Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky |

Serge Koussevitzky

Wani hoto mai haske na maigidan ya bar dan wasan Rasha G. Pyatigorsky: "Inda Sergei Alexandrovich Koussevitzky ya rayu, babu dokoki. Duk abin da ya hana cikar tsare-tsarensa, sai ya kauce hanya, ya zama marar ƙarfi kafin murkushe nufinsa ya ƙirƙira abubuwan tarihi na kiɗa ... Ƙaunar sa da rashin hankali ya share hanyar samari, ya ƙarfafa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu buƙatarsa, ya harzuka masu sauraro, wanda. bi da bi, ya zaburar da shi don ƙara ƙirƙira ... An gan shi cikin fushi da kuma yanayi mai laushi, cikin sha'awa, farin ciki, cikin hawaye, amma ba wanda ya gan shi ba ruwansa. Duk abin da ke kewaye da shi ya zama mai daraja da mahimmanci, kullun nasa ya koma hutu. Sadarwa ta kasance a gare shi akai-akai, bukata mai zafi. Kowace wasan kwaikwayo lamari ne na musamman mai mahimmanci. Ya mallaki kyautar sihiri don ya canza ko da ɗan ƙaramin abu zuwa larura na gaggawa, domin a cikin al'amuran fasaha, ba su wanzu a gare shi.

Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky aka haife kan Yuli 14, 1874 a Vyshny Volochek, Tver lardin. Idan akwai wani ra'ayi na "music jeji", to, Vyshny Volochek, wurin haifuwa na Sergei Koussevitzky, daidai da shi kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ko da lardin Tver ya yi kama da "babban birnin" na lardin daga can. Uban, ɗan ƙaramin maƙeri, ya ba wa ’ya’yansa maza huɗu ƙaunar kiɗan sa. Tuni a lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyu, Sergei yana gudanar da ƙungiyar makaɗa, wanda ya cika tsaiko a cikin wasanni na taurarin lardin da suka ziyarci Tver kanta (!), Kuma yana iya wasa duk kayan kida, amma yana kama da komai fiye da wasan yara kuma ya kawo. dinari. Uban ya yiwa dansa fatan wata makoma ta daban. Abin da ya sa Sergey bai taba hulɗa da iyayensa ba, kuma yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu ya bar gidan a asirce tare da rubles uku a aljihunsa kuma ya tafi Moscow.

A Moscow, ba shi da masaniya ko wasiƙun shawarwari, ya zo kai tsaye daga titi zuwa ga darektan Conservatory, Safonov, kuma ya nemi ya karɓe shi don yin karatu. Safonov ya bayyana wa yaron cewa karatun ya riga ya fara, kuma zai iya dogara da wani abu kawai don shekara ta gaba. Daraktan Philharmonic Society, Shestakovsky, ya tunkari al'amarin daban-daban: bayan da ya shawo kan kansa game da cikakken kunnen yaron da ƙwaƙwalwar kida mara kyau, da kuma lura da tsayinsa, ya yanke shawarar cewa zai yi dan wasan bass mai kyau biyu. Koyaushe ana samun ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƴan wasan bass biyu a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. An dauki wannan kayan aikin a matsayin mai taimako, ƙirƙirar bango tare da sautinsa, kuma yana buƙatar ƙoƙari kaɗan don ƙware kanta fiye da violin na allahntaka. Shi ya sa aka sami 'yan mafarauta don haka - jama'a sun yi ta ruga zuwa azuzuwan violin. Ee, kuma ya buƙaci ƙarin ƙoƙari na jiki duka don wasa da ɗauka. Koussevitzky na bass biyu ya yi kyau sosai. Bayan shekaru biyu kawai, an yarda da shi a cikin wasan opera mai zaman kansa na Moscow.

