyi na Japan sun fice: un-you art a Tokyo (tsohuwar Makarantar Ilimin Kiɗa) da Osaka, Mus. Kwalejin Tentsokugakuan (tun 1967), kiɗa. Makarantar Jami'ar Kiusu, Chiba, Kwalejin Toyo.

A Indiya cibiyoyin M. game da. ya zama Academy of Music, Dance da Drama ("Sangeet Natak Academy", 1953) a Delhi tare da rassa a wasu da yawa. jihohin kasar, music. Kwalejin "Carnatic" a Madras, Jami'ar Gandharva a Bombay, Kwalejin Kiɗa a Thiruvananthapuram, kiɗa. Jami'o'i a Mysore, Varanasi (Benares), Delhi, Patna, Calcutta, Madras da sauran garuruwa. Mafi kyawun masters na ind. suna shiga cikin koyarwa. kiɗa – ustads waɗanda a baya suka yi aiki a keɓe kuma ba su da buƙatun da suka dace don tsari. koyar da matasa (wasa sitar da giya, fasahar ragi, ingantawa, da sauransu). Shirye-shiryen horarwa sun ƙunshi nau'ikan ind iri-iri. kiɗa, da kuma nuna alaƙarta da sauran fasaha (rawa, wasan kwaikwayo). Zap. Tsarin M. game da. Indiya ba ta sami ci gaba sosai ba.

Yana nufin tsarin M. game da canje-canje. makarantun firamare da sakandire da kuma manyan makarantun larabawa. kasashe. A birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar, an kafa wata majami'a a shekara ta 1959 tare da ka'idar da wasan kwaikwayo. f-tami; Tun 1971, Academy of Slaves yana aiki. kiɗa (tsohuwar Makarantar Kiɗa ta Gabas, sannan, tun 1929, Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Larabci), inda ake nazarin kiɗan gargajiya. kiɗa da wasa akan nat. kayan aiki. M. ci gaban game da. a cikin makarantu sun ba da gudummawa ga ilimin ilmantarwa. ma'aikata (Inst. don horar da malaman kiɗa a Zamalek, Alkahira). A Iraki, cibiyar kiɗa ita ce Cibiyar Nazarin Fine Arts tare da sashen kiɗa (wanda aka kafa a 1940, Baghdad), a Aljeriya - Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Kasa, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa uku (bincike, ilimin ilmantarwa da almara), da dai sauransu. daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin ilimi, Soviet mawaƙa.

A Iran, akwai National Conservatory and Conservatory of Europe. kiɗa, babba a 1918 a Tehran, Conservatory a Tabriz (1956), da kuma sassan kiɗa na jami'o'i a Tehran da Shiraz. An samar da dakin waka na yara da matasa a gidajen rediyo da talabijin na Iran.

A Turkiyya, mafi girma M. o. An mayar da hankali a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Istanbul da Ankara.

Matsaloli masu rikitarwa suna faruwa a cikin M. o. Kasashen Afirka. Gidajen rikodi na farko a nahiyar (a Cape Town, Johannesburg, Cibiyar Conservatory ta Gabashin Afirka a Nairobi) sun shafe shekaru da yawa suna aiki, amma an yi su ne ga waɗanda ba 'yan Afirka ba. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a yawancin kasashen Afirka M. tafkin yana shiga sosai. Ya sami ci gaba na musamman a Ghana, inda aka kirkiro Kwalejin Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Ligon, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka (binciken kiɗa shine tushen ayyukansa), Nat. Kwalejin Kiɗa a Winneba, Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Afirka a Accra, mus. ft Ying-ta in Cape Coast. Musanya. Kwalejoji na Akropong da Achimota sun haɓaka da yawa. zuriyar mawakan Ghana.

Waka na da matukar muhimmanci a Najeriya. Jami'o'in Legas, Ibadan da Ile-Ife, da kwalejojin Zaria da Onich. An sami babban matsayi ta hanyar samar da M. na o. a Senegal, Mali (National School of Music in Conakry) da Guinea, sassan kiɗa a jami'o'in Makerere (Uganda), Lusaka (Zambia), Dar es Salaam (Tanzaniya) sun fara taka muhimmiyar rawa.

A cikin ma'aikatun ƙasashen Afirka ana karatun su ne musamman app. kiɗa (darussan ka'idar da kayan kida), da kuma kan kiɗa. f-tah un-tov an ba da kulawa ta musamman ga nat. kade-kade, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta shagaltu da matsalar kiyayewa da bunkasa tarihin nahiyar.

Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na M.O. yana ƙara zama mai mahimmanci. a farkon. da makarantun sakandare (a ƙasashe da yawa kiɗa abu ne na wajibi). Babban aiki shine watsa hadisai. gado, amma hanyoyinsa sun kasance iri ɗaya da ƙarni da suka gabata.

Matsalar M. game da. - daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan kiyayewa da haɓaka tsoffin al'adun Asiya da Afirka, don haka UNESCO, Intern. Majalisar kida, Malaman Kida na Duniya da sauransu suna ba da kulawa ta musamman.

Ana haɓaka shirye-shirye waɗanda ke yin la'akari da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙimar ci gaban M. o. a wannan kasa, ana amfani da sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa na gwaji, a wasu lokutan (misali, bisa tsarin Z. Kodaly da K. Orff), ana gudanar da taruka, taruka da tarukan karawa juna sani, ana gudanar da ba da shawarwari da musayar ma'aikata.

JK Mikhailov.

Ilimin kiɗa a zamanin kafin juyin juya hali. Rasha da kuma USSR. Game da M. o. a cikin Dr. An adana ƙananan bayanai a Rasha. A cikin koyarwar da ta taso a tsakanin mutane, tare da karin magana, maganganu, tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙi, syncretism kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. (ciki har da kiɗa) fasaha. ayyuka, wanda a cikin abin da cakuda wasu harsuna aka nuna. da al'adun Kiristanci. In Nar. An haifi yanayi a matsayin nau'in buffoon - ƙwararren "dan wasan kwaikwayo", an sami basirar zuwa-rogo a cikin tsarin horo na iyali ko kanti. Daga tsara zuwa tsara, ana kuma yada wakokin wakoki. al'adun mawakan wakokin jarumtaka na daukaka. Tsarin koyarwa na kiɗa (mafi daidai, waƙar coci) ya faru duka a makarantun da aka kafa a majami'u da gidajen ibada, inda aka horar da limaman coci da masu ilimi da jihar ke buƙata, kuma kai tsaye a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na haikali, waɗanda ba ƙungiyoyi ne kawai ba, amma kuma makarantun waka. . An taso da mawaƙa da mawaƙa a irin waɗannan makarantu (duba waƙar Znamenny).

