Tsohuwar Girkanci |
Hanyoyi na Girka na zamanin da sune tsarin salon waƙoƙi a cikin kiɗan tsohuwar Girka, waɗanda ba su san polyphony ba a ma'anar zamani. Tushen tsarin tsarin shine tetrachords (da farko kawai masu saukowa). Dangane da tazarar abun da ke ciki na tetrachords, Helenawa sun bambanta yanayi 3, ko jinsin (genn): diatonic, chromatic da enharmonic (an nuna bambance-bambance tare da wasu sauƙaƙe):
Bi da bi, diatonic. tetrachords sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan 3, waɗanda suka bambanta a wurin manyan daƙiƙai manya da ƙanana:
Haɓaka tsari na babban tsari ya taso azaman haɗin tetrachords. Akwai ka'idoji guda biyu na haɗin kai: "fused" (synapn) tare da daidaituwar sautunan da ke kusa da su a cikin tetrachords (misali, d1-c1 - h - a, a - g - f - e) da "raba" (diasenxis), tare da waɗanne sautunan da ke kusa da su an raba su da duka sautin (misali, e1 – d1 – c1 – h, a – g – f – e). Mafi mahimmancin ƙungiyoyi na tetrachords sune hanyoyin octave (abin da ake kira "nau'in octaves" ko armoniai - "harmonies"). An yi la'akari da manyan frets Dorian, Phrygian da Lydian, to-rye an kafa su ta hanyar haɗa wasiku biyu. tetrachords iri ɗaya ne a cikin tsari; Mixolydian ("Mixed-Lydian") an fassara shi azaman haɗe-haɗe na musamman na tetrachords na Lydian.
Side - hypolades an yi su daga manyan su ta hanyar sake tsara tetrachords da kuma ƙara ma'auni zuwa octave (sunayen hanyoyin Girkanci ba su dace da na baya na Turai ba). Tsari na hanyoyin octave bakwai:
Cikakken ra'ayi na sauran Girkanci. tsarin modal gabaɗaya yana wakiltar sustnma teleion - “cikakkiyar tsarin (watau cikakke) tsarin”. A ƙasa akwai abin da ake kira. "Kafaffen" (ko "marasa daidaitawa") tsarin - ametabolon:
Matakan suna suna fitowa daga wurin da ake cire sautin da aka bayar akan igiyoyin. cithara kayan aiki. Asalin sunayen matakan da ke cikin octave (misali, vntn ya shafi duka a1 da e1) suna nuna ka'idar tetrachordal (ba octave) na ext. tsarin tsarin. Dr. bambance-bambancen tsarin da ya dace - metabolon yana nuna ta hanyar shigar da "retractable" tetrachord synnmmenon (lit. - haɗa) dl - c1 - b - a, faɗaɗa ƙarar tsarin.
Lokacin da aka canza tsarin cikakke zuwa wasu matakai, abin da ake kira. ma'auni na transpositional, tare da taimakon wanda zai yiwu a samu a cikin kewayon iri ɗaya (lyre, cithara) dec. modal ma'auni (tonoi - maɓalli).
Frets da genera (da kuma rhythms) Helenawa sun dangana wani hali ("ethos"). Don haka, yanayin Dorian (wawaye - ɗaya daga cikin kabilun Girkanci na asali) an ɗauke shi mai ƙarfi, ƙarfin zuciya, da ɗa'a mafi mahimmanci; Phrygian (Phrygia da Lydia - yankuna na Asiya Ƙarama) - m, m, Bacchic:
Amfani da chromatic da anharmonic. nau'in jinsin ya bambanta kiɗan Girka da na Turai daga baya. Diatonism, wanda ya mamaye na ƙarshe, yana cikin Helenawa, kodayake mafi mahimmanci, amma har yanzu ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan uku. Spheres. A dũkiya na melodic yiwuwa. Har ila yau, an bayyana innation a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na yanayi, gabatarwar "launi" (xpoai), wanda ba a daidaita shi azaman yanayi na musamman ba.
Girkanci tsarin hanyoyin ya samo asali a tarihi. Mafi tsofaffin frets na kayan gargajiya. Girka, a fili, an haɗa shi da ma'auni na pentatonic, wanda aka nuna a cikin daidaitawa na archaic. igiyoyi. kayan aiki. Tsarin hanyoyi da abubuwan da aka kafa bisa tushen tetrachords sun haɓaka a cikin hanyar faɗaɗa kewayon modal.
References: Plato, Siyasa ko Jiha, Op., Sashe na III, trans. daga Girkanci, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1863, § 398, p. 164-67; Aristotle, Siyasa, trans. daga Girkanci, M., 1911, littafi. VIII, ch. 7, ku. 372-77; Plutarch, Kan Kiɗa, trans. daga Girkanci, P., 1922; Anonymous, Gabatarwa ga jituwa, Magana na farko, fassarar da bayani, bayanin kula ta GA Ivanov, “Philological Review”, 1894, vol. VII, littafi. 1-2; Petr BI, Akan abubuwan da aka tsara, tsari da tsari a cikin tsohuwar kiɗan Girka, K., 1901; Masu tunani na zamani game da fasaha, comp. Asmus BF, M., 1937; Gruber RI, Tarihin al'adun kiɗa, vol. 1, sashi na 1, M.-L., 1941; Tsohuwar kayan ado na kiɗa. Shiga muqala da tarin matani ta AF Losev. Gabatarwa da ed. VP Shestakova, M., 1960; Gertsman EB, Hane-hane na wurare daban-daban na sauti a cikin tunanin mawaƙa, "Bulletin of Ancient History", 1971, No 4; Bellermann, F., Die Tonleitern da Musiknoten der Griechen, B., 1847; Westphal R., Harmonik und Melopüe der Griechen, Lpz., 1864; Gevaert fr. A., Histoire et théorie de la musique de l'antiquité, v. 1-2, Gand, 1875-81; Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Bd 1, Lpz., 1888; pyc. trans., M., 1896; Monro DB, Yanayin tsohuwar kiɗan Girka, Oxf., 1894; Abert H., Die Lehre vom Ethos a cikin der griechischen Musik, Lpz., 1899; Sachs C., Die Musik der Antike, Potsdam, 1928; pyc. per. otd. surori karkashin kai. "Ra'ayi na kida-ka'idar da kayan aikin tsohuwar Helenawa", a cikin Sat: Al'adun kiɗa na duniyar duniyar, L., 1937; Gombosi O., Tonarten und Stimmungen der antiken Musik, Kph., 1939; Ursprung O., Die antiken Transpositionsskalen und die Kirchentöne, “AfMf”, 1940, Jahrg. 5, H. 3, S. 129-52; Dzhudzhev S., Theory on Bulgarian Folk music, vol. 2, Safiya, 1955; Husmann, H., Grundlagen der antiken und orientalischen Musikkultur, B., 1961.
Yu. H. Kholopov
