Arrigo Boito (Arrigo Boito) |

Arrigo Boito

An san Boito da farko a matsayin liberttist – mawallafin sabbin operas na Verdi, kuma na biyu kawai a matsayin mawaki. Ba zama ko dai magajin Verdi ba ko kuma mai koyi da Wagner, wanda yake da daraja sosai, Boito bai shiga cikin verismo da ke fitowa a Italiya a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX tare da sha'awar rayuwar yau da kullum da ƙananan nau'i ba. Duk da tsayin tafarkinsa na kirkire-kirkire, ba wai kawai ya kasance a cikin tarihin waka ba a matsayin marubucin wasan opera daya tilo, amma hakika, har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, bai taba kammala na biyu ba.

An haifi Arrigo Boito a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1842 a Padua, a cikin dangin ɗan ƙaramin yaro, amma mahaifiyarsa, ƴar ƙasar Poland ce ta girma, wadda ta bar mijinta a lokacin. Da ciwon farko sha'awar music, ya shiga Milan Conservatory yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, inda ya yi karatu shekaru takwas a cikin abun da ke ciki na Alberto Mazukato. Tuni a cikin wadannan shekaru, basirarsa biyu ya bayyana kansa: a cikin cantata da asirai da Boito ya rubuta, wanda aka rubuta a ɗakin ajiyar, ya mallaki rubutun da rabi na kiɗa. Ya zama mai sha'awar kiɗan Jamusanci, ba kowa ba ne a Italiya: na farko Beethoven, daga baya Wagner, ya zama mai kare shi da farfaganda. Boito ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory tare da lambar yabo da lambar yabo, wanda ya kashe a balaguro. Ya ziyarci Faransa, Jamus da kuma ƙasar mahaifiyarsa Poland. A cikin Paris, taron farko, har yanzu mai wucewa, taron kirkire-kirkire da Verdi ya faru: Boito ya zama marubucin rubutun waƙarsa ta ƙasa, wanda aka kirkira don nuni a London. Komawa Milan a ƙarshen 1862, Boito ya shiga cikin ayyukan adabi. A farkon rabin shekarun 1860, an buga wakokinsa, kasidu kan kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma litattafai daga baya. Ya zama kusa da matasa marubutan da suka kira kansu "Disheveled". Ayyukansu sun cika da yanayi na bacin rai, ji na karyewa, fanko, ra'ayoyin halaka, cin nasara na zalunci da mugunta, wanda daga nan aka bayyana a cikin duka wasan operas na Boito. Wannan ra'ayi na duniya bai hana shi shiga yakin Garibaldi a shekara ta 1866 ba, wanda ya yi gwagwarmaya don 'yantar da kasar Italiya, duk da cewa bai shiga yakin ba.

Babban muhimmin ci gaba a rayuwar Boito shine 1868, lokacin da farkon wasan opera Mephistopheles ya faru a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na La Scala a Milan. Boito yayi aiki lokaci guda a matsayin mawaki, liberttist da madugu - kuma ya sha wahala mai muni. Da yake karaya da abin da ya faru, ya ba da kansa ga 'yanci: ya rubuta libretto na Gioconda na Ponchielli, wanda ya zama mafi kyawun wasan opera, wanda aka fassara zuwa Italiyanci Gluck's Armida, Weber's The Free Gunner, Glinka's Ruslan da Lyudmila. Ya ba da himma sosai ga Wagner: ya fassara Rienzi da Tristan und Isolde, waƙoƙi zuwa kalmomin Matilda Wesendonck, da kuma dangane da farkon Lohengrin a Bologna (1871) ya rubuta buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa ga mai gyara na Jamus. Duk da haka, sha'awar Wagner da ƙin yarda da opera na Italiya na zamani a matsayin gargajiya da na yau da kullum an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar fahimtar ainihin ma'anar Verdi, wanda ya juya zuwa haɗin gwiwar kirkire-kirkire da abokantaka wanda ya dade har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwar shahararren maestro (1901). ). Shahararren mawallafin Milan Ricordi ne ya sauƙaƙa wannan, wanda ya gabatar da Verdi Boito a matsayin mafi kyawun liberttist. A shawarar Ricordi, a farkon 1870, Boito ya kammala libretto na Nero don Verdi. Aiki tare da Aida, mawaki ya ƙi shi, kuma daga 1879 Boito da kansa ya fara aiki a kan Nero, amma bai daina aiki tare da Verdi ba: a farkon 1880s ya sake yin libretto na Simon Boccanegra, sannan ya ƙirƙiri librettos guda biyu bisa Shakespeare - Iago ” , wanda Verdi ya rubuta mafi kyawun opera Othello, da Falstaff. Verdi ne ya sa Boito a watan Mayu 1891 ya sake daukar Nero, wanda aka jinkirta na dogon lokaci. Shekaru 10 bayan haka, Boito ya buga libretto, wanda ya kasance babban lamari a rayuwar adabi na Italiya. A cikin 1901, Boito ya samu nasara nasara a matsayin mawaki: wani sabon samar da Mephistopheles tare da Chaliapin a cikin take rawa, gudanar da Toscanini, ya faru a La Scala, bayan da opera ya tafi a duniya. Mawaƙin ya yi aiki a kan "Nero" har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, a 1912 ya ɗauki Dokar V, ya ba da babbar rawa ga Caruso, wanda ya rera waƙa Faust a farkon wasan Milan na "Mephistopheles", amma bai taɓa kammala wasan opera ba.

Boito ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1918 a Milan.

A. Koenigsberg