A lokacin da feudal keɓe ƙasar Rasha, babban birnin kasar na musamman mulkoki - Vladimir, Novgorod, Suzdal, Pskov, Polotsk, da dai sauransu. – ya zama cibiyoyin coci. guba. al'adu kuma a nan suka bunkasa mawakan gida. makarantun da suka dogara da ƙa'idodin gabaɗaya na waƙar znamenny, amma sun gabatar da wasu siffofi na musamman a ciki. An adana bayanai game da ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi kyawun mawaƙa. Makarantun karni na 12, Andrey Bogolyubsky ya kafa a Vladimir. Bayan ɗan lokaci, babban matsayi a cikin coci. Novgorod ya fara wasa da raira waƙa da kuma koyar da wannan fasaha, wanda shekaru da yawa ya ci gaba da jagorancin matsayi. Novgorod singer. Makarantar ta shirya fitattun mawakan kida. al'adun wancan lokacin - masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa na kiɗa, masu ilimin tunani da malamai. A lokacin lokacin shirya wani Karkashin Rus. state-va, karkashin jagorancin Moscow Nat. mai rairayi. makarantar ta shagaltu da nasarorin da aka samu na makarantun gida da yawa da kuma mafi yawan duka Novgorod. Biyu Novgorod - 'yan'uwa S. da B. Rogovyh, aiki zuwa-rykh nasa ne na tsakiya. 16th karni, dauke da kafa na Moscow. makarantun coci. waka. Savva Rogov ya ji daɗin shahara ta musamman a matsayin malami. Shahararrun ɗalibansa - Fedor Krestyanin (daga baya sanannen malami) da Ivan the Nose Ivan the Terrible ya ɗauke shi a matsayin kotu. masters na singing a Moscow. Har ila yau, hadisai na makarantar Novgorod sun haɓaka ta hanyar ɗalibi na uku mai ban sha'awa na Rogov - Stefan Golysh, mai kida da ilimi. aiki zuwa-rogo ya faru a cikin Urals a hannun 'yan kasuwa na Stroganov. Rarrabawa da haɓaka waƙa. An inganta al'ada ta hanyar dokar "Stoglavy Cathedral" (Moscow, 1551), wanda ya sa ya zama dole ga firistoci da diakoni don ƙirƙirar Moscow a gida a duk biranen. Makarantun Rasha don koyar da yara ba kawai karatu da rubutu ba, har ma da "waƙar psalter na coci." Kafa wadannan makarantu an yi shi ne domin maye gurbin ilimin da ake kira. ƙwararrun ilimin karatu (malamai da "mutane na duniya" waɗanda ke aiki tare da yara sashen karatu, rubutu, addu'a da rera waƙa) da faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar uch. cibiyoyin da suka wanzu a ƙarni na 14-15. a wasu garuruwan Dr. Rasha. Malaman coci. waƙa, waɗanda suka kasance ɓangare na zuwan. hora (an halicce shi a cikin con. Karni na 15), galibi ana aika su zuwa wasu garuruwa, gidajen ibada da majami'u don haɓaka matakin ƙungiyar mawaƙa. wasan kwaikwayon. Mafi sauƙi na kiɗa-ka'idar. mawaƙa sun kasance masu taimako. haruffa (an haɗa cikin decomp. tarin ƙarni na 15-17, duba haruffa Musical), a ciki an ba da taƙaitaccen saiti da ƙayyadaddun alamun harafin ƙugiya. Amincewa da sababbin, manufofi da yawa. salon mawaka. yin waka (cf. Ƙungiyoyin rera waƙa) da maye gurbin znamenny rubuce-rubucen tare da bayanin layi na 5 a bene na 2. 17 a cikin. ya kawo sauyi yadda ake koyar da waka. Na tsari. An ba da saitin ƙa'idodi don waƙar ɓangarori a cikin littafin N. AP Diletsky "Music Grammar", wanda aka yi nufi don horar da mawaƙa da mawaƙa. Ba kamar sanannun “haruffa” ba, bisa zalla empirical. ka'ida, aikin Diletsky yana da ma'ana. fuskantarwa, sha'awar ba kawai don bayyana dokoki ba, har ma don bayyana su. Wani nau'in alawus na asusu na musamman, wanda ya ji daɗin sanannen rarraba a cikin con. 17th karni, wakiltar abin da ake kira. Alamomi biyu, masu ɗauke da gabatarwar layi daya na waƙoƙi a cikin znamenny da bayanin rubutu mai layi 5. "Makullin Fahimta" na Tikhon Makarievsky yana cikin wannan nau'in. Da doki. A karni na 15, a Moscow. Rus ya fara gayyatar mawaƙa na waje, shigar da Rashanci ya fara. sani instr.

A kudu maso yammacin Rasha, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na 16-17 ƙarni. a cikin tsarin da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuania state-va, da aka sani darajar a M. ta rarraba game da. yana da makarantun ‘yan’uwa da suka kafa addini da ilimi. kungiyoyi kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin kagara na Rasha, Ukrainian. da Belarushiyanci., yawan jama'a akan nat. zalunci da tuba zuwa Katolika. Bayan makarantar Lvov (wanda aka kafa a 1586), kimanin. Makarantun ‘yan uwa guda 20. A cikin waɗannan ci-gaba don asusun lokacin su. cibiyoyi (yawancin ka'idodin koyarwa na waɗannan makarantu daga baya sun bayyana a cikin "Great Didactics" na Ya. A. Comenius) ya koyar da waƙa da batutuwa na quadrivium, waɗanda suka haɗa da kiɗa. A kan tushen da Kyiv 'yan'uwa makaranta (kafa a 1632) da kuma makarantar Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (kafa a 1615) cewa merded a 1631, na farko Ukrainian makaranta da aka kafa. mafi girma ilimi ma'aikata - Kiev-Mohyla collegium (tun 1701 - Academy), a cikin abin da, tare da sauran batutuwa, music kuma karatu. A Moscow, a kan samfurin Kyiv Collegium, a 1687 aka bude Slavic-Greek-Lat. makarantar koyarwa, inda kuma ake koyar da cocin. rera waƙa da kuma "fasaha na kyauta bakwai".

