Dramaturgy, musical |
Tsarin zai bayyana hanyoyi da hanyoyin aiwatar da wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyuka a cikin samar da nau'in wasan kida (opera, ballet, operetta). A cikin zuciyar kiɗan D. karya gabaɗayan dokokin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan art-va: kasancewar cibiyar da aka bayyana a sarari. rikice-rikicen da ke bayyana kansa a cikin gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin dakarun aiki da amsawa, wani jerin matakai a cikin bayyanar da wasan kwaikwayo. ra'ayi (bayani, makirci, ci gaba, koli, ƙin yarda), da sauransu. Waɗannan ƙirar gabaɗaya ta musamman ce. refraction a kowane nau'i na wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. kararraki za su bayyana su bisa ga yanayi. kudi. Opera, a cewar A. N. Serov, shine "wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka bayyana ayyukan da ke faruwa a kan mataki ta hanyar kiɗa, wato, ta hanyar rera waƙoƙin haruffa (kowannensu dabam, ko tare, ko a cikin mawaƙa) da kuma ta hanyar dakarun makada a cikin mawaƙa. aikace-aikace iri-iri mara iyaka na waɗannan runduna, farawa tare da sauƙin murya mai sauƙi kuma yana ƙarewa tare da haɗaɗɗun haɗaɗɗun symphonic. A cikin ballet, daga cikin abubuwa uku da Serov ya nuna - wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye da mawaƙa - akwai biyu, yayin da rawar, kama da waƙa a cikin opera, na rawa da pantomime. A lokaci guda, a cikin lokuta biyu, kiɗa shine Ch. generalizing nufi, m na giciye mataki, shi ba kawai sharhi a kan otd. yanayi, amma kuma yana haɗa dukkan abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo tare, yana bayyana ɓoyayyun maɓuɓɓugar yanayin aikin. mutane, hadaddun dangantakarsu ta ciki, galibi suna bayyana ch. ra'ayin samarwa Babban rawar kiɗa a opera da sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. art-va yana bayyana adadin fasalulluka na abubuwan da ke tattare da su, daban da ginin lit. wasan kwaikwayo. Ƙayyadaddun kiɗa. D. an riga an yi la'akari da shi a cikin ginin rubutun kuma ya ci gaba da bunkasa libretto. A cikin yanayin da tushen ƙirƙirar libertto shine kammala wasan kwaikwayo na adabi. abun da ke ciki, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana yin sauye-sauye da dama zuwa gare shi, wanda ya shafi ba kawai rubutun kansa ba, har ma da tsarin gaba ɗaya na wasan kwaikwayo. ci gaba (misalan rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo a kan cikakkun, rubutun da ba a canza ba na wasan kwaikwayo na adabi kaɗan ne). Daya daga cikin mafi yawan bambance-bambance tsakanin opera libretto da lit. wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙunshi mafi girman taƙaitaccen bayani, taƙaitacce. Halin da ya fi sharuɗɗa da na gaba ɗaya shine siffa ta yanayin wasan ballet, tun da harshen motsin rai da robobi ba su da matakin bambancewa da tabbataccen ma'anar da ke tattare da magana. A wannan yanayin, kamar yadda G. A. Laroche ya lura, "wasan kwaikwayo na opera libretto ya mamaye tsakiyar tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na magana da shirin ballet." Akwai gauraye nau'ikan kiɗa. D., hada abubuwa na opera da wasan kwaikwayo na baka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da operetta, wasan kwaikwayo. wasan kwaikwayo tare da kiɗa, gama gari tsakanin mutanen mujiya. da kasashen waje Gabas, singspiel da sauran wasan kwaikwayo. nau'o'i, a cikin abin da kiɗa. shirye-shiryen sun haɗu tare da al'amuran tattaunawa. Ana iya danganta su ga filin muses. D. a yayin da aka bayyana mahimman lokuta masu mahimmanci na aikin a cikin kiɗa. Wannan shine bambanci tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na wasan kwaikwayon, wanda kiɗan ya kasance a matsayin ɗayan kayan aikin da aka tsara kuma ana amfani dashi lokaci-lokaci don dalilai na misali ko don ba da wasan kwaikwayo.
