Halitta frets |
Kalma mai nuna rukuni na matakai 7 tsantsa diatonic. hanyoyi (duba Diatonic) sabanin yanayin, gami da gyare-gyare na babba. matakai, chromatisms, gyare-gyare (misali, ƙananan yanayi sabanin jituwa). Karkashin N.l. yawanci yana nufin daidai frets na Nar. Turai da wajen Turai. kiɗa, frets tsakiyar karni. monody, sauran Rasha. waƙar al'ada, diatonic frets a Yammacin Turai. da kiɗan Rasha na sabon lokaci (ƙarni na 17-19) kuma a cikin zamani. kiɗa. Waɗannan su ne halaye (cikakkun kuma ba su cika) na Aeolian (ƙananan halitta), Ionian (manyan halitta), Dorian, Mixolydian, Phrygian, Lydian, diatonic masu canji (tare da kiyaye ma'auni na gaba ɗaya, misali, a cikin waƙar "The baby tafiya tare da gandun daji" daga tarin N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov), kazalika da sosai rare Lokrian; ku N.l. sun haɗa da pentatonic anhemitone kowane iri. Babban tsarin N.l. (bisa ga IV Sposobin):
N.l. suna da launuka iri-iri. Alal misali, Dorian - tare da ƙananan launi mai haske, Lydian - tare da ingantaccen maɓalli mai mahimmanci, da dai sauransu A cikin kiɗa na 19-20 ƙarni. mawaƙa (E. Grieg, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok, C. Debussy, da sauransu) sukan yi amfani da N.l. a cikin dalilai masu sauti masu launi. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin lokuta na yin amfani da N.l. a matsayin sanarwa ta musamman. yana nufin - a cikin opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia" by Rimsky-Korsakov: juxtaposition na N. l. kuma kiɗan chromatic cike da gyare-gyare yana ba da bambanci na bayyananne, mai sauƙi, na halitta. jawabai na Fevronia da m, gurbatattun kalmomi na Grishka Kuterma.
Na Rimsky-Korsakov. "Labarin Ganuwa Garin Kitezh da Maiden Fevronia", Dokar IV.
Duk da haka, manufar N. l. cikin nufin. auna sharadi. Kalmar “na halitta” (a cikin ma’ana ta gaba ɗaya – “na halitta”, “daidai da yanayi”) a nan yana nufin “an ba da ta yanayi” (cf. “ma’auni na halitta”, “ƙaho na halitta”), ba gyara ba, ba na wucin gadi ba (cf. adawa: "na halitta" da "artificial" flageolets). Ina N.l. diatonicism na halitta ne, wanda aka fahimta a matsayin ka'ida ta asali. Saboda haka bambanci a Turai. ƙananan tsakanin "na halitta", ma'auni na farko, wanda aka nuna ta alamun maɓalli na al'ada, da kuma "na wucin gadi" gabatarwar semitone, wanda aka yi amfani da shi akai-akai, amma ba daidai ba cikin hakki tare da sautunan N. l. Amma irin wannan bambanci yana aiki ne kawai ga Turai. al'adun kiɗa; Gabas frets girma na biyu suna da gaske a matsayin "na halitta," watau, na halitta, kamar duk hanyoyin kiɗan jama'a a gaba ɗaya (a cikin yanayin jama'a, komai na halitta ne, komai shine kawai tushe, ba tare da yadudduka ba). (Duba kiɗan Indiya.) Daga wannan ra'ayi, ba zai yiwu ba don danganta ga N.l., alal misali, yanayin yau da kullum (GAHcdefgab-c1-d1), wanda sautunan da ke haifar da raguwar octave (Hb) su ne daidai da na halitta (duba, misali, na 3rd solo na magatakarda daga 2nd aiki na Rimsky-Korsakov ta opera The Night Kafin Kirsimeti), kazalika da "watsa chromatism" (AD Kastalsky's term) a cikin Rashanci. nar. kiɗa. Don haka yiwuwar fahimta da zamani. Tsarin matakai 12 a matsayin na halitta, watau ba a haɗa shi da canjin sautunan tsarin matakai 7 ba. B. Bartok ya rubuta: "Nazarin kiɗan ƙauye… ya jagoranci ni… don zubar da kowane sautin kowane sautin mu na chromatic sau goma sha biyu kyauta," in ji B. Bartok. Duk da haka, ba daidai ba ne a kira wannan tsarin 12-mataki diatonic, saboda wannan zai saba wa ma'anar kalmar "diatonic".
References: Catuar GL, Tsarin daidaituwa na ka'idar, sassan 1-2, M., 1924-25; Bartok B. Tarihin Rayuwa. "Kiɗa na zamani", No 7, 1925; Gadzhibekov U., Muhimman abubuwan kiɗan jama'a na Azerbaijan, Baku, 1945, 1957; Kushnarev XS Tambayoyi na tarihi da ka'idar Armeniya monodic music, L., 1958; Belyaev VM, Maƙala a kan tarihin kiɗa na mutanen Tarayyar Soviet, vol. 1-2, M., 1962-63; Verkov VO, Harmony, sashi na 1-3, M., 1962-1966, 1970; Sposobin IV, Lakcoci akan tafarkin jituwa, M., 1969; Tyulin Yu. N., Yanayin yanayi da canje-canje, M., 1971; Yusfin AG, Wasu tambayoyi na nazarin yanayin waƙar jama'a, a cikin tarin: Matsalolin yanayi, M., 1972.
Yu. N. Kholopov
