Kashin baya

SPINET (Spinetta na Italiyanci, Faransanci na Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya espineta, Jamusanci Spinett, daga Latin spina - ƙaya, ƙaya) ƙaramin kayan kida ne na cikin gida wanda aka zana maɓalli na kida na ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ya kasance tebur kuma ba shi da kafafunsa. Wani irin cembalo (harpsichord).

A zahiri, kashin baya yana ɗan kama da piano. Jiki ne dake tsaye akan tashoshi hudu. Yana da nau'in trapezoidal 3-6-coal ko siffar m (wanda ya bambanta da budurwa ta rectangular).

Babban sashin jiki shine keyboard. Akwai murfi a saman, yana ɗagawa wanda zaka iya ganin zaren, gyaran turakun da kara. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna cikin tanda. Tsayin kayan aiki zai iya kaiwa santimita tamanin, kuma nisa - bai wuce mita daya da rabi ba.

Kowane maɓalli yayi dace da kirtani 1. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan garaya ba, igiyoyin kashin baya suna kwana zuwa dama na madannai. Kashin baya yana da manual 1, kewayon shine 2-4 octaves.

Asalin sunan "kashin baya" (daga "ƙaya") ya nuna nau'in fasaha na samar da sauti - ana samar da shi ta hanyar ja ("tsunƙu") kirtani tare da kaifi ƙarshen gashin gashin tsuntsu. An daidaita kashin baya na biyar ko octave sama da babban vane.

Farkon spinets sun fito ne daga Italiya kuma sun koma farkon karni na 5. Daga cikin su, akwai kayan aiki da yawa na siffa mai gefe 6 ko 1493 (tare da maɓalli a gefen mafi tsayi). An yi samfurin farko na rayuwa ta A. Passy a Modena (Italiya), na biyu na spinet, kuma na aikin Italiyanci (XNUMX), an ajiye shi a Cologne.

Kayan kida 2 (1565 da 1593) suna cikin Babban Gidan Tarihi na Al'adun Kiɗa na Jiha mai suna MI Glinka a Moscow.

A Italiya, an kuma ƙirƙiro nau'in fuka-fukai na nau'in da ya shahara musamman a Ingila, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX. budurwa mai rectangular a matsayin kayan aiki na yau da kullun don yin kiɗan gida. An yi jikkunan spinets da ebony, an ɗora su da kayayyaki masu tsada - hauren giwa, uwar lu'u-lu'u.

An sanya maxims masu mahimmanci a kan murfi mai ɗamara: "Gloria in excelsis" (lat.) - "Glory in heaven" ko "Haec fac ut felix vivis" (lat.) - "Ku yi domin ku rayu cikin farin ciki." Kyawawan kayan ado ya sanya shi adon gidan kamar kyawawan kayan daki. An sanya shi a cikin akwati na goro, an ɗaure shi a kan murfi tare da ƙullun ƙarfe na ƙarfe, kuma yana da itacen oak ko mahogany.

An yi niyya don yin kiɗan gida na solo da ɗakin gida. Ƙananun ƙanƙara, waɗanda aka kunna octave sama da abin ƙira (Spinetti na Italiya ko ottavina), galibi ana yin su ta hanyar kwalaye na hannu, littattafai, da sauransu, waɗanda aka yi musu ado da gilding, sassaƙa, da inlay.

A cikin rayuwar kotun Rasha a cikin con. 17th karni akwai irin wannan spinets kira "okhtavki". A halin yanzu, kashin baya ya fi na kayan tarihi fiye da kayan kida, amma wannan ba axiom ba ne. Kwanan nan, wanda zai iya bayyana karuwar sha'awa a cikin kayan aiki na zamanin da. Abin da ya sa yanzu kashin baya yana fuskantar sake haifuwa, wanda, ba shakka, zai yi tasiri mafi kyau ga al'adun kiɗa na duniya.