Virtuoso |
VIRTUOSIS (Italiyanci virtuoso, daga Latin virtus - ƙarfi, jaruntaka, hazaka) - mai yin kida (kazalika da kowane mai zane-zane, mai zane-zane, maigidan gabaɗaya), wanda ya kware a cikin fasahar sana'arsa. A cikin ma'anar kalmar: mai fasaha wanda da ƙarfin hali (watau ƙarfin hali, ƙarfin hali) ya ci nasara a fasaha. matsaloli. Na zamani ma'anar kalmar "B." samu kawai a cikin 18th karni. A cikin karni na 17 a Italiya, an kira V. fitaccen mai fasaha ko masanin kimiyya; a karshen wannan karni, kwararren mawaki, sabanin mai son; daga baya, mawaki mai yin kida, sabanin mawaki. Duk da haka, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin karni na 17th da 18th, kuma wani bangare a cikin karni na 19. Mafi yawan mawaƙa sun kasance a lokaci guda manyan mawaƙa (JS Bach, GF Handel, D. Scarlatti, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Liszt, da sauransu).
Da'awar mai yin-V. haɗe ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba tare da wahayi na fasaha wanda ke jan hankalin masu sauraro kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fassarorin fassarorin ayyukan. A cikin wannan ya bambanta sosai da abin da ake kira. nagarta, tare da fasahar krom. darajar kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayon sun koma baya har ma da sadaukarwar fasaha. wasan basira. Halin nagarta ya haɓaka a layi daya tare da nagarta. A cikin 17-18 ƙarni. ya sami magana mai haske a cikin Italiyanci. opera (castrati mawaƙa). A cikin karni na 19, dangane da ci gaban romanticism. art-va, virtuoso zai yi. sana'a ta kai ga ma'auni; nufi a lokaci guda. wuri a cikin kida virtuosity kuma shagaltar da rayuwarsa, sakamakon wani salon-virtuoso shugabanci. A lokacin ta bayyana kanta musamman a yankin FP. yi. Executable kayayyakin sau da yawa unceremoniously canza, gurbata, sanye take da m sassa da damar pianist ya nuna kashe yatsa na yatsu, thunderous tremolos, bravura octaves, da dai sauransu Akwai ko da na musamman irin muses. wallafe-wallafe - wasan kwaikwayo na salon salon-virtuoso, mai ƙima a cikin fasaha. girmamawa, wanda aka yi niyya kawai don nuna fasaha na wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya hada wadannan guda ("Battle of Jemappe", "The Devastation of Moscow" by Steibelt, "The Crazy" Kalkbrenner, "The Lion Awakening" by An. Kontsky, "Butterflies" da rubutun Rosenthal da sauransu).
Tasirin lalacewa ta hanyar nagarta a kan dandano na al'umma ya haifar da yanayi. fushi da kaifi zanga-zangar daga mawaƙa masu mahimmanci (ETA Hoffmann, R. Schumann, G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, VF Odoevsky, AN Serov), ya haifar da hali mai ban sha'awa ga virtuosity kamar haka: sun yi amfani da kalmar V. cikin ban tsoro. shirin, fassara shi a matsayin zargi. Dangane da manyan masu fasaha, yawanci suna amfani da kalmar “V.” kawai tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da epithet "gaskiya".
Samfuran gargajiya na kyawawan halaye na gaske - wasan N. Paganini, F. Liszt (a lokacin balaga); Yawancin fitattun masu gudanar da ayyukan ƙarshe na wannan shine a matsayin gaskiya v ..
References: Hoffmann ETA, Trios guda biyu don pianoforte, violin da cello op. 70, na L. van Beethoven. Review, «Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung», 1812/1813, то же, в кн.: Е.Т.A. Rubutun kiɗa na Hoffmann, Tl 3, Regensburg, 1921; Wagner R., The Virtuoso da Mai fasaha, Rubuce-rubucen da aka tattara, Vol. 7, Lpz., 1914, shafi na 63-76; Weissmann A., The Virtuoso, В., 1918; Вlaukopf К., babban virtuosos, W., 1954,2 1957; Pincherle M., Le monde des virtuoses, P., 1961.
GM Kogan