A cikin karni na 18 a ƙarƙashin rinjayar gyare-gyare na Peter I, to-rye ya ba da gudummawa ga shigar da ƙasar a cikin ci gaban gaba ɗaya na Turai. wayewa, abun ciki da tsari na M. o. halittu masu jurewa. canji. 'Yantar da al'adun kiɗa daga kulawar majami'a, raguwar rawar kiɗan al'ada, ƙwararrun kide-kide na duniya da ke ci gaba da haɓaka ( ƙungiyoyin kade-kade na soja da mawaƙa a tituna da murabba'ai, raye-raye da kiɗan tebur a “majalisu”, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo. , bayyanar ƙarshen rayuwa) da kuma, a ƙarshe , haɓaka sha'awar yin kiɗan mai son a cikin al'umma mai daraja - duk wannan ya shafi halin M. o. Yana bayyana abubuwa da yawa: mafi mahimmanci shine fara samun kiɗa. ilimi a duniya, kuma ba kawai a cikin ilimin ruhaniya ba. in-ta; cikin rayuwa daban-daban. malamai na ruhaniya. cibiyoyi sun shiga secular instr. kiɗa; M. o., musamman a hawa na 2. 18th karni, directed ba kawai ga bukatun kotu. kuma, a wani ɓangare, coci. rayuwar yau da kullum, amma kuma don biyan bukatun al'ummomi masu yawa. da'ira. Bukatar ƙwararrun mawaƙa da buƙatar janar Mo a ko'ina cikin karni na 18. ƙara ƙara. Musanya. An gudanar da karatun na masu daraja ta hanyar Ch. ar. maziyartan maziyartan makada, mashahuran kide-kide na kade-kade da claviers, daga cikinsu akwai manyan malamai. An gudanar da horar da ƙwararrun mawaƙa a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin cibiyoyin ilimi, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin yanayin yanayi zuwa nau'i biyu. Wasu sun kafa aikin horar da ƙwararrun mawaƙa, ch. ar. mawaƙa da mawaƙa. Ko da a farkon karni na 18 a Moscow, sa'an nan a St. Petersburg, mawakan soja sun sallame daga kasashen waje kuma suna aiki a kotun. an koyar da makada don buga iska (tagulla da itace) da kaɗe-kaɗe. kayan aikin matasa, waɗanda aka zaɓa daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara na adv. mawaƙa. A cikin 1740, a Advent. chapel (canja wurin zuwa St. Petersburg a 1713), wanda fiye da ƙarni biyu ya kawo ƙwararrun mawaƙa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa. masu gudanarwa, da kuma a cikin shari'o'in sashen da mawaƙa (D. S. Bortnyansky, M. S. Berezovsky), an kafa a karkashin jagorancin. madugu Orchestra I. Azuzuwan Gyubner suna koyon yin wasan orc. kayan aiki. Tun da farko, a shekara ta 1738, an buɗe makarantar rera waƙa da kayan aiki a Glukhov, Ukraine. kiɗa (kiɗa violin, garaya da bandura); nan a hannu. an ba wani sarki na musamman na farko M. o. yafi gaba adv. mawaƙa. Daga cikin sauran uch. cibiyoyin - St. Petersburg. gidan wasan kwaikwayo. makaranta (kafa a 1738, amma a karshe kafa ta 1783), a cikin abin da suka koyar ba kawai mataki wasanni, amma kuma music. art-wu, and music. azuzuwan na Academy of Arts. bude a cikin 1760s. kuma ya wanzu shekaru da yawa (a tsakanin ɗalibai - comp. B. I. Fomin). Game da hankali, wanda aka biya a cikin karni na 18. kungiyoyi Prof. M. o., shaida wa gwamnatoci. dokokin (ba a cika) a kan kafa Ekaterinoslav Music.

A cikin lissafi. cibiyoyi na nau'i daban-daban, wani muhimmin al'amari na renon masu daraja, kuma a cikin wani ɓangare na raznochin, matasa shine babban ilimin falsafa. Makaranta na farko na boko, a cikin shirin taron jama'a tun daga 1730s. ya haɗa da darussan kiɗa na tsari, shine Cadet Corps (sannan gentry na ƙasa). Saboda aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar da yawa daga cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin sau da yawa horar da kwararrun mawaƙa. Ga irin waɗannan ɗaliban cibiyoyin ya kamata a sanya su zuwa kiɗa. azuzuwan da aka kafa a bene na 1st. Karni na 18 a dakin motsa jiki a Kwalejin Kimiyya, a bene na 2. 18th karni - a Moscow. un-wadanda (masu daraja da raznochinny gymnasiums da kuma Noble Boarding School a un-wadanda), a cikin Smolny Institute for Noble Budurwa da kuma "karamin-bourgeois sashen" tare da shi, a Moscow. da kuma Petersburg. ilimi. gidaje, a cikin dakin motsa jiki na Kazan, ƙarƙashin Moscow. un-tu, da kuma a yawan wuraren motsa jiki a wasu larduna. Darussan kiɗa a yawancin waɗannan makarantu. cibiyoyin sun tsaya tsayin daka (fitattun mawaka ne suka jagorance su, galibi baki ne). Don haka, ɗaliban Cibiyar Smolny (tsarin ilimin kiɗa da ya haɓaka a cikinta daga baya an canza shi zuwa wasu cibiyoyin ilimi masu daraja iri ɗaya) ba kawai a cikin yin wasa (wasa garaya, piano, rera waƙa), amma Har ila yau ka'idar kiɗa, kuma a wasu lokuta abun da ke ciki. A nan gaba, wasu daga cikin yara daga cikin matalauta masu daraja sun fara shirya don kiɗa da ilmantarwa. ayyuka. Saboda gaskiyar cewa a yawancin gidaje da tsaunuka. gidaje masu daraja sun shirya mawakan serf, instr. (ciki har da ƙaho) ensembles da orchestras, kazalika da t-ry, ya zama dole don horar da mawaƙa daga serfs. An gudanar da shi duka biyu a gida (mawakan kasashen waje, waɗanda aka gayyace su zuwa gidaje), da kuma na musamman. Makarantun kiɗa don serfs, waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin biranen. A bayyane yake, irin waɗannan makarantu na farko sun fara aiki a cikin 1770s. Anan suka koyar da waka, suna wasan kade-kade. da maɓallan madannai, da kuma bass na gaba ɗaya da tsara kiɗan. Wani lokaci, domin a shirya da zama dole repertoire, serf mawakan da aka aika zuwa irin wannan makarantu a dukan kungiyoyin.