'Yan wasan virtuoso biyu-bass ba su da yawa, sun bayyana sau ɗaya a cikin rabin karni, don haka jama'a suna da lokacin manta game da wanzuwar su. Da alama a Rasha babu ko daya kafin Koussevitzky, kuma a Turai shekaru hamsin kafin haka akwai Bottesini, kuma a gabansa shekaru hamsin akwai Dragonetti, wanda Beethoven ya rubuta musamman sassan a cikin wasanni na 5th da 9th. Amma jama'a ba su gansu ba na dogon lokaci tare da bas biyu: ba da daɗewa ba dukansu suka canza bass biyu zuwa sandar madugu mai sauƙi. Haka ne, kuma Koussevitzky ya ɗauki wannan kayan aiki saboda ba shi da wani zaɓi: barin sandar jagoran a Vyshny Volochek, ya ci gaba da yin mafarki game da shi.

Bayan shekaru shida na aiki a Bolshoi Theater Koussevitzky zama concertmaster na biyu bass kungiyar, kuma a 1902 ya aka bayar da lakabi na soloist na daular sinimomi. Duk wannan lokacin, Koussevitzky yayi yawa a matsayin soloist-instrumentalist. Matsayin shahararsa yana nuna ta hanyar gayyata don shiga cikin kide-kide na Chaliapin, Rachmaninov, Zbrueva, 'yan'uwan Kirista. Kuma duk inda ya yi - ko yawon shakatawa ne na Rasha ko kuma kide-kide a Prague, Dresden, Berlin ko London - a ko'ina ayyukansa sun haifar da jin daɗi da ban sha'awa, wanda ya tilasta wa mutum tunawa da manyan mashahuran da suka gabata. Koussevitzky ya yi ba kawai virtuoso biyu-bass repertoire, amma ya hada da kuma yi da yawa adaptations na daban-daban plays har ma concertos - Handel, Mozart, Saint-Saens. Shahararren mai sukar ɗan ƙasar Rasha V. Kolomiytsov ya rubuta: “Duk wanda bai taɓa jin yana buga bass biyu ba, ba zai iya tunanin irin sauti mai laushi da haske da ya fitar daga irin wannan kayan aikin da ake ganin ba shi da lada, wanda yawanci yakan zama babban tushe na ƙwaƙƙwaran. kungiyar kade-kade. 'Yan kaɗan ne kawai 'yan wasan tantanin halitta da violin suka mallaki irin wannan kyawun sautin da irin wannan ƙwarewar igiyoyinsu huɗu.

Aiki a Bolshoi Theatre bai sa Koussevitzky gamsuwa. Saboda haka, bayan auren ɗalibin pianist na Makarantar Philharmonic N. Ushkova, mai haɗin gwiwar babban kamfani na cinikin shayi, mai zane ya bar ƙungiyar makaɗa. A cikin kaka na 1905, yana magana don kare mawallafin mawaƙa, ya rubuta cewa: "Ruhun matattu na ofishin 'yan sanda, wanda ya shiga cikin yankin da ake ganin bai kamata ya sami wuri ba, a cikin yanki na uXNUMXbuXNUMXbpure art, ya juya. masu fasaha a cikin masu sana'a, da kuma aikin tunani a cikin aikin tilastawa. aikin bawa." Wannan wasiƙar, wadda aka buga a cikin Jaridar Musical ta Rasha, ta haifar da babbar zanga-zangar jama'a kuma ta tilasta masu kula da wasan kwaikwayo su dauki matakan inganta yanayin kudi na masu fasaha na Bolshoi Theater Orchestra.

Tun 1905, da matasa biyu zauna a Berlin. Koussevitzky ya ci gaba da ayyukan kide-kide. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na cello concerto ta Saint-Saens a Jamus (1905), an yi wasan kwaikwayo tare da A. Goldenweiser a Berlin da Leipzig (1906), tare da N. Medtner da A. Casadesus a Berlin (1907). Duk da haka, mai binciken, mawaƙin bincike ya kasance ƙasa da gamsuwa da ayyukan kide-kide na virtuoso biyu-bass: a matsayinsa na mai fasaha, ya daɗe yana "girma" daga wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1908, Koussevitzky ya fara halarta tare da Berlin Philharmonic, bayan haka kuma ya yi a Vienna da London. Nasarar farko ta ƙarfafa matashin jagora, kuma a ƙarshe ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar sadaukar da rayuwarsu ga duniyar kiɗa. Wani muhimmin ɓangare na babban arziki na Ushkovs, tare da izinin mahaifinsa, mai ba da agajin miliyoniya, an kai shi zuwa dalilai na kiɗa da ilimi a Rasha. A cikin wannan filin, ban da fasaha, fitattun kungiyoyi da damar gudanarwa na Koussevitzky, wanda ya kafa sabon gidan bugu na kiɗa na Rasha a 1909, ya bayyana kansu. Babban aikin da sabon gidan wallafe-wallafen kiɗan ya kafa shi ne yaɗa aikin matasa mawaƙa na Rasha. A yunƙurin Koussevitzky, yawancin ayyukan A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky ("Petrushka", "The Rite of Spring") an buga su a nan. a karon farko.

