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Jamus Gegenstimme, Gegensatz, Kontrasubjekt - akasin haka; Kalma ta ƙarshe kuma na iya nuna jigo na biyu na fugue

1) Mayar da martani ga amsar farko a fugue, da sauransu. siffofin kwaikwayo, suna sauti a ƙarshen jigon a cikin murya ɗaya. Bin jigon da P. tushe guda biyu sun bambanta. kaso: a) P. ci gaba ne kai tsaye na jigon, yana biye da shi ba tare da tsayawa a sarari ba, caesura, ba tare da la'akari da ko zai yiwu a tabbatar da daidai lokacin da aka kammala jigon ba (misali, a cikin C-dur fugue daga vol. 1 "Clavier Mai Haushi Mai Kyau" na I. C. Bach) ko a'a (misali, a cikin nunin 1st, op. fugues a cikin C small op. 101 No 3 Glazunov); b) P. rabu da jigon ta caesura, cadenza, wanda ke bayyane ga kunne (misali, a cikin h-moll fugue daga t. 1 na wannan sake zagayowar Bach), wani lokacin ma tare da tsaiko mai ƙarfi (misali, a cikin D-dur fugue daga fp. sake zagayowar "24 Preludes da Fugues" na Shchedrin); Bugu da ƙari, a wasu lokuta, batun da P. an haɗa ta gungu, ko codeette (misali, a cikin Es-dur fugue daga abin da ake kira. 1 Bach sake zagayowar). AP na iya farawa a lokaci guda. tare da amsa (harka mai yawa; misali, a cikin A-dur fugue daga Vol. 2 Clavier mai kyau na Bach; a cikin cis-moll fugue daga vol. 1, farkon amsar ya zo daidai da sautin farko na P., wanda a lokaci guda shine sautin ƙarshe na jigon), bayan farkon amsar (misali, a cikin E-dur fugue daga t. 1 na sake zagayowar Bach da aka ambata - 4 kwata bayan shigarwar stretto na amsar), wani lokacin kafin shigar da amsar (misali, a cikin Cis-dur fugue daga vol. 1 na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier - hudu sha shida kafin amsar). A cikin mafi kyawun samfuran polyphonic na P. yana gamsar da yanayi masu cin karo da juna: yana saitawa, yana sa muryar mai shigowa ta fi fice, amma baya rasa ingancin sa. ɗaiɗaiɗi, ya bambanta da amsa (da farko a rhythmically), kodayake yawanci baya ƙunshe da cikakken 'yancin kai. jigogi. abu. P., a matsayin mai mulkin, shi ne na halitta melodic. ci gaba da jigon kuma a lokuta da yawa yana dogara ne akan ci gaba, canza manufarsa. Irin wannan sauyi na iya zama dabam kuma a bayyane: alal misali, a cikin g-moll fugue daga vol. 1 na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, maƙasudin farko na amsar an ƙi shi ta hanyar ɓangaren P., wanda aka samo shi daga jigon cadenza na jigon, kuma, akasin haka, ɓangaren ɓangaren amsa yana fuskantar wasu. sashi P., bisa tushen farkon jigon. A wasu lokuta na dogara P. daga abu na jigon yana bayyana kansa a kaikaice: alal misali, a cikin c-moll fugue daga vol. 1 na Op. Baha P. yana girma daga layin ma'auni na jigon (motsi mai saukowa daga mataki na XNUMX zuwa XNUMXrd, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar sautunan da ke faɗowa a kan maɗaukaki masu ƙarfi da ƙaƙƙarfan bugun sandar). Wani lokaci a cikin P. mawaƙin yana riƙe motsi na codeette (misali, a cikin fugue daga Bach's Chromatic Fantasy da Fugue). A cikin fugues ko kwaikwayi siffofin da aka rubuta bisa ka'idodin dodecaphony, haɗin kai da dogaro da kayan jigo da P. in mun gwada da sauƙin samar da amfani a cikin P. wasu zaɓuɓɓuka. jere Alal misali, a cikin fugue daga wasan karshe na Karaev's 3rd symphony, na farko (duba. lamba 6) da na biyu (lamba 7, counter-exposure na fugue) wanda P. su ne gyare-gyaren jerin. Tare da nau'in waƙar da aka nuna, daidaitawar jigon da P. akwai P., dangane da sabon ɗanɗano (misali, a cikin f-moll fugue daga abin da ake kira. 1 