A cikin azuzuwan koyarwa a cikin kwata na ƙarshe na karni na 18. (musamman bayan tarin waƙoƙin jama'a na V. Trutovsky, 1776-95, da I. Prach, 1790, sun fito daga bugawa), Rasha ta fara taka muhimmiyar rawa. nar. waƙa da rawa (a cikin asali, shirye-shirye da kwafi). M. ta rarraba game da. a daban-daban yadudduka na Rasha Society ya haifar da bukatar buga m. ku uch. alawus (canzawa na farko). Ɗaya daga cikin litattafan farko da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Rasha. M. o., shine "Makarantar Clavier, ko Brief and Solid Indication for Concord and Melody" na GS Lelein (1773-74), wanda ya dogara da aikin clavier, ya ƙunshi cikakken tanadi na ka'idar abun ciki kuma an bambanta ta da rijiya. -sani wayewa. latitude. A farkon. Fassarar wasu kida na karni na 19 sun fito. litattafan karatu (alal misali, L. Mozart - "The Fundamental Violin School", 1804; V. Manfredini - "Harmonic da melodic dokokin don koyar da dukan music", fassara ta SA Degtyarev, 1805), kazalika da gida makaranta na piano. I. Pracha (1815).

Har zuwa 60s. Karni na 19 a cikin tsarin Rasha. Prof. M. o. Babu wasu sauye-sauye na asali, kodayake buƙatar mawaƙa na fannoni daban-daban ya ƙaru kuma an sanya buƙatu mafi girma akan ingancin horarwarsu. A cikin makarantun wasan kwaikwayo na St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow, ba kawai ban mamaki 'yan wasan kwaikwayo aka horar, amma kuma mawaƙa da makada mambobi ga opera gidajen, da kuma a farkon. An kafa azuzuwan kiɗa na “mafi girma” na ƙarni na 19 don waɗanda suka yi nasara musamman. Wadannan uch. cibiyoyin, da kuma Pridv. chanter chapel su ne kawai gwamnatoci. in-tami, wanda ya kafa aikin horar da ƙwararrun mawaƙa. M. o. fadada a chapel: in con. An buɗe azuzuwan Orc na 1830s. kayan kida, kuma daga baya, azuzuwan fp. da kasidu. A farkon. Kwata na 2 na makarantun kiɗa na ƙarni na 19 don masu aikin waƙa sun rasa mahimmancinsu na farko kuma sannu a hankali sun daina wanzuwa. muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada waka. al'adu (wani ɓangare na horar da ƙwararrun mawaƙa) har yanzu suna taka rawa ta tsakiya da babba uch. cibiyoyi, wanda akwai muses. azuzuwan, - gymnasiums, manyan Jawo takalma (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov), Mining in-t, Uch-sche fikihu, mata a rufe a cikin ku. A cikin wadannan cibiyoyi na mata, duk da nakasu da aka samu a kungiyar MO, an samar da tsarin ilimi (wanda ya hada da kunna kayan aiki, kade-kade, solfeggio, jituwa, da aikin koyarwa), wanda daga baya ya zama tushen koyarwa. shirin na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da malaman makarantun mata sun shirya manyan ayyuka kan al'amuran waka. (ch. ar. fp.) tarbiya. Kwararre. kiɗa na sirri. makarantu kadan ne (daya daga cikinsu DN ya bude Kashin in 1840 in Moscow), da kuma gida music. horo ya ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai. An ba da darussa na sirri daga kasashen waje waɗanda suka danganta makomarsu da Rasha. al'adun kiɗa (I. Gesler, J. Filin, A. Henselt, L. Maurer, K. Schubert, A. Villuan), rus. mawaki (A. L. Gurilev, A. E. Varlamov da sauransu), kayan aiki da mawaƙa (A. O. Shakara, D. N. Kashin, N. Tuni. Afanasiev da sauransu), kuma a cikin 50s . yar A. G. kuma N. G. Rubinstein da kuma M. A. Balakirev. Darussa a gida yawanci sun iyakance ne kawai ga al'adar kunna wasu kayan aiki ko waƙa; kiɗa-ka'idar. da kiɗa-na tarihi. dalibai gaba daya ba su sami ilimi ba. Cika wannan halittu. ratar kawai zuwa kadan kadan zai iya jama'a. lectures, to-rye shirya tare da con. 1830s ch. ar. A cikin Petersburg. Tashi a cikin wadannan shekaru tsare-tsaren domin kungiyar na musamman. music uk. Cibiyoyin sun ba da shaida ga buƙatar gaggawa don faɗaɗa, zurfi kuma mafi dacewa da M. o. Daya daga cikin wadannan tsare-tsaren nasa ne shugaba Moscow. Babban Ma'aji F. Scholz, wanda ya gabatar a 1819 wani aikin don kafa Muses a Moscow. ɗakin ajiya. Ba a aiwatar da aikin ba, Scholz kawai ya sami nasarar cimma a cikin 1830, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, izini don tsara koyarwar bass kyauta da abun da ke ciki a gidansa. Marubucin wani aikin da ba a gane ba shine A. G. Rubinshtein, wanda ya ba da shawarar a 1852 don buɗewa a St. Petersburg a Academy of Arts na Muses.

