Zdeněk Fibich |

Zadenek Fibich

Fitaccen mawakin Czech Z. Fibich, tare da B. Smetana da A. Dvorak, suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar mawaƙa ta ƙasa. Rayuwa da aikin mawaƙin sun zo daidai da haɓakar motsin kishin ƙasa a Jamhuriyar Czech, haɓakar fahimtar kai na jama'arta, kuma wannan ya fi fitowa fili a cikin ayyukansa. Masani mai zurfi na tarihin ƙasarsa, tarihinta na kiɗa, Fiebich ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban al'adun kiɗa na Czech musamman ma wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa.

An haifi mawakin a cikin dangin gandun daji. Fiebich ya ciyar da ƙuruciyarsa a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi na Jamhuriyar Czech. A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya ci gaba da tunawa da kyawun waƙarta kuma ya kama shi a cikin aikinsa na soyayya, hotuna masu ban sha'awa masu alaƙa da duniyar halitta. Daya daga cikin hazikan mutane na zamaninsa, yana da zurfin ilimi mai zurfi a fagen kade-kade, adabi da falsafa, Fibich ya fara karatun waka da kwarewa tun yana dan shekara 14. Ya sami ilimin kida a makarantar kida ta Smetana da ke Prague. sannan a Leipzig Conservatory, kuma daga 1868 ya inganta a matsayin mawaƙi, na farko a birnin Paris kuma, daga baya, a Mannheim. Tun 1871 (ban da shekaru biyu - 1873-74, lokacin da yake koyarwa a Makarantar Kiɗa ta RMS a Vilnius), mawakin ya zauna a Prague. A nan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba na biyu da mawaƙa na wucin gadi Theatre, darektan mawaka na Rasha Orthodox Church, kuma shi ne mai kula da repertory sashen na opera troupe na National Theater. Ko da yake Fibich bai koyar a makarantun kiɗa a Prague ba, yana da ɗalibai waɗanda daga baya suka zama manyan wakilan al'adun kiɗan Czech. Daga cikinsu akwai K. Kovarzovits, O. Ostrchil, 3. Nejedly. Bugu da kari, babbar gudummawar da Fiebich ya bayar wajen koyar da tarbiyya ita ce samar da makarantar wasan piano.

Al'adun Romanism na kida na Jamus sun taka rawar gani wajen samar da basirar kiɗan Phoebech. Ba ƙaramin mahimmanci ba shine sha’awara ga adabin soyayya na Czech, musamman ma waƙar J. Vrchlicki, wanda ayyukansa suka kafa tushen yawancin ayyukan mawaƙa. A matsayin mai zane-zane, Fiebich ya bi ta hanya mai wahala ta juyin halitta. Manyan ayyukansa na farko na 60-70s. cike da ra'ayoyin kishin ƙasa na motsi na farfaɗo na ƙasa, makirci da hotuna an aro su daga tarihin Czech da zamanin jama'a, cike da ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar waƙoƙin ƙasa da tarihin raye-raye. Daga cikin wa] annan ayyukan, wa}ar wa}ar wa}ar wa}a ta Zaboy, Slavoy da Ludek (1874), opera-ballad Blanik (1877), wasan opera na kishin ƙasa (1883), zane-zanen ban mamaki, Toman da Fairy Forest, da Spring na daga cikin ayyukan da suka ba wa mawaƙan shahara a karon farko. . Koyaya, fagen kerawa mafi kusa da Phoebe shine wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. A cikinsa, inda nau'in nau'in kansa yana buƙatar dangantaka ta kud da kud tsakanin nau'ikan fasaha daban-daban, babban al'adu, hankali da hankali na mawaƙi ya sami aikace-aikacen su. Masana tarihi na Czech sun lura cewa, tare da Bride na Messina (80), Fibich ya wadata wasan opera na Czech tare da bala'i na kiɗa, wanda ba shi da daidai a wancan lokacin dangane da tasirin fasaha mai ban sha'awa. Marigayi XNUMXs - farkon 90-x ku gg. Fibich ya keɓe don yin aiki a kan mafi girman aikinsa - mataki melodrama-trilogy "Hippodamia". An rubuta shi zuwa ga rubutun Vrchlitsky, wanda ya ci gaba da sanannun tsohuwar tatsuniyoyi na Girka a nan a cikin ruhun ra'ayoyin falsafa na ƙarshen karni, wannan aikin yana da babban darajar fasaha, ya farfado da tabbatar da yiwuwar nau'in melodrama.

Shekaru goma na ƙarshe a cikin aikin Phoebech ya kasance da amfani musamman. Ya rubuta operas 4: "The Tempest" (1895), "Gedes" (1897), "Sharka" (1897) da "The Fall of Arcana" (1899). Duk da haka, mafi mahimmancin halittar wannan lokacin shine wani abu na musamman ga dukan littattafan piano na duniya - zagaye na 376 piano guda "Moods, Impressions and Memories". Tarihin asalinsa yana da alaƙa da sunan Anezka Schulz, matar mawaki. Wannan sake zagayowar, wanda Z. Nejedly ya kira “Littafin soyayya na Fiebich”, ya zama ba wai kawai abin da ya shafi tunanin mawaƙin ba ne kawai, amma wani nau’in dakin gwaje-gwaje ne na ƙirƙira wanda daga ciki ya zana abubuwa don yawancin ayyukansa. Takaitattun Hotunan zagayowar an karkatar da su ta wata hanya ta musamman a cikin Taro na Biyu da na Uku kuma sun sami firgita ta musamman a cikin idyll mai nuna juyayi Kafin maraice. Rubutun violin na wannan abun da ke ciki, mallakar fitaccen ɗan wasan violin na Czech J. Kubelik, ya zama sananne a ƙarƙashin sunan "Poem".

I. Vetlitsyna