John Filin (Filin) ​​|

John Field

Ko da yake ban ji shi sau da yawa ba, har yanzu ina tunawa da ƙaƙƙarfansa, taushi da kuma taka rawa sosai. Da alama ba shi ne ya bugi makullin ba, amma yatsun da kansu suka faɗo a kansu, kamar ɗigon ruwan sama, suna warwatse kamar lu'ulu'u a kan karammiski. M. Glinka

Shahararren mawakin Irish, dan wasan piano da malami J. Field ya danganta makomarsa tare da al'adun kiɗan Rasha kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gabanta. An haifi filin cikin dangin mawaƙa. Ya sami ilimin kiɗan sa na farko daga mawaƙi, mawaƙa da mawaƙa T. Giordani. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara goma, wani yaro mai hazaƙa ya yi magana a bainar jama’a a karon farko a rayuwarsa. Bayan ya koma Landan (1792), ya zama dalibin M. Clementi, fitaccen dan wasan piano kuma mawaki, wanda a wancan lokacin ya zama masana’antar piano. A lokacin London na rayuwarsa, Field ya nuna kayan kida a wani shago mallakar Clementi, ya fara ba da kide-kide, kuma ya raka malaminsa tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje. A cikin 1799, Field ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Piano Concerto, wanda ya ba shi suna. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, an yi nasarar gudanar da wasanninsa a London, Paris, Vienna. A cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga mawallafin kiɗa da masana'anta I. Pleyel, Clementi ya ba da shawarar Field a matsayin haziƙi mai ban sha'awa wanda ya zama abin fi so ga jama'a a ƙasarsa ta asali godiya ga abubuwan da ya tsara da kuma gwanintar wasan kwaikwayo.

1802 shine mafi mahimmancin ci gaba a rayuwar filin: tare da malaminsa, ya zo Rasha. A cikin St. A hankali, yana haɓaka sha'awar zama a Rasha har abada. Babban rawar da aka taka a cikin wannan yanke shawara mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa jama'ar Rasha sun karɓe shi sosai.

Rayuwar filin a Rasha tana da alaƙa da birane biyu - St. Petersburg da Moscow. A nan ne aikin tsarawa, wasan kwaikwayo da aikin koyarwa ya buɗe. Field shi ne marubucin 7 piano concertos, 4 sonatas, game da 20 nocturnes, bambancin hawan keke (ciki har da kan Rasha jigogi), polonaises na piano. Mawaƙin ya kuma rubuta aria da romances, 2 divertissements na piano da kidan kidan, piano quintet.

Field ya zama wanda ya kafa sabon nau'in kiɗa - nocturne, wanda ya sami ci gaba mai ban sha'awa a cikin aikin F. Chopin, da kuma wasu mawallafi masu yawa. Nasarorin kirkire-kirkire da Field ya samu a wannan fanni, F. Liszt ya yaba da sabuwar fasaharsa: “Kafin filin, aikin piano babu makawa ya zama sonatas, rondos, da sauransu. Field ya gabatar da wani nau'in da ba ya cikin wadannan nau'ikan, nau'in, a cikin abin da ji da waƙar ke da iko mafi girma kuma suna tafiya cikin yardar kaina, ba tare da katsewa da sarƙoƙi na sifofin tashin hankali ba. Ya ba da hanya ga duk waɗancan abubuwan da suka fito daga baya a ƙarƙashin taken "Waƙoƙi ba tare da Kalmomi ba", "Impromptu", "Ballads", da sauransu, kuma shi ne kakan waɗannan wasannin kwaikwayo, wanda aka yi niyya don bayyana abubuwan ciki da na sirri. Ya buɗe waɗannan wuraren, waɗanda ke ba da fantasy mafi inganci fiye da maɗaukaki, don ilhama maimakon m fiye da waƙoƙi, a matsayin sabon filin daraja.

An bambanta salon tsarawa da wasan kwaikwayon filin ta hanyar jin daɗi da bayyana sauti, waƙa da sha'awar soyayya, haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Rera waƙa akan piano - ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fasalulluka na salon wasan kwaikwayo na filin - ya kasance mai jan hankali ga Glinka da sauran fitattun mawakan Rasha da masu fasahar kiɗan. Ƙwaƙwalwar Field ta yi kama da waƙar al'ummar Rasha. Glinka, yana kwatanta salon wasan Field da na sauran mashahuran ƴan pian, ya rubuta a cikin Zapiski cewa: “Wasannin filin ya kasance mai ƙarfin hali, mai ban sha’awa da banbantanci, amma bai ɓata fasaha da rawar jiki ba kuma bai sara da yatsunsa ba. cutletskamar yawancin sabbin mashahuran buguwa."

Gudunmawar Field ga koyar da matasa ƴan wasan pian na ƙasar Rasha, ƙwararru da ƴan wasan son gani, na da mahimmanci. Ayyukan koyarwarsa sun yi yawa sosai. Filin malami ne da ake so kuma ana girmama shi a cikin iyalai masu daraja da yawa. Ya koyar da fitattun mawakan daga baya kamar A. Verstovsky, A. Gurilev, A. Dubuc, Ant. Kontsky. Glinka ya ɗauki darussa da yawa daga filin. V. Odoevsky yayi karatu tare da shi. A cikin farkon rabin 30s. Field ya yi babban yawon shakatawa na Ingila, Faransa, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Italiya, masu bita da jama'a sun yaba sosai. A ƙarshen 1836, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe na filin wasa mai tsanani ya faru a Moscow, kuma nan da nan ya mutu mawaƙa mai ban mamaki.

Sunan filin da aikinsa sun mamaye wuri mai daraja da girmamawa a tarihin kiɗan Rasha. Ayyukansa na tsarawa, wasan kwaikwayo da koyarwa sun ba da gudummawa ga samuwar pianism da haɓakawa na Rasha, ya ba da hanya don fitowar fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa na Rasha.

A. Nazarov