na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier), kuma wani lokacin a cikin sabanin abu game da jigon (misali, a cikin fugue daga sonata C-dur don solo violin ta I. C. Bach; a nan karkashin rinjayar P. martani na ɗan chromatized ga diatonic. topic). Irin wannan P. – ceteris paribus – galibi ana raba su da jigon ta hanyar cadenza kuma galibi suna zama sabon abu mai aiki a cikin tsarin fugue. Iya, P. wani abu ne mai tasowa kuma mai mahimmancin jigo a cikin gis-moll fugue biyu daga Vol. 2 na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, inda jigo na 2 yayi sauti kamar waƙar da aka samo daga P. zuwa batu na 1, sakamakon tsayin daka. polyphonic. ci gaba. Akwai lokuta da yawa lokacin da, akan kayan P. fugue interludes an gina su, wanda ke ƙara rawar P. a cikin tsari mafi mahimmancin waɗannan interludes. Misali, a cikin c-moll fugue daga vol. Zagayewar 1 na Bach ya haɗu akan kayan duka P. suna polyphonic. zažužžukan; a cikin d-moll fugue daga wannan ƙarar, canja wurin kayan abu na interlude da jigo daga maɓalli na rinjaye (a cikin sanduna 15-21) zuwa babban maɓalli (daga mashaya 36) yana haifar da ƙimar sonata a cikin tsari. . AP a cikin fugue daga ɗakin "The Tomb of Couperin" yana amfani da M. Ravel a zahiri yana kan daidai ƙafa tare da jigon: a kan tushensa, an gina interludes ta amfani da roko, P. siffofin hanyoyi. A cikin sa. a cikin ilimin kida, kalmomin Gegensatz, Kontrasubjekt suna nuna Ch. ar. P., adana (a gaba ɗaya ko a sashi) yayin duka ko yawancin aiwatar da jigon (a wasu lokuta, ba tare da haɗe da stretto ba - duba, alal misali, ramuwa na fugue daga op. quintet g-moll Shostakovich, lamba 35, inda jigo da P. kafa 4-bulo. Canon biyu na rukuni na 2). Makamantan P. da ake kira riƙewa, koyaushe suna saduwa da sharuɗɗan maki biyu tare da jigon (a cikin wasu tsoffin litattafai akan polyphony, misali. a cikin littafin G. Bellermann, fugues tare da riƙe P. an siffanta su da ninki biyu, wanda bai dace da kalmomin da aka yarda da su a halin yanzu ba). A cikin fugues tare da riƙe P. gabaɗaya, wasu ba a cika amfani da su ba. contrapuntal nufin. sarrafa kayan, tun da an mayar da hankali ga ch. ar. na tsarin tsarin. nuna zaɓuɓɓuka don dangantaka tsakanin batun da P., wanda shine abin da ke bayyana. ma'anar wannan fasaha mai yaduwa (a cikin Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, alal misali, kusan rabin fugues sun ƙunshi P.); don haka, sauti mai ban mamaki na maƙasudin maƙasudi 5. fugue “Et in terra pax” No 4 a Gloria daga taron Bach a h-moll ana samun su sosai ta hanyar maimaita juxtaposition na jigon da waɗanda P. Na ban mamaki contrapuntal. fugues tare da biyu sun bambanta a cikin jikewa (misali, fugues c-moll da h-moll daga abin da ake kira. 1 na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, Shostakovich's Fugue a C-dur) kuma musamman tare da P.

2) A cikin ma'ana mafi girma, P. yana fuskantar duk wani gabatar da jigo a cikin siffofi na kwaikwayo; daga wannan ra'ayi, P. za a iya kira counterpoint zuwa jigo na 2 a cikin gabatarwar wasan kwaikwayo na Myaskovsky na 21st (duba hoto na 1); a wuri guda (lamba 3) P. zuwa maudu'i na 1 sune manyan muryoyin, suna kafa manufa ta 2. Canon zuwa octave tare da tertian biyu. Bugu da kari, wani lokaci ana kiran P. duk wata murya da ke adawa da wani, mai rinjaye. A wannan yanayin, kalmar "P". kusa da daya daga cikin ma'anar ra'ayi na "counterpoint" (misali, farkon gabatarwar jigo a cikin 1st song na Vedenets bako daga opera "Sadko" Rimsky-Korsakov).

References: duba ƙarƙashin Art. Fugu.

VP Frayonov