Har zuwa farkon 1860s al'adun ƙanƙara na Rasha "ya yi barazanar rata tsakanin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun fasaha, da masu sauraro daga yanayin dimokuradiyyar Rasha, waɗanda ke da ɗanɗano sosai a cikin ɗanɗanonsu" (B. AT. Asafiev, "Akwai uku daga cikinsu ...", Sat. "Soviet Music", vol. 2, 1944, shafi. 5-6). Shiri mai yawa na ƙasashen uban kawai zai iya taimakawa lamarin. masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, malamai da mawaƙa, to-rye za su iya ƙara haɓaka matakin Rashanci. kankara rayuwa ba kawai a Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg, amma a duk fadin kasar. A wannan lokacin, aikin A. G. Rubinstein da abokansa, waɗanda suka tashi don tsarawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rus. ice ob-va (buɗe a 1859) na farko Rasha. ɗakin ajiya. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba a cikin mawuyacin yanayi: a cikin rikici tare da iyaka. amsawa. da'irar kuma a cikin wani yanayi na zazzafar muhawara tare da masu tsoron "ilimin da ba shi da kasa" wanda prof. uku. cibiyoyin. An kafa ƙarƙashin Rus. Ice ob-ve a 1860 mus. azuzuwan (waƙa, piano, violin, cello, ka'idar farko, mawaƙa. waƙa da muqala) sun zama tushen ganowa a cikin 1862 na St. Petersburg. Conservatory (har zuwa 1866 ana kiran shi Mus. malami) wanda A. G. Rubinstein. A cikin wannan shekarar, a cikin adawa da Conservatory M. A. Balakirev, G. Ya Lomakin found in St. Petersburg Free Music. makaranta, daya daga cikin ayyukansa shine ba da janar M. game da. (bayani na farko na kiɗa-ka'idar, ikon rera waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa da yin wasa a ƙungiyar makaɗa, da sauransu) don masu son kiɗan. A 1866, kuma a kan tushen da aka shirya a baya (a cikin 1860) muses. azuzuwan, da Moscow da aka kafa. Conservatory, wanda darektan wanda shine farkon halittarsa, N. G. Rubinstein. Dukansu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun taka rawar gani sosai a ci gaban Rasha. Prof. M. game da. kuma sun sami karɓuwa a duniya da farko saboda fitattun mawaƙa ne suka koyar da su: a St. Petersburg - A. G. Rubinstein (a cikin dalibansa na farko shine P. DA. Tchaikovsky), F. O. Leshetitsky (tun 1862), L. C. Auer (tun 1868), N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (tun 1871), A. TO. Lyadov (tun 1878), F. M. Blumenfeld (tun 1885), A. N. Esipova (tun 1893), A. TO. Glazunov (tun 1899), L. AT. Nikolaev (daga 1909) da sauransu; in Moscow - N. G. Rubinstein, P. DA. Tchaikovsky (tun 1866), S. DA. Taneev (tun 1878), V. DA. Safonov (tun 1885), A. N. Scriabin (tun 1898), K. N. Igumnov (tun 1899), A. B. Goldenweiser (tun 1906), N. TO. Mettner (tun 1909) da sauransu. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tsarin tsare-tsaren da suka horar da mawaƙa a kowane fanni ya canza, amma abubuwan da suka biyo baya sun ci gaba da kasancewa: rarraba zuwa sassa biyu - na ƙasa (an yarda da dalibai ko da a lokacin yaro) kuma mafi girma; "Azuzuwan kimiyya" (an yi aiki don inganta ilimin gabaɗaya. matakin dalibi); bayar da lambar yabo ga daliban da suka kammala cikakken kwas na conservatory kuma suka ci na musamman. jarrabawar ƙarshe, difloma na “mai fasaha mai kyauta” (har zuwa 1860s. Wannan lakabi ya samu ne kawai ta masu digiri na Academy of Arts). Conservatories sun ba da gudummawa ga samuwar Rashanci. yi. da makarantun mawaki. Gaskiya, uba. vok. An kafa makarantar tun da farko a ƙarƙashin rinjayar M. DA. Glinka, A. C. Dargomyzhsky, wanda ya koyar da sashen. yara ba kawai ka'idodin kiɗan gabaɗaya ba. wasan kwaikwayo, amma kuma mai rairayi. fasaha; daya daga cikin wadanda suka reno mawakan sabuwar makarantar Rasha shi ne M. A. Balakirev, wanda ya koyar da matasa mawaƙa a cikin ruhun ka'idodin Glinka. Faɗin fa'ida mara misaltuwa shine samun ayyukan waɗanda suka kafa makarantun da suka haɓaka a cikin ɗakunan ajiya. Wadanda suka kafa manyan Rasha biyu. Makarantun mawaki sun zama: a St. Petersburg - N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Moscow - P. DA. Chaikovsky. A cikin rabi na 2. 19 da farkon 20 cc lambar kankara na Rasha uku. cibiyoyin sun karu a hankali. Ƙananan rassan Rus. kankara game-va bude muses. Makaranta a Kyiv (1863), Kazan (1864), Saratov (1865), da kuma daga baya a wasu. garuruwan kasar. Daga baya, da makarantu a Saratov (1912), Kyiv da Odessa (1913) da aka sake shirya a cikin Conservatory. A cikin 1865, an kafa babin. Directorate Rus. ice about-va, wanda swarm ya wuce "duk ayyuka da damuwa game da ci gaban Mo a cikin Rasha". Makasudin shirya wannan darektan, wanda daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan gidan sarauta ne ke jagoranta, shine don tabbatar da cewa gwamnati, ba tare da jagorantar ma’aikatan a hukumance ba. uku. cibiyoyi, sun sami damar sarrafa al'amuransu da tsoma baki cikin ayyukansu daga matsayi na aji. A cikin 1883, an buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Musical Drama a ɗakin ajiyar npiB-ax. makaranta kusa da Moscow. Filharmonic. game da-ve. A 1887 A. G. Rubinstein tare da aikin kiɗan yara na duniya. ilimi, yana ba da shawarar gabatarwa a cikin ƙananan maki duk aikin hannu da bunks. makaranta, na gargajiya da na gaske gymnasiums, cadet corps wajibi mawaƙa. waƙa, solfeggio da ka'idar kiɗa ta farko. Wannan aikin utopian na waɗannan shekarun an yi shi ne kawai a wasu yankuna masu gata. kamfanoni. Yana nufin rawa a cikin ci gaban Rasha. M. game da. Mawaka masu zaman kansu da yawa suka buga. makarantu bude a con. 19 - ba. 20 cc in St. Petersburg (Music-wasan kwaikwayo. darussa E. AP Rapgofa, 1882; Musanya. darasi I. A. Glisser, 1886; Kwararre. fp makaranta. wasanni da darussa na pianists-methodologists S. F. Schlesinger, 1887), Moscow (music. makaranta B. Yu Zograf-Plaksina, 1891; yan uwa Evg. F., Elena F. Gnesins, 1895; AT. A. Selivanova, 1903), Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Tbilisi, da dai sauransu. birane. Conservatories, uch-shcha da muses. Makarantun juyin juya hali na Rasha sun kasance galibi saboda yawan kuɗin koyarwa, don haka M. game da. ’ya’yan iyaye masu hannu da shuni ne kawai ko ɗalibi masu hazaka waɗanda ke samun tallafi daga majiɓinta ko, ban da, keɓe daga kuɗin koyarwa na iya karɓa. Domin haɗawa da kiɗan. al'adun mafi yawan jama'a, mawaƙa masu ci gaba con. 19 - ba. Karni 20, a cikin ma'anar ci gaba da al'adar kiɗan kyauta. makarantu, ya fara haifar da uch. cibiyoyin (wasu ana kiran su Nar. Conservatories), inda zai yiwu a sami M. game da. kyauta ko a kan kuɗi kaɗan. A cikin St. Petersburg, wadannan makarantu sun hada da: Jama'a Music. Class Pedagog. museum (bas. a 1881), wanda ya zama tushen bincike a fagen kiɗan yara. ilmantarwa; Kiɗa na yara kyauta. makaranta su. Glinka, wanda aka shirya a cikin 1906 akan yunƙurin M. A. Balakireva, S. M. Lyapunova; Sunan Conservatory, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1906 ta N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov A. TO. Lyadov A. AT. Verzhbilovich, da kuma L. C. Auer (an ba wa masu karatun digiri damar cancantar Nar. malaman kida da waka). Daya daga cikin mafi inganci da iko irin wannan cibiyoyi shine Nar. Conservatory a Moscow a 1906), fitattun mawaƙa sun shiga cikin kafawa da ayyukan taruwar - S. DA. Taneev, E. E. Lineva, B. L. Yavorsky, N.