A lokacin ci gaban tarihi, wasu nau'ikan kiɗa sun haɓaka. D .: a cikin opera - recitative, aria, arioso, decomp. nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi, mawaƙa; a cikin ballet - raye-raye na gargajiya ne da halaye, abubuwan da suka dace (pas d'axion), choreographic. ensembles (pas de deux, pas de trois, da dai sauransu). Ba su tsaya haka ba. Don haka, idan a Italiyanci. opera jerin wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 18. ayyuka da tsarin rushewa. wok. an ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun siffofin kuma an tsara su, to a nan gaba akwai hali na ƙarin sassauƙan amfani da su. Layi mai kaifi tsakanin recitative da zagaye woks ya lalace. aukuwa; na ƙarshe ya zama mai ban sha'awa a cikin tsarin su da bayyanawa. hali, kowane nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) suna tasowa. Manyan sassa na aikin (daga mataki zuwa dukan aikin) ana rufe su ta hanyar ci gaba ta hanyar kiɗa. ci gaba. Opera D. an wadatar da shi ta wasu hanyoyin wasan kwaikwayo. ci gaban da aka samu a fagen instr. kiɗa. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin nuna wasan kwaikwayo na nau'in opera shine ƙarfafa sashen. ma'anar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. jigogi ko labari. hadaddun ci gaba da ci gaba a duk lokacin aikin (duba Leitmotif). Canji na opera zuwa cikakkiyar wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. gaba ɗaya yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar reprise (duba Reprise), haɗin kai na shirin tonal, canja wurin kowane nau'i na "arches" tsakanin fiye ko žasa m lokacin mataki. ayyuka. Mn. Hakanan ana amfani da waɗannan fasahohin a cikin ballet, inda daga bene na 2. Kiɗa na ƙarni na 19 yana ɗaukar babban rawar jagoranci mai ƙarfi, cike da abubuwan ban dariya. A cikin matsanancin bayyanarsa, sha'awar nuna wasan opera da ballet wani lokaci yana haifar da ƙin yarda da juzu'ai. Wannan matsayi ya sami mafi yawan masu biyowa. magana a cikin kerawa da ka'idar. ra'ayoyin R. Wagner, wanda ya ƙi na gargajiya gaba ɗaya. nau'in opera, yana adawa da shi ga muses. wasan kwaikwayo bisa "waƙar waƙa mara iyaka". AS Dargomyzhsky ya nemi sake fasalin opera, bisa ci gaba da bin wok. karantawa ga duk intonations. inuwar rubutu na magana. Dr. composers hade ta hanyar kiɗa. haɓakawa tare da tsayawa na ɗan lokaci, yana ba ku damar haskaka yanayi, ƙwarewar motsin rai ko halayen halayen wani aiki a cikin kusanci. fuskoki.
A cikin samar da nau'ikan kida na kida, akwai alamun irin waɗannan muses zalla. ka'idodin tsari mai mahimmanci na kayan aiki, kamar bambancin, rondo-likeness, sonatism. Ho yawanci suna fitowa a nan cikin 'yanci da sassauci fiye da instr. kiɗa, biyayya ga bukatun wasan kwaikwayo. dabaru. A wannan ma'anar, PI Tchaikovsky yayi magana game da ainihin bambanci tsakanin wasan opera da wasan kwaikwayo. salo. "Yayin da yake shirya wasan opera," in ji shi, "mawallafin dole ne ya ci gaba da kiyaye yanayin a hankali, watau ku tuna cewa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba kawai waƙoƙi da jituwa ake buƙata ba, amma har da aiki ... ". Wannan babbar dokar waka. D. yana ba da damar nau'ikan kerawa na musamman. yanke shawara dangane da decomp. rabon wok. da orc. fara, ci gaba na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe da kuma otd. shirye-shiryen da aka kammala, rera waƙa da faɗaɗa wok. waƙa, waƙar solo, gungu da mawaƙa, da sauransu. Nau'in kiɗan. D. ya dogara ba kawai akan zane-zane na gaba ɗaya ba. trends na zamanin, amma kuma a kan yanayin makirci, nau'in samarwa. (babban tarihi-jarumta, almara, tatsuniya, lyric-wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera mai ban dariya ko ballet), daga ɗakin ajiyar mutum ɗaya na kerawa na wani mawaki na musamman.
Ma'anar kiɗa. D. kuma ya shafi samfurori. ciki kiɗa, ba da alaƙa co stage. aiki ko wani haske. shirin. Yana da al'ada don magana game da wasan kwaikwayo. D., D. sonata nau'i, da dai sauransu. Ƙarfin da ke cikin kiɗa don nuna hotuna na gaskiya a cikin motsi, ci gaba, haɗawa da gwagwarmayar ka'idoji masu sabani suna ba da damar kwatanta da wasan kwaikwayo. aiki. Ho, yin amfani da irin wannan kwatankwacin, ya kamata mutum ya tuna da dangantakarsa. Musamman alamu, to-Crym yana ƙarƙashin haɓakar muses. hotuna a cikin instr. kiɗa, kawai ɗan lokaci ya yi daidai da dokokin matakin. wasan kwaikwayo.
References: Druskin M., Tambayoyi na wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na opera, L., 1952; Yarustovsky B., Dramaturgy na wasan opera na Rasha, M., 1952; nasa, Kasidu a kan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan opera na 1971th karni, M., 1961; Ferman B., Mahimman abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo, a cikin littafin: Opera House. Moscow, XNUMX.
Yu. B. Duniya
