Elisabeth Schwarzkopf |

Elizabeth Schwarzkopf

Daga cikin mawaƙa na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf ya mamaye wani wuri na musamman, wanda aka kwatanta da Maria Callas kawai. Kuma a yau, bayan shekaru da yawa daga lokacin da mawakiyar ta bayyana a gaban jama'a na ƙarshe, ga masu sha'awar wasan opera, har yanzu sunanta ya dace da mizanin waƙar opera.

Ko da yake tarihin al'adun rera waƙa ya san misalai da yawa na yadda masu fasaha waɗanda ke da ƙarancin muryoyin murya suka sami nasarar cimma gagarumin sakamako na fasaha, misalin Schwarzkopf da alama ya zama na musamman. A cikin jaridu, sau da yawa ana yin ikirari kamar haka: “Idan a waɗannan shekarun da Elisabeth Schwarzkopf take fara sana’arta, wani ya gaya mini cewa za ta zama babbar mawaƙa, da gaske zan yi shakka. Ta sami ainihin abin al'ajabi. Yanzu na tabbata cewa idan da sauran mawaƙa suna da aƙalla barbashi na rawar da ta taka, ƙwarewar fasaha, sha'awar fasaha, to tabbas za mu sami dukkan rukunin opera waɗanda suka ƙunshi taurari na farko kawai.

An haifi Elisabeth Schwarzkopf a garin Jarocin na ƙasar Poland, kusa da Poznan, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1915. Tun tana ƙarama tana sha’awar kiɗa. A cikin makarantar karkara inda mahaifinta ya koyar, yarinyar ta shiga cikin ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da wani birnin Poland - Legnica. Diyar malamin Girka da Latin a makarantar maza, ta taba rera dukkan sassan mata a wani wasan opera da daliban da kansu suka yi.

Sha'awar zama mai fasaha ko da a lokacin, a fili, ya zama burin rayuwarta. Elisabeth ta tafi Berlin kuma ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta kiɗa, wacce a lokacin ita ce cibiyar koyar da kiɗan da aka fi girmamawa a Jamus.

Shahararriyar mawakiya Lula Mys-Gmeiner ce ta karbe ta a ajin ta. Ta yi sha'awar yarda cewa ɗalibarta tana da mezzo-soprano. Kuskuren ya kusa rikidewa ya zama batan murya gareta. Azuzuwan ba su yi kyau sosai ba. Matashiyar mawakiyar ta ji muryarta ba ta da kyau. Da sauri ta gaji a class. Bayan shekaru biyu kawai, wasu malaman murya sun tabbatar da cewa Schwarzkopf ba mezzo-soprano ba ne, amma soprano coloratura! Nan da nan muryar ta ƙara ƙara ƙarfin gwiwa, ƙara haske, mafi 'yanci.

A Conservatory Elizabeth ba ta iyakance kanta a cikin shakka, amma karatu da piano da viola, gudanar da raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa, wasa da glockenspiel a cikin dalibi makada, shiga cikin jam'iyya ensembles, kuma ko da kokarin ta basira a cikin abun da ke ciki.

A 1938, Schwarzkopf ya sauke karatu daga Berlin Higher School of Music. Bayan watanni shida, Opera na birnin Berlin na buƙatar gaggawar mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ƙaramin aikin yarinyar fure a Wagner's Parsifal. Dole ne a koyi aikin a rana ɗaya, amma wannan bai dame Schwarzkopf ba. Ta yi nasarar yin tasiri mai kyau ga masu sauraro da masu kula da wasan kwaikwayo. Amma, a fili, ba: an yarda da ita a cikin ƙungiyar, amma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an sanya ta kusan ayyuka na musamman - a cikin shekara ta aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ta raira waƙa game da ƙananan matsayi ashirin. Kawai lokaci-lokaci mawaƙin ya sami damar zuwa fagen wasa a cikin ainihin matsayin.

