George Gershwin |

George Gershwin

Me kidan sa ke cewa? Game da talakawa, game da farin ciki da baƙin ciki, game da soyayya, game da rayuwarsu. Don haka ne ma waƙarsa ta kasance ta ƙasa… D. Shostakovich

Ɗaya daga cikin surori masu ban sha'awa a cikin tarihin kiɗa yana da alaƙa da sunan mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan wasan pian J. Gershwin. Samuwar da bunƙasa aikinsa ya zo daidai da "Jazz Age" - kamar yadda ya kira zamanin 20-30s. Karni na XNUMX a cikin Amurka, marubucin Ba'amurke mafi girma S. Fitzgerald. Wannan fasaha tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan mawaki, wanda ya nemi ya bayyana a cikin kiɗa ruhun lokacinsa, halayen rayuwar jama'ar Amurka. Gershwin ya ɗauki jazz a matsayin kiɗan jama'a. "Na ji a cikinsa kidan kaleidoscope na Amurka - katon kaskon mu na bubbuga, ... bugun rayuwar kasa, wakokinmu..." mawallafin ya rubuta.

An haifi Gershwin ɗan ƙaura daga Rasha a birnin New York. Yarinta ya yi amfani da shi a daya daga cikin gundumomi na birnin - Gabas ta Gabas, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance mai karamin gidan abinci. Mai ɓarna da hayaniya, yana ƙwaƙƙwaran wasa tare da abokansa, George bai ba iyayensa dalilin ɗaukar kansa a matsayin yaro mai hazaka na kiɗa ba. Komai ya canza sa’ad da na saya wa ɗan’uwana piano. Darussan kiɗan da ba kasafai ba daga malamai daban-daban kuma, mafi mahimmanci, sa'o'i masu yawa na haɓakawa masu zaman kansu sun ƙaddara zaɓi na ƙarshe na Gershwin. Aikinsa ya fara ne a cikin kantin sayar da kiɗa na kamfanin buga waƙar Remmik and Company. Anan, ba tare da son iyayensa ba, yana da shekaru goma sha shida ya fara aiki a matsayin mai siyar da kiɗa-mai talla. "Kowace rana da ƙarfe tara na riga na kasance ina zaune a piano a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki, ina yin waƙoƙin shahara ga duk wanda ya zo..." Gershwin ya tuna. Yin shahararrun waƙoƙin E. Berlin, J. Kern da sauransu a cikin sabis, Gershwin kansa ya yi mafarkin yin aikin kirkira. Fitowar wakokin mawaƙin ɗan shekara goma sha takwas a dandalin Broadway ya nuna mafarin nasarar da mawakin ya yi. A cikin shekaru 8 na gaba shi kaɗai, ya ƙirƙiri kiɗa don wasanni sama da 40, waɗanda 16 daga cikinsu wasan ban dariya ne na gaske. Tuni a farkon 20s. Gershwin yana daya daga cikin mashahuran mawakan a Amurka sannan a Turai. Duk da haka, halayensa na ƙirƙira ya zama matsi ne kawai a cikin tsarin kiɗan pop da operetta. Gershwin ya yi mafarkin zama, a cikin kalmominsa, "mawallafin gaske" wanda ya kware duk nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Gershwin da Gershwin ya yi mafarkin Gershwin ya yi mafarki don ƙirƙirar manyan ayyuka.

Gershwin bai sami ilimi na kida na yau da kullun ba, kuma yana bin duk nasarorin da ya samu a fagen haɓakawa zuwa ilimin kansa da kuma dacewa da kansa, tare da sha'awar mafi girman kida na zamaninsa. Da yake kasancewa sanannen mawaki a duniya, bai yi jinkirin tambayi M. Ravel, I. Stravinsky, A. Schoenberg don nazarin abun da ke ciki da kayan aiki ba. Dan wasan piano na farko, Gershwin ya ci gaba da daukar darussan piano daga shahararren malamin nan na Amurka E. Hutcheson na dogon lokaci.

A cikin 1924, ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan mawaƙa, Rhapsody in the Blues Style, an yi shi don piano da kaɗe-kaɗe. Mawallafin ya buga ɓangaren piano. Sabon aikin ya jawo sha'awar jama'ar mawakan Amurka. Farawa na "Rhapsody", wanda ya kasance babban nasara, ya samu halartar S. Rachmaninov, F. Kreisler, J. Heifetz, L. Stokowski da sauransu.

Bayan "Rhapsody" ya bayyana: Piano Concerto (1925), shirin ƙungiyar makaɗa "An American in Paris" (1928), Rhapsody na biyu don piano da orchestra (1931), "Cuban Overture" (1932). A cikin wadannan abubuwan da aka tsara, hadewar al'adun Negro jazz, tarihin Afirka-Amurka, Broadway pop music tare da nau'o'i da nau'o'in nau'o'in kiɗa na Turai sun sami cikakkiyar jini da tsarin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke bayyana ainihin salon salon kiɗan Gershwin.

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru ga mawaki shine ziyarar Turai (1928) da tarurruka tare da M. Ravel, D. Milhaud, J. Auric, F. Poulenc, S. Prokofiev a Faransa, E. Kshenec, A. Berg, F Lehar, da Kalman a Vienna.

Tare da kiɗan kiɗa, Gershwin yana aiki tare da sha'awar a cikin silima. A cikin 30s. yana rayuwa lokaci-lokaci na dogon lokaci a California, inda yake rubuta kiɗa don fina-finai da yawa. A lokaci guda, mawaƙin ya sake juya zuwa nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo. Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ƙirƙira a wannan lokacin akwai kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na satirical I Sing About You (1931) da Gershwin's Swan Song - opera Porgy da Bess (1935). Kiɗa na opera yana cike da bayyanawa, kyawun waƙoƙin waƙoƙin Negro, ƙwaƙƙwaran ban dariya, wani lokacin har ma da grotesque, kuma yana cike da ainihin asalin jazz.

Masu sukar kiɗan zamani sun yaba aikin Gershwin sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wakilanta, V. Damrosh, ya rubuta: “Mawaƙa da yawa sun zagaya jazz kamar kyanwa a kusa da kwano na miya mai zafi, suna jiran ta ɗan huce… George Gershwin… ya iya yin abin al’ajabi. Shi ne yarima wanda, ya ɗauki Cinderella da hannu, ya bayyana ta ga dukan duniya a matsayin gimbiya, wanda ya fusata 'yan uwanta mata masu kishi.

I. Vetlitsyna