Oct Juyin juya halin ya haifar da sauye-sauye masu tsauri a cikin tsari da tsarin M. game da. Jagoranci da kula da kudi na muses. uku. Gwamnati ta karbe cibiyoyin (Decree of the Council of the Nar. Kwamishinonin a kan canja wurin duk asusun. Gidaje a Vedepie Nar. na Commissariat of Education na Yuli 5, 1918), yana ba da hanya don yaɗuwar Janar M. game da., Samar da dalibai da prof. uku. cibiyoyin ilimi kyauta da tallafin karatu. Wannan ya buɗe damar samun ilimi ga matasa masu aiki, gami da. da wakilan al'umma masu ci baya a al'adu. A cikin gwamnatoci. abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga jawo hankalin kiɗa mafi girma. makarantar ma'aikata da manoma, sune kungiyar da ake kira. United Arts. ma'aikata 'faculty, canja wurin kiɗansa. sashen (wanda aka kafa a 1923) a ƙarƙashin ikon Moscow. Conservatory (1927) sannan kuma bude makarantun ma'aikata a Moscow. (1929) da kuma Leningrad. (1931) masu zaman kansu. A cikin shekarun farko bayan juyin juya hali, gaba daya ka'idojin da suka kafa tushen sake fasalin M. game da. Mafi mahimmancin su: 1) shelar wajibcin kida na duniya. ilimi (dokar da Muses. Sashen Narkomiros kan koyar da rera waƙa da kiɗa a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwadago, bai wuce 19 ga Oktoba. 1918) da kuma fahimtar babban mahimmancin Janar M. game da. duka domin daukaka al'adun jama'a, da kuma gano mutanen da suka iya kidan da suka dace da prof. darussan kiɗa; 2) Fahimtar bukatar horar da mawaƙa waɗanda za su sami ingantaccen kwararru (yin, an tsara, koyarwa, fadakarwa) kuma a lokaci guda tana da kewayon ilimi da yawa, a cikin abubuwan da suka danganci. fannonin ilimi; 3) Sanin gagarumin rawar da ake takawa. ayyuka a cikin uch. ma'aikata da kuma bayan (wannan ya haifar da kungiyar opera Studios a Conservatories, na farko da aka bude a 1923 a Petrograd. ɗakin ajiya); 4) kafa sharadin cewa mawaki na kowace irin sana'a zai iya hada prof. ayyukan ilimi. Domin samuwar tsarin mujiya. M. game da. musamman muhimmiyar rawar da aka taka ta hanyar tsari da tsari. bincike a cikin lokacin 1917-27. Muhimmanci ga cigaban cigaban prof. M. game da. an sanya hannu B. DA. Lenin Dokar Majalisar Jama'a. Komissarov kwanan wata Yuli 12, 1918 a kan mika mulki na Petrograd. da Mosk. conservatories "a karkashin ikon jama'a Commissariat for Education a kan daidai kafa tare da dukan mafi girma ilimi cibiyoyin tare da kawar da dogara ga Rasha Musical Society", kazalika da m shawarwari na wannan shekara, wanda ya sanar da lardin da birnin. uku. cibiyoyin Rus. kankara game-va state. A karshen na farko da kuma a farkon farkon shekaru goma na biyu na karni na 20. kiɗa a cikin haske. jama'a - tambayoyi na janar M. game da. kuma a wannan bangaren aikin yana haskakawa sosai. makarantun da aka bude a Petrograd, Moscow, da dai sauransu. birane. Makarantun suna da sunaye daban-daban: Nar. makarantun kankara, makarantun kiɗa, nar. conservatory, jama'a general darussan ilimi ilimi, da dai sauransu. A cikin aikin wadannan cibiyoyi da suka aza methodical. abubuwan yau da kullun na mujiya. janar M. o., fitattun mawakan sun halarci: a Petrograd – B. AT. Asafiev, M. H. Barinova, S. L. Ginzburg, N. L. Grodzenskaya, W. G. Karatajin, L. AT. Nikolaev, V. AT. Sofronitsky da sauransu; in Moscow - A. AT. Alexandrov, N. Ya Bryusova A. F. Gedike, A. D. Kastalsky, W. N. Shatskaya da sauransu. A farkon mataki na ci gaban owls. M. game da. masu shirya ta sun fuskanci matsaloli da dama. Tushen wasu ya tafi zuwa ga kafin juyin juya hali. horar da aikin kiɗa, lokacin da ba a bambanta horar da ƙwararru da masu son zuwa gaba ba, M. game da. ba a raba shi zuwa matakai dangane da shekarun daliban. Dr. An haifar da matsaloli ta hanyar fitowar, sau da yawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba (musamman a cikin 1918-20), na muses iri-iri. uku. kafa na musamman da na kowa iri. Ana kiran su makarantu, kwasa-kwasan karatu, dakunan karatu, da'ira, makarantun fasaha da ma masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyi, ba su da cikakkiyar fa'ida kuma ba za a iya danganta su da isasshen tabbaci ga makarantun firamare, sakandare ko sakandare ba. cibiyoyin. Daidaituwa a cikin aikin waɗannan asusun. cibiyoyi sun fara sassauta ci gaban M. game da. Ƙoƙari na farko kuma har yanzu mara kyau don ƙirƙirar tsarin jituwa na M. game da. an gudanar da shi a cikin 1919 a cikin "Basic Provisions on the State Musical University" (wannan sunan yana nufin dukan cibiyar sadarwa na musamman makarantu). da kuma m. game da. daga farko zuwa na gaba). Bayan tunanin A. AT. Lunacharsky cewa duk tsarin ilimi na gabaɗaya, tun daga kindergarten zuwa jami'a, yakamata ya zama "makaranta ɗaya, tsani mai ci gaba", masu tarawa na "Basic Provisions ..." sun rarraba na musamman. kankara uku. cibiyoyi zuwa matakai uku daidai da matakin kiɗan. ilimi da basirar dalibai. Duk da haka, ba za su iya rarraba ayyukan ilimi, tarbiyya da wayewa ba, ba za su iya sanya iyakokin shekarun ilimi a matakai uku na "Jami'ar Music". Ƙarin aiki akan nau'in kiɗan. uku. cibiyoyi da sabunta shirye-shiryen su, wanda fitattun mujiya suka shiga. mawaƙa masu alaƙa da ayyukan B. L. Yavorsky, wanda daga 1921 ya jagoranci Mus. Sashen Babban Darakta na Ilimin Sana'a. Don sake tsarawa na gaba M. game da. rahotonsa "A kan ka'idodin gina manhajoji da shirye-shirye a makarantar kiɗa na ƙwararru" (karanta a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1921) ya yi tasiri sosai, wanda, musamman, a karon farko a cikin kiɗa. ilmantarwa na karni na 20 an gabatar da rubutun tare da irin wannan tsayin daka: "Ya kamata a sanya sashin kerawa a cikin shirye-shiryen duk darussan" da aka dauka a cikin ilimi. cibiyoyi a matakai daban-daban. Kusan a cikin 1922, an bayyana wani yanayi na dabi'a, wanda ya ci gaba da tasiri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa - ana ƙara kulawa ga tambayoyin prof. M. game da. da kuma takamaiman. horo (kayan wasa, waƙa). Ƙungiya na farko na musamman na sakandare muses ma na wannan lokaci. makarantu - kiɗa. makarantun fasaha, a cikin 30s. canza suna zuwa makaranta. Zuwa hawa na 2. Shekaru 20 wani tsari ya inganta. o., an adana shi na shekaru masu yawa: 1) M. game da. A cikin nau'in makarantu biyu - mataki mai shekaru 4 (don yara), waɗanda suka yi aiki a layi daya tare da makarantar ma'aikata kuma sun kasance masu zaman kansu. uku. cibiyoyi, ko farkon hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar muses. makarantun fasaha, da kuma kwasa-kwasai na janar M. game da. ga manya waɗanda ke da kiɗa kawai - haskakawa. ayyuka; 2) matsakaici prof. M. game da. - makarantun fasaha (yi da kuma koyarwa-pedagogical); 3) mafi girma - Conservatory. Dangane da sake fasalin game da. a 1926 Cibiyar da aka shirya a Leningrad. makarantar fasaha ta kankara, a cikin aikin da aka nuna sabon kerawa. trends da bincike a cikin kiɗa. ilimin ilmantarwa, wanda ke da tasiri mai tsanani ga ci gaban ci gaban owls. M. game da. Daga cikin malaman makarantar fasaha akwai fitattun Leningraders. mawaƙa. A tarihin mafi girma M. game da. wani muhimmin ci gaba shine takardar Nar. Commissariat of Education, wanda aka shirya bisa ga rahotannin manyan mashahuran al'adun gargajiya na Soviet A. B. Goldenweiser, M. F. Ganin, M. AT. Ivanov-Boretsky, L. AT. Nikolaev A. AT. Ossovsky da sauransu, - "Dokoki a kan Moscow da Leningrad Conservatories" (1925). Wannan takarda a ƙarshe ta halatta mallakar ma'aikatun zuwa matakin mafi girma na M. o., An kafa tsarin su (mawallafin kimiya-kimiyya, mai yin aiki da koyarwa-koyarwa. f-you), bayanin martaba na masu digiri da kuma sharuɗɗan horarwa an ƙaddara, an kafa cibiyar ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri. Tare da sir. Masana kida na 20s kuma an fara horar da su a wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki (da farko, kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci, babu wata cibiyar da za ta horar da irin wadannan kwararru). Duk da haka, farkon mafi girma musicology. ilimi a cikin kasar Soviet - 1920, lokacin da a Petrograd, a Cibiyar Tarihin Tarihi, an buɗe Faculty of Music History (ya kasance har zuwa 1929 a cikin nau'i na Courses don horar da kwararru a cikin Tarihin Art). By 1927, da oda na general tsarin na owls. M. game da. an kammala shi sosai, kodayake an sami sauye-sauye na gaba. Saboda haka, 4-shekara muses. An mayar da makarantu zuwa makarantun shekaru 7 (a cikin 1933), kuma an kafa makarantun kiɗa a ɗakunan ajiya da dama. Makarantu na shekaru goma, an faɗaɗa tsarin koyarwa na ɗakunan ajiya (daga ser. 30s), wanda aka shirya ta hanyar kiɗa da ilmantarwa. a cikin ku (an buɗe na farko a cikin 1944 Muz.-Pedagogical.