Amma wata rana matashin mawaƙa ya yi sa'a: a cikin Cavalier na Roses, inda ta raira waƙa Zerbinetta, sanannen mawaƙa Maria Ivogun, wanda kanta ya haskaka a cikin wannan bangare a baya. Wannan taron ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin rayuwar Schwarzkopf. Mai fasaha mai mahimmanci, Ivogün ya ga gwaninta na gaske a Schwarzkopf kuma ya fara aiki tare da ita. Ta qaddamar da ita cikin sirrin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, ta taimaka wajen faɗaɗa tunaninta, ta gabatar da ita ga duniyar waƙoƙin murya na ɗakin taro, kuma mafi mahimmanci, ta tada ƙaunarta ga waƙar ɗakin.

Bayan darasi tare da Ivogün Schwarzkopf, ya fara samun ƙarin shahara. Ƙarshen yaƙin, da alama ya kamata ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan. Darakta na Opera Vienna ya ba ta kwangila, kuma mawaƙin ya yi shirye-shirye masu haske.

Amma ba zato ba tsammani likitoci sun gano tarin fuka a cikin mai zane, wanda ya kusan sa ta manta da matakin har abada. Duk da haka, an shawo kan cutar.

A 1946, da singer sanya ta halarta a karon a Vienna Opera. Jama'a sun iya godiya da gaske Schwarzkopf, wanda da sauri ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan soloists na Vienna Opera. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ta yi sassan Nedda a Pagliacci ta R. Leoncavallo, Gilda a cikin Verdi's Rigoletto, Marcellina a cikin Fidelio na Beethoven.

A lokaci guda, Elizabeth ta yi farin ciki gamuwa da mijinta na gaba, sanannen impresario Walter Legge. Daya daga cikin manya-manyan masana fasahar kida na zamaninmu, a wancan lokacin ya shagaltu da ra'ayin yada kida tare da taimakon na'urar rekodi na Gramophone, wanda daga nan ya fara rikidewa zuwa wasa mai tsayi. Rikodi kawai, in ji Legge, yana iya juyar da masu fafutuka zuwa taro, wanda ya sa nasarorin da manyan masu fassara suka samu ga kowa; in ba haka ba yana da ma'ana don saka wasan kwaikwayo masu tsada. A gare shi ne muke binta da yawa cewa fasahar manyan masu gudanarwa da mawaƙa na zamaninmu sun kasance tare da mu. “Wa zan kasance in ba shi ba? Elisabeth Schwarzkopf ta ce da yawa daga baya. - Mafi mahimmanci, mai kyau soloist na Vienna Opera ... "

A cikin marigayi 40s, Schwarzkopf records ya fara bayyana. Daya daga cikinsu ko ta yaya ya zo wurin madugu Wilhelm Furtwängler. Fitaccen maestro ya yi farin ciki sosai har ya gayyace ta nan da nan don shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Brahms'Jamus Requiem a bikin Lucerne.

Shekarar 1947 ta zama abin tarihi ga mawaƙin. Schwarzkopf ya tafi yawon shakatawa na kasa da kasa. Ta yi a Salzburg Festival, sa'an nan - a kan mataki na London gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Covent Garden", a Mozart ta operas "Aure na Figaro" da "Don Giovanni". Masu sukar "Albion mai duhu" gaba ɗaya suna kiran mawaƙa da "gano" na Opera Vienna. Don haka Schwarzkopf ya zo ga shaharar duniya.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, rayuwarta gaba ɗaya ta kasance jerin nasarorin da ba a yankewa ba. Wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide a cikin manyan biranen Turai da Amurka suna biye da juna.

A cikin 50s, mai zane ya zauna a London na dogon lokaci, inda ta yi sau da yawa a kan mataki na Covent Garden Theater. A babban birnin Ingila, Schwarzkopf ya gana da fitaccen mawakin kasar Rasha kuma dan wasan piano NK Medtner. Tare da shi, ta yi rikodin labaran soyayya da yawa a cikin faifan, kuma ta yi ta yin kade-kade da yawa a cikin kide-kide.