A cikin wannan shekarar ya tattara nasa makada na mawaƙa 75 a Moscow kuma ya fara wasannin kide-kide a can da kuma a St. Wannan wani misali ne na musamman na yadda kuɗi ke fara hidimar fasaha. Irin wannan aikin bai kawo kudin shiga ba. Amma shaharar mawakin ya karu matuka.

Ɗaya daga cikin sifofin halayen ƙwaƙƙwaran hoto na Koussevitzky shine haɓaka ma'anar zamani, ci gaba da fadada hangen nesa na repertoire. A hanyoyi da yawa, shi ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarar ayyukan Scriabin, wanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar abokantaka na kirkira. Ya yi waka ta Ecstasy da Symphony na farko a Landan a shekarar 1909 da kuma kakar wasa ta gaba a Berlin, kuma a Rasha an san shi a matsayin wanda ya fi yin ayyukan Scriabin. Ƙarshen ayyukan haɗin gwiwar su shine farkon na Prometheus a cikin 1911. Koussevitzky kuma shine farkon mai yin Symphony na biyu na R. Gliere (1908), waƙar "Alastor" na N. Myaskovsky (1914). Tare da babban kide-kide da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen, mawaƙin ya buɗe hanya don amincewa da Stravinsky da Prokofiev. A shekara ta 1914, an yi wasan kwaikwayo na Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring da Prokofiev's First Piano Concerto, inda Koussevitzky ya kasance mai soloist.

Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, mawakin ya rasa kusan komai - gidan buga littattafai, kade-kade na kade-kade, tarin zane-zane, da dukiyarsa miliyan daya da aka ware da kuma kwace. Duk da haka, mafarki game da makomar Rasha, mai zane ya ci gaba da aikinsa na kirkiro a cikin yanayi na hargitsi da lalacewa. Da yake sha'awar taken "zane-zane ga jama'a", wanda ya dace da manufofinsa na fadakarwa, ya shiga cikin "kide-kide na jama'a" da yawa don masu sauraron proletarian, dalibai, ma'aikatan soja. Da yake kasancewa sananne a cikin duniyar kiɗa, Koussevitzky, tare da Medtner, Nezhdanova, Goldenweiser, Engel, sun shiga cikin aikin majalisa na fasaha a sashin kide-kide na sashen kiɗa na jama'ar Commissariat of Education. A matsayinsa na memba na kwamitocin kungiyoyi daban-daban, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara aiwatar da wasu tsare-tsare na al'adu da ilimi (da suka hada da sake fasalin ilimin waka, haƙƙin mallaka, ƙungiyar mawallafin waƙa na jiha, ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony na Jiha, da sauransu). . Ya jagoranci kungiyar makada na Moscow Union of Musicians, halitta daga sauran artists na tsohon makada, sa'an nan aka aika zuwa Petrograd ya jagoranci Jihar (tsohon Kotun) Symphony Orchestra da kuma tsohon Mariinsky Opera.

