Maki |
ital. partitura, lit. - rarraba, rarraba, daga lat. partio - raba, rarraba; Jamus Partitur, Sashen Faransanci, Eng. Ci
Bayanin kida na aikin kiɗan da yawa (kayan aiki, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ko kayan kida), wanda aka ware ma'aikata daban don ɓangaren kowane kayan aiki ko murya. An jera sassan ɗaya a ƙasa da ɗayan a cikin wani tsari ta yadda nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i iri ɗaya ya kasance a tsaye kuma yana da sauƙi a gani don rufe sautin da ke tasowa daga haɗuwa da murya. A cikin yanayin juyin halittar abun da ke ciki, bayyanarsa ya canza sosai, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɓaka fasahar ƙira.
An yi amfani da ƙa'idar ƙungiyar maki - tsarin layi na tsaye - a cikin org. tablature da in org. P. (masu gabatar da kwayoyin halitta tare da wasan kwaikwayo na choral, rikodin mafi mahimmancin muryoyin abun da ke ciki; an sanya layi daban-daban don treble da bass, muryoyin tsakiya ko rubuta a cikin nau'i na tablature, ko kowane an rubuta shi a kan daban. layi).
F. Verdelo. A moti. Kidan takarda. (Daga littafin Lampadia.)
A cewarsa. theorist Lampadius ("Compendium mu-scis" - "Taƙaice Jagora ga Kiɗa", 1537), P. kwanan baya kimanin. ta 1500, lokacin da aka fara amfani da “Tabulae compositoriae” (lit. – “Tables’s Tebur”). Motet na F. Verdelot da Lampadius ya kawo shine misali na farko na sabon salon wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa wanda ya zo mana; wannan shi ne buga 4-line P. tare da mashaya bayan kowane biyu breves. An tsara muryoyin a cikin tsari na tessitura, ƙa'idar da aka kafa a cikin wok. P. Farkon tsira da aka rubuta da hannu P. - "Fantasia di Giaches" (B-ka Vatican, ork. Chigi VIII, 206) yana nufin 1560. Bayyana a cikin karni na 16. maki rikodi polygonal. da Multi-coir woks. op. hade da bunƙasa na kwaikwayo na polyphony da kuma ci gaban jituwa. Idan aka kwatanta da rikodi da aka yi a wancan lokacin na manufa da yawa. kiɗa a cikin sauti na sashen (sassan) ko a cikin littafin mawaƙa (wanda aka rubuta muryoyin murya guda biyu na rubutun murya 4 akan kowane shafi) P. yana wakiltar babban dacewa, saboda yana da gani kuma yana sauƙaƙe fahimtar daidaitawa a kwance da kuma tsaye. na polyphonic. duka. A cikin alamar alamar, instr. An yi amfani da kiɗan DOS. wok ka'idodin rikodi. polyphonic prod. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan aiki a cikin irin wannan P. ba a daidaita su ba; makullin da sunan tessitura (cantus, altus, tenor, bassus) sun yi aiki don tantance shi.
A farkon karni na 16 da 17. P. ya tashi da bass na gaba ɗaya. Bayyanar sa yana da alaƙa da haɓakar salon homophonic, musamman, tare da buƙatar sauƙaƙawa ga 'yan wasan gabobin jiki da clavichembalo don yin wasan kwaikwayo na waƙoƙin waƙa. kuri'u. A cikin P. tare da bass na gaba ɗaya, bass da sassan melodic an rubuta su. muryoyin (bangarorin kayan kida masu irin tessitura suna kan layi ɗaya). rakiyar jituwa don kayan aikin madannai an daidaita shi ta hanyar sa hannu. Da zuwan rabin na biyu. Kade-kade na gargajiya na karni na 2 da kide-kide, babban bass yana fadowa cikin rashin amfani; jituwa ya fara daidaita daidai a cikin P.
Tsarin na'urorin rikodi a farkon piano na gargajiya sannu a hankali ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ƙungiyar makaɗa zuwa rukuni, amma tsarin ƙungiyoyin da kansu ya bambanta da na zamani: yawanci manyan igiyoyi suna saman su, iska da iska mai ƙarfi a ƙasan su. , da basses kirtani a kasa.
Ko da a farkon karni na 19 masu gudanarwa sukan yi amfani da shugabanci; sai da zuwan madugu a zamani. ma'anar kalmar (duba Gudanarwa)
Shirye-shiryen kayan kida a cikin maki don manyan makada na kade-kade
Sunayen Rasha Sunayen Italiyanci
Woodwind
Karamin sarewa Flauto piccolo sarewa Flauti Oboe Oboe cor anglais corno inglese Clarinet Clarinetti Bass clarinet Clarinette basso Fagotti bassoons Contrafagot Contrafagotto
Iskar ƙarfe
Kahon Corni Bututun Trombones Tuba Tuba
Kayan kiɗa
Timpani Timpani Triangolo triangle Tamburino drum Tarkon drum Tamburo militare Piatti faranti Big drum Gran cassa Xylophone Xylophone Karrarawa Campanelli
Celesta Harp Arpa
Kayan kiɗa
1-e violin 1 Violini 2-e violin 2 Violini Viola violas Violoncelli cellos Contrabass Contrabassi
P. ya zama dole don aikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. da wok-orc. kiɗa.
Ƙungiyar P. da aka karɓa yanzu ta ɗauki siffar a tsakiya. Karni na 19 an tsara sassan kayan aiki bisa ga Orc. ƙungiyoyi, a cikin kowace ƙungiya ana rubuta kayan kida a cikin tessitura daga sama zuwa ƙasa (ban da ƙaho, waɗanda sassansu, bisa ga tsohuwar al'ada, an rubuta su a ƙarƙashin sassan ƙahonin, duba tebur a sama).
Iri mafi girma a tessitura (duba ƙungiyar makaɗa) ana rubuta su sama da babban ɓangaren. kayan aiki (kawai ɓangaren ƙananan sarewa ana lura da shi a ƙasa), ƙananan - ƙasa da shi. An rubuta sassan garaya, piano, organ, soloists da mawaƙa a kan rukunin kirtani:
Na Rimsky-Korsakov. Mutanen Espanya Capriccio. Kashi na I. Alborada.
Wasu keɓancewa ga ƙa'idodin da aka kafa G. Berlioz, R. Wagner, N. Ya. Myaskovskogo, da sauransu. da kuma polyphonic. harshe a farkon karni na 20 P. ya fara wahalar da karatu. Don haka, buƙatar ta taso don sauƙaƙe P., yantar da shi daga wasu maɓallan (NA Rimsky-Korsakov da sauran mawaƙa na makarantar St. SS Prokofiev, A. Honegger). A cikin 50-70s. Ƙarni na 20 P. ya haɗa da hanyoyi masu yawa na sharuɗɗa na ƙididdiga masu alaƙa da fitowar sababbin nau'ikan fasaha na fasaha (aleatoric, sonorism). Duba maki Karatu.
References: Nuremberg M., Hotunan kiɗa, L., 1953, p. 192-199; Matalaev L., Sauƙaƙe maki, “SM”, 1964, No 10; Malter L., Tables akan kayan aiki, M., 1966, p. 55, 59, 67, 89.
IA Barsova