A cikin 1951, tare da Furtwängler, ta shiga cikin bikin Bayreuth, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven's Sinth Symphony da kuma samar da "juyi" na "Rheingold d'Or" na Wieland Wagner. A lokaci guda, Schwarzkopf yana shiga cikin wasan opera na Stravinsky "The Rake's Adventures" tare da marubucin, wanda ke bayan na'urar wasan bidiyo. Teatro alla Scala ya ba ta darajar yin ɓangaren Mélisande a bikin cika shekaru hamsin na Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande. Wilhelm Furtwängler a matsayin ɗan pianist ya yi rikodin waƙoƙin Hugo Wolf tare da ita, Nikolai Medtner - nasa na soyayya, Edwin Fischer - waƙoƙin Schubert, Walter Gieseking - ƙaramar muryar Mozart da arias, Glen Gould - waƙoƙin Richard Strauss. A 1955, daga hannun Toscanini, ta karbi kyautar Golden Orpheus.

Wadannan shekaru sune furanni na gwanintar mawaƙa. A cikin 1953, mai zane ya fara fitowa a Amurka - na farko tare da shirin kide-kide a New York, daga baya - akan matakin wasan opera na San Francisco. Schwarzkopf yana wasa a Chicago da London, Vienna da Salzburg, Brussels da Milan. A kan mataki na "La Scala" na Milan a karon farko ta nuna daya daga cikin mafi kyawun matsayinta - Marshall a cikin "Der Rosenkavalier" na R. Strauss.

VV Timokhin ya rubuta cewa: "Haƙiƙa na al'ada na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani shine Marshall, wata mace mai daraja ta al'ummar Viennese a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX," in ji VV Timokhin. - Wasu daraktoci na "The Knight na Roses" a lokaci guda sunyi la'akari da cewa ya zama dole don ƙarawa: "Mace ta riga ta ɓace, wanda ya wuce ba kawai na farko ba, amma har ma matasa na biyu." Kuma wannan matar tana ƙauna kuma tana ƙaunar matasa Octavian. Menene, da alama, shine ikon shigar da wasan kwaikwayo na matar Marshal da ta tsufa a hankali da shiga cikin jiki kamar yadda zai yiwu! Amma Schwarzkopf bai bi wannan hanya (zai zama mafi daidai a ce, kawai tare da wannan hanya), miƙa nata hangen nesa na image, a cikin abin da masu sauraro da aka captivated daidai da dabara canja wurin duk m, wani tunanin nuances a cikin hadaddun. ire-iren abubuwan da jarumar ta samu.

Tana da kyau da ban sha'awa, cike da taushin tausayi da fara'a na gaske. Nan take masu sauraro suka tuna da Countess Almaviva a cikin Aure na Figaro. Kuma ko da yake babban sautin motsin rai na hoton Marshall ya riga ya bambanta, lyricism Mozart, alheri, alherin dabara ya kasance babban fasalinsa.

Haske, kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki, timbre na azurfa, muryar Schwarzkopf ta mallaki ikon ban mamaki don rufe kowane kauri na ƙungiyar makaɗa. Ko da yaushe waƙarta ta kasance mai bayyanawa da yanayi, ko ta yaya yanayin sautin muryar ya kasance. Zane-zanenta da yanayin salonta ba su da kyau. Shi ya sa wasan kwaikwayon mai zane ya kasance mai ban mamaki iri-iri. Hakanan ta yi nasara a irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar Gilda, Mélisande, Nedda, Mimi, Cio-Cio-San, Eleanor (Lohengrin), Marceline (Fidelio), amma manyan nasarorin da ta samu suna da alaƙa da fassarar operas ta Mozart da Richard Strauss.

Akwai jam'iyyun da Schwarzkopf ya yi, kamar yadda suka ce, "nata". Baya ga Marshall, wannan ita ce Countess Madeleine a cikin Strauss's Capriccio, Fiordiligi a cikin Mozart's Duk Su, Elvira a Don Giovanni, Countess a Le nozze di Figaro. "Amma, a fili, masu sauti kawai za su iya godiya ga aikinta a kan jimla, kayan ado na kowane nau'i mai mahimmanci da sauti, abin da ta samu na fasaha mai ban mamaki, wanda ta ɓata da irin wannan sauƙi," in ji VV Timokhin.