Koussevitzky ya motsa tafiyarsa zuwa ƙasashen waje a cikin 1920 ta hanyar sha'awar tsara aikin reshen waje na gidan buga littattafai. Bugu da kari, ya zama dole don gudanar da kasuwanci da kuma gudanar da babban birnin kasar na Ushkov-Kusevitsky iyali, wanda ya kasance a kasashen waje bankuna. Bayan shirya kasuwanci a Berlin, Koussevitzky ya koma cikin aiki kerawa. A cikin 1921, a birnin Paris, ya sake ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Koussevitzky Symphony Concerts jama'a, kuma ya ci gaba da ayyukan bugawa.

A shekara ta 1924, Koussevitzky ya sami gayyata don ya ɗauki mukamin babban darektan kungiyar kade-kade ta Symphony ta Boston. Ba da daɗewa ba, Boston Symphony ya zama jagorar ƙungiyar makaɗa, na farko a Amurka, sa'an nan kuma duka duniya. Bayan ya koma Amurka na dindindin, Koussevitzky bai karya dangantaka da Turai ba. Don haka har zuwa 1930 Koussevitzky ya ci gaba da wasannin bazara na shekara-shekara a Paris.

Kamar yadda a cikin Rasha Koussevitzky ya taimaka Prokofiev da Stravinsky, a Faransa da kuma Amurka ya yi ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don tada haɓakar manyan mawaƙa na zamaninmu. Don haka, alal misali, don bikin cika shekaru hamsin na Orchestra na Symphony na Boston, wanda aka yi bikin a 1931, Stravinsky, Hindemith, Honegger, Prokofiev, Roussel, Ravel, Copland, Gershwin ya kasance ta hanyar umarni na musamman na shugaba. A cikin 1942, jim kadan bayan mutuwar matarsa, a cikin tunaninta jagoran ya kafa kungiyar Musical Association (gidan bugawa) da Foundation. Koussevitskaya.

Komawa a Rasha, Koussevitzky ya nuna kansa a matsayin babban mai kida da jama'a da kuma gwanin tsarawa. Ƙididdigar ayyukan da ya yi na iya jefa shakku a kan yiwuwar cim ma wannan duka ta wurin sojojin mutum ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan ya bar babban tasiri a kan al'adun kiɗa na Rasha, Faransa, da Amurka. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa duk ra'ayoyin da tsare-tsaren da Sergei Alexandrovich ya aiwatar a lokacin rayuwarsa sun samo asali ne a Rasha. Saboda haka, a 1911, Koussevitzky yanke shawarar kafa Academy of Music a Moscow. Amma wannan ra'ayin ya faru ne kawai a cikin Amurka bayan shekaru talatin. Ya kafa Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Berkshire, wacce ta zama irin mecca na kiɗan Amurka. Tun 1938, ana gudanar da bikin bazara a Tanglewood (Lennox County, Massachusetts), wanda ke jan hankalin mutane dubu ɗari. A cikin 1940, Koussevitzky ya kafa Makarantar Koyarwa ta Tanglewood a Berkshire, inda ya jagoranci ajin gudanarwa tare da mataimakinsa, A. Copland. Hindemith, Honegger, Messiaen, Dalla Piccolo, B. Martin suma sun shiga aikin. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Sergei Aleksandrovich ya jagoranci bayar da tallafi ga Red Army, ya zama shugaban kwamitin taimako ga Rasha a yakin, ya kasance shugaban sashen kiɗa na Majalisar Tarayyar Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet, kuma a 1946 ya karbi ragamar mulki. shugaban American-Soviet Musical Society.

Da yake lura da cancantar Koussevitzky a cikin ayyukan kiɗa da zamantakewa na Faransa a cikin 1920-1924, gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi Order of the Legion of Honor (1925). A Amurka, jami'o'i da yawa sun ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Farfesa. Jami'ar Harvard a 1929 da Jami'ar Princeton a 1947 sun ba shi digiri na digiri na girmamawa.

Ƙarfin da Koussevitzky ke da shi ya ba mawaƙa da yawa da ke kusa da shi mamaki. Yana da shekaru saba'in a cikin Maris 1945, ya ba da kide-kide tara a cikin kwanaki goma. A cikin 1950, Koussevitzky ya yi babban yawon shakatawa zuwa Rio de Janeiro, zuwa biranen Turai.

Sergei Alexandrovich ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1951 a Boston.