Edward William Elgar |

Edward Elgar

Elgar. Violin Concerto. Allegro (Jascha Heifetz)

Elgar… shine a cikin kiɗan Ingilishi abin da Beethoven ke cikin kiɗan Jamusanci. B. Shaw

E. Elgar - mafi girma a Turanci mawaki na juya na XIX-XX ƙarni. Samuwar ayyukansa da bunƙasa ayyukansa suna da alaƙa da lokacin mafi girman ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa na Ingila a lokacin mulkin Sarauniya Victoria. Nasarar fasaha da kimiyya na al'adun Ingilishi da kafuwar bourgeois-'yancin mulkin demokraɗiyya sun yi tasiri mai tasiri akan ci gaban adabi da fasaha. Amma idan makarantar adabi ta kasa a wancan lokacin ta gabatar da fitattun jiga-jigan C. Dickens, W. Thackeray, T. Hardy, O. Wilde, B. Shaw, to, waƙar ta fara farfadowa bayan kusan ƙarni biyu na shiru. Daga cikin ƙarni na farko na mawaƙa na Renaissance na Ingilishi, babban aikin shine Elgar, wanda aikinsa ya nuna kyakkyawan fata da juriya na zamanin Victoria. A cikin wannan yana kusa da R. Kipling.

Ƙasar mahaifar Elgar ita ce lardin Ingilishi, unguwar da ke garin Worcester, ba da nisa da Birmingham. Bayan da ya sami darussan kiɗa na farko daga mahaifinsa, organist kuma mai kantin sayar da kiɗa, Elgar ya ci gaba da kansa, yana koyon tushen sana'a a aikace. A shekara ta 1882 ne kawai mawakin ya ci jarrabawar a Royal Academy of Music da ke Landan a cikin ajin violin da kuma darussa na ka'idojin kiɗa. Tuni a lokacin ƙuruciya, ya ƙware wajen buga kida da yawa - violin, piano, a 1885 ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa a matsayin ƙungiyar coci. Lardin Ingilishi a lokacin shi ne amintaccen mai kula da kiɗan ƙasa kuma, da farko, al'adun mawaƙa. Wata babbar hanyar sadarwa ta da'ira da kulake mai son ta kiyaye waɗannan hadisai a matakin da ya dace. A cikin 1873, Elgar ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin ɗan wasan violin a cikin Worcester Glee Club (ƙungiyar mawaƙa), kuma daga 1882 ya yi aiki a garinsu a matsayin ɗan rakiya da jagora na ƙungiyar makaɗa mai son. A cikin wadannan shekaru, mawaki ya hada da yawa choral music kungiyoyin mai son, piano guda da kuma jam'iyya ensembles, ya yi nazarin aikin na gargajiya da na zamani, da kuma yi a matsayin pianist da organist. Daga karshen 80s. kuma har zuwa 1929, Elgar a madadin yana zaune a birane daban-daban, ciki har da London da Birmingham (inda yake koyarwa a jami'a tsawon shekaru 3), kuma ya kammala rayuwarsa a ƙasarsa - a Worcester.

Muhimmancin Elgar ga tarihin kiɗan Ingilishi an ƙaddara da farko ta hanyar ƙira guda biyu: the oratorio The Dream of Gerontius (1900, a kan st. J. Newman) da Bambance-bambancen Mahimmanci akan Jigogi Mai Haɗi (Enigma Variations {Enigma (lat. ) – kacici-kacici.}, 1899), wanda ya zama kololuwar sha’anin kidan Turanci. The oratorio "Mafarkin Gerontius" ya taƙaita ba kawai dogon ci gaban cantata-oratorio nau'ikan a cikin aikin Elgar kansa (4 oratorios, 4 cantatas, 2 odes), amma a cikin da yawa mutunta dukan hanyar Turanci choral music cewa gaba. shi. Wani muhimmin fasali na Renaissance na ƙasa kuma an bayyana shi a cikin oratorio - sha'awar tatsuniyoyi. Ba daidai ba ne cewa, bayan sauraron "Mafarkin Gerontius", R. Strauss ya yi shelar gasa "zuwa wadata da nasara na farkon dan ci gaba na Ingilishi Edward Elgar, mai kula da makarantar matasa masu ci gaba na Turanci composers." Ba kamar Enigma oratorio ba, bambance-bambance sun kafa harsashin ginin don nuna tausayi na kasa, wanda kafin Elgar ya kasance yanki mafi rauni na al'adun kiɗan Ingilishi. "Bambance-bambancen ban mamaki sun shaida cewa a cikin mutumin Elgar ƙasar ta sami mawallafin mawaƙa na farko," in ji ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken Ingilishi. “Asiri” na bambance-bambancen shine cewa an ɓoye sunayen abokan mawaƙin a cikinsu, kuma jigon kiɗan na zagayowar yana ɓoye daga gani. (Duk wannan yana tunawa da "Sphinxes" daga "Carnival" na R. Schumann.) Elgar kuma ya mallaki wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Turanci (1908).

Daga cikin sauran mawaƙan mawaƙa masu yawa (overtures, suites, concertos, da dai sauransu), Violin Concerto (1910) ya fito fili - ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da aka tsara na wannan nau'in.

Ayyukan Elgar na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abubuwan ban mamaki na soyayya na kiɗa. Haɗin kai na ƙasa da Yammacin Turai, galibin tasirin Austro-Jamus, yana ɗauke da fasalulluka na lyrical-psychological da almara kwatance. Mawallafin ya yi amfani da yawa na tsarin leitmotifs, wanda tasirin R. Wagner da R. Strauss ke ji a fili.

Kiɗa na Elgar yana da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, mai launi, yana da halaye mai haske, a cikin ayyukan ban dariya yana jan hankalin ƙungiyar makaɗa, dabarar kayan aiki, bayyanar tunanin soyayya. A farkon karni na XX. Elgar ya tashi zuwa matsayin Turai.

Daga cikin masu yin wakokinsa akwai fitattun mawaka - madugu H. Richter, violinists F. Kreisler da I. Menuhin. Sau da yawa yana magana a ƙasashen waje, mawaƙin da kansa ya tsaya a wurin madugu. A Rasha, ayyukan Elgar sun amince da N. Rimsky-Korsakov da A. Glazunov.

Bayan ƙirƙirar Concerto na Violin, mawaƙin ya ragu sannu a hankali, amma a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa ya sake farfado da aikinsa. Ya rubuta ƙididdiga masu yawa don kayan aikin iska, ya zana Symphony na Uku, Mawaƙin Piano, opera The Spanish Lady. Elgar ya tsira daga ɗaukakarsa, a ƙarshen rayuwarsa sunansa ya zama labari, alamar rayuwa da girman kai na al'adun kiɗa na Ingilishi.

G. Zhdanova