Dangane da haka, lamarin da mijin mawaki Walter Legge ya fada yana nuni da hakan. Schwarzkopf koyaushe yana sha'awar sana'ar Callas. Da jin Callas a La Traviata a 1953 a Parma, Elisabeth ya yanke shawarar barin aikin Violetta har abada. Ta yi la'akari da cewa ba za ta iya wasa da kuma rera wannan bangare mafi kyau ba. Kalas, bi da bi, ya yaba da basirar aikin Schwarzkopf.

Bayan daya daga cikin rikodi zaman tare da sa hannu na Callas, Legge lura da cewa singer sau da yawa maimaita wani sanannen magana daga Verdi opera. A lokaci guda, ya sami ra'ayi cewa tana neman zabin da ya dace kuma ta kasa samunsa.

Ya kasa jurewa, Kalas ya juya ga Legge: “Yaushe Schwarzkopf zai kasance a nan?” Ya amsa da cewa sun amince su hadu a wani gidan cin abinci don cin abincin rana. Kafin Schwarzkopf ya bayyana a cikin zauren, Kalas, tare da fa'idodinta, ya ruga zuwa gare ta, ya fara rera waƙar da ba ta da kyau: "Saurara, Elisabeth, yaya za ku yi a nan, a wannan wuri, irin wannan magana mai banƙyama?" Da farko Schwarzkopf ya rude: "Eh, amma ba yanzu ba, bayan, bari mu fara cin abincin rana." Callas ta dage da kanta: "A'a, a yanzu wannan maganar tana damuna!" Schwarzkopf ya tuba - an ajiye abincin rana, kuma a nan, a cikin gidan abinci, wani darasi mai ban mamaki ya fara. Washegari, da ƙarfe goma na safe, wayar ta yi ƙara a ɗakin Schwarzkopf: a ɗayan ƙarshen waya, Callas: “Na gode, Elisabeth. Kun taimakeni sosai jiya. Daga karshe na sami diminuendo da nake bukata.”

Schwarzkopf ko da yaushe ya yarda ya yi wasan kwaikwayo, amma ba koyaushe yana da lokacin yin hakan ba. Bayan haka, ban da wasan opera, ta kuma shiga cikin shirye-shiryen operettas na Johann Strauss da Franz Lehar, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na vocal da na wasan kwaikwayo. Amma a cikin 1971, barin mataki, ta sadaukar da kanta gaba ɗaya ga waƙa, soyayya. Anan ta fi son waƙoƙin Richard Strauss, amma ba ta manta da sauran litattafan Jamusanci - Mozart da Beethoven, Schumann da Schubert, Wagner, Brahms, Wolf…

A cikin marigayi 70s, bayan mutuwar mijinta, Schwarzkopf bar concert aiki, bayan da aka ba da kafin wannan bankwana kide a New York, Hamburg, Paris da Vienna. Tushen zuga ta ya dushe, don tunawa da mutumin da ya ba ta kyauta ga duk duniya, ta daina waƙa. Amma ba ta rabu da fasaha ba. "Genius shine, watakila, kusan ikon yin aiki ba tare da hutawa ba," tana son maimaita kalmomin mijinta.

Mai zane ta sadaukar da kanta ga koyar da murya. A garuruwa daban-daban na Turai, tana gudanar da tarukan karawa juna sani da kwasa-kwasai, wadanda ke jan hankalin matasa mawaka daga sassan duniya. “Koyarwa kari ne na waka. Ina yin abin da na yi dukan raina; yayi aiki akan kyakkyawa, gaskiyar sauti, aminci ga salo da bayyanawa.

PS Elisabeth Schwarzkopf ta rasu a daren 2-3 ga Agusta, 2006.