K sar. Tsarin ƙungiyar 70s M. game da. a cikin USSR akwai alama. hanya. Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci shine kiɗan yara masu shekaru 7. makarantu (ƙarin aji na 8 - ga waɗanda ke shirin shiga kiɗan. uch-sche), makasudin wanda shine ba da janar M. game da. da kuma gano ƙwararrun ɗalibai waɗanda suke son samun na musamman. M. game da. Dabarun da aka yi nazari a nan sun haɗa da: kunna kayan aiki (fp., baka, iska, jama'a), solfeggio, kiɗa. difloma da ka'idar, mawaƙa. singing da ensembles. Zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci matakin na janar M. game da. akwai kuma makarantun yamma na matasa da matasa. Zuwa tsakiyar mataki M. game da. sun hada da 4-shekara uch. cibiyoyi: makarantar kiɗa, inda suke horar da ƙwararrun mawaƙa na matsakaicin cancanta (masu fasaha, mawaƙa, mawaƙa, mawaƙa) don yin aiki a ƙungiyar makaɗa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa da koyarwa a kiɗan yara. makarantu (mafi hazaka, bayan kammala karatunsa daga makaranta, shiga gasar a manyan makarantu. cibiyoyin); kiɗa-koda. uch-scha, malaman waƙa da suka kammala karatunsu don ilimin gabaɗaya. makaratu da shugabannin kindergarten. A wasu wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki da cibiyoyi akwai na musamman na shekaru 11. makarantun kankara inda dalibai, shirya don shigar da kiɗa. jami'o'i suna karɓar ƙananan da sakandare M. game da. kuma a lokaci guda. dauki kwas na ilimi gabaɗaya. makarantar sakandare. Babban darajar M. game da. ya haɗa da: ɗakunan ajiya, kiɗa-kore. a cikin ku da kuma a cikin ku art-in (tare da baiwar kiɗa); tsawon horon su shine shekaru 5. Anan ana horar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru - mawaƙa, masu yin kida, mawaƙa, mawaƙa, opera da mawaƙa. madugu, masana kiɗa da daraktocin kiɗa. t-ditch Babban matakin kuma na kida ne da na koyarwa. f-ku a cikin ilimin koyarwa. in-ta; Ana horar da malaman kiɗa na gaba na mafi girman cancanta (methodologists) anan don ilimin gabaɗaya. makarantu da malaman kade-kade da tarbiyya. ilimantarwa don ilmantarwa. jami'a A mafi yawan makarantu da jami'o'i suna da sassan maraice da na wasiku, inda ɗalibai ke samun ilimi ba tare da tsayawa aikinsu ba. Tare da muses da yawa. jami'o'i da n.-da. in-ta postgraduate karatu suna shirya (tare da 3-shekara cikakken lokaci da kuma 4-shekara ilimi a cikin wasiƙa sassan), nufi ga shirye-shiryen na kimiyya. ma'aikata da malaman jami'o'i a kan tarihi da ka'idar kiɗa da yin. kara, waka. aesthetics, hanyoyin koyar da kiɗa. fannonin ilimi. Horar da malamai-mawaƙa da malamai-masu yin kida. Ana gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a cikin wani mataimaki-koyan horo da aka shirya a manyan cibiyoyin tsare-tsare da cibiyoyi (nazarin cikakken lokaci na 2, karatun wasiƙa - shekaru 3). Yadawa ya sami kwasa-kwasan don ci gaban horar da malaman kiɗa. makarantu, uch-shch da manyan makarantu a matsakaicin iko da manyan muses. uku. kamfanoni. An ba da hankali sosai ga kafa nau'ikan muses iri-iri. makarantu a cikin jamhuriyar ƙasa. A cikin RSFSR, Belarus da Ukraine, a cikin jumhuriyar Baltic da Transcaucasia, da kuma a cikin Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen da Uzbek SSRs, waɗanda suke cikin juyin juya hali. lokaci baya yankunan, halitta babban cibiyar sadarwa na muses. uku. cibiyoyin. Tun daga 1975, akwai cibiyoyin kiɗa na yara 5234 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. makarantu, 231 music. jami'a, jami'ar isk-v 10, malamin kida 12. makaranta, 2 music. makarantar choreographic, 20 conservatories, 8 cibiyoyin fasaha, 3 musical da ilmantarwa. in-ta, 48 music. f-tov a pedagogical. in-ta. Nasarorin M. game da. a cikin USSR kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa pedagogical. Fitattun mawaƙa, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, masana kida da kuma masu fasaha ne ke jagorantar aikin a cikin jami'o'in kiɗa kuma suna jagorantar su. Tun daga 1920-ies. a owls kankara jami'o'i fara tsanani n.-da. kuma mai ilimin hanyoyin bincike. aiki, wanda ya haifar da bita bisa tanadin Marxism-Leninism, abubuwan ciki da hanyoyin koyarwa na al'ada kafin juyin juya hali. kundin tsarin ka'idar kiɗa da kiɗa-tarihi. abubuwa, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabbin asusu. fannonin ilimi. Musamman darussa na musamman a cikin tarihi da ka'idar aiki, da kuma hanyoyin koyarwa don kunna kayan kida daban-daban. Dangantaka ta kud da kut na tarbiyya da kimiyya. bincike ya taimaka wajen samar da hanyoyin. adadin littattafan karatu da uch. fa'idodi ga mahimman fannonin da aka haɗa a cikin tsare-tsaren mujiya.

A sauran kasashen gurguzu inda M. o. mallakin gwamnati ne, tsarinsa na gabaɗaya (rabin cibiyoyin ilimin kiɗan zuwa matakan 3 - firamare, sakandare da mafi girma) gabaɗaya yana kama da wanda aka karɓa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (ko da yake a wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashe masana ilimin kiɗa ba su da horo kan ilimin kiɗan. cibiyoyi, amma a cikin manyan takalman Jawo). A lokaci guda a kowace ƙasa a cikin kungiyar M. game da. akwai wasu takamaiman. fasali saboda abubuwan da suka dace na kasa. al'ada.

A kasar Hungary, inda M.o. bisa tsari guda. ka'idodin B. Bartok da Z. Kodály, da kuma inda nazarin Hungarians ya mamaye babban wuri a kowane matakai. nar. kade-kade da kuma daukar kwas din solfeggio dangane da hada karfi da karfe, tsarin gina ilimi bayan 1966 shi ne kamar haka: Ilimin gaba daya dan shekara 7. makaranta tare da son kida (kuma tare da koyo na zaɓi don kunna kayan kida) ko kiɗan ɗan shekara 7. makarantar da yara ke karatu yayin da suke halartar azuzuwan ilimi na gama-gari. makaranta; mataki na gaba shine mai shekaru 4 na sakandare prof. makaranta (tare da dakin motsa jiki na gabaɗaya wanda ke haɗe da shi), kuma ga waɗanda ba su da niyyar zama mawaƙa, makarantar shekaru 5 na ilimin kiɗan gabaɗaya; Makarantar Sakandaren Kida. yi musu shari'a. F. Liszt (Budapest) tare da karatun shekaru 5, wanda aka horar da mawaƙa a duk fannoni, ciki har da. masanan kida (an shirya sashen kida da kida a shekarar 1951) da malaman kida na farko. makarantu (a wani sashe na musamman; karatu na shekaru 3).

A Czechoslovakia, mafi girma muses. da kuma kiɗa-pedagogical. uch. akwai cibiyoyi a Prague, Brno, da Bratislava; akwai ɗakunan ajiya (cibiyoyin koyar da kiɗa na sakandare) da kuma a cikin wasu garuruwa da dama. Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilimin kida. rayuwar kasar da kuma ci gaban hanyoyin kiɗa. koyon yin wasa Chesh. da Slovak. kiɗa game da-va, haɗakar malamai-mawaƙa na fannoni daban-daban.

A cikin GDR akwai manyan makarantun kiɗa. kara a Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig da Weimar; makarantu a Berlin da Dresden sun haɗa da kiɗa na musamman. makaranta, Conservatory (ma'aikatar kiɗa ta sakandare) da ilimi mafi girma daidai. cibiyar. A Makarantar Kiɗa mafi girma a Berlin har zuwa 1963 ƙungiyar ma'aikata da manoma ta yi aiki.

A Poland - 7 mafi girma muses. uch. Cibiyoyin - a Warsaw, Gdansk, Katowice, Krakow, Lodz, Poznan da Wroclaw. Suna shirya mawaƙa suna ɓarna. sana'o'i, ciki har da. da injiniyoyin sauti (sashe na musamman na Makarantar Kiɗa ta Warsaw Higher Musical). Kwararru a cikin tarihin kiɗa, kiɗa. Cibiyar Nazarin Kiɗa ta Warsaw tana shirya kayan ado da ƙa'idar ɗabi'a.

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