Violin - kayan kida

A violin kayan kida ne mai siffar baka mai siffa mai siffar baka mai kida tare da madaidaitan wuraren shakatawa a sassan jiki. Sautin da aka fitar (ƙarfi da timbre) lokacin kunna kayan aiki yana tasiri ta hanyar: siffar jikin violin, kayan da aka yi da kayan da aka yi da kayan aiki da inganci da abun da ke ciki na varnish wanda aka rufe kayan kida.

Siffofin violin sun kasance kafa ta karni na 16; Shahararrun masana'antun violin, dangin Amati, na cikin wannan karni da farkon karni na 17. Italiya ta shahara wajen samar da violin. Violin ya kasance kayan aikin solo tun XVII

Design

Violin ya ƙunshi manyan sassa guda biyu: jiki da wuyansa , tare da igiyoyin da aka shimfiɗa. Girman cikakken violin shine 60 cm, nauyi - 300-400 grams, kodayake akwai ƙananan violin.

frame

Jikin violin yana da takamaiman siffar zagaye. Ya bambanta da nau'i na al'ada na shari'ar, siffar trapezoidal parallelogram yana da mafi kyaun ilimin lissafi tare da zagaye mai zagaye a tarnaƙi, yana samar da "kwagu". Ƙwararren ƙwanƙwasa na waje da layin "ƙugu" yana tabbatar da jin dadi na Playing, musamman a manyan matsayi. Ƙananan jiragen sama da na sama na jiki - benaye - an haɗa su da juna ta igiyoyi na itace - bawo. Suna da siffar dunƙulewa, suna samar da "vaults". Geometry na vaults, kazalika da kauri, rarrabawa zuwa mataki ɗaya ko wani yana ƙayyade ƙarfi da katako na sauti. An sanya wani ƙaunataccen a cikin akwati, wanda ke sadarwa da rawar jiki daga tsayawa - ta hanyar saman bene - zuwa ƙasa. Idan ba tare da shi ba, katako na violin yana rasa rayuwa da cikawa.

Ƙarfi da katako na sauti na violin yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar kayan da aka yi daga abin da aka yi, kuma, a ƙananan ƙananan, abun da ke ciki na varnish. An san gwaji tare da cire varnish gabaɗaya daga violin na Stradivarius, bayan haka sautinsa bai canza ba. Lacquer yana kare violin daga canza ingancin itace a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi kuma yana lalata violin tare da launi mai haske daga zinariya mai haske zuwa ja mai duhu ko launin ruwan kasa.

Kasan bene an yi shi da katako mai kauri (sauran katako), ko kuma daga madaukai guda biyu.

Babban bene An yi shi daga resonant spruce. Yana da ramukan resonator guda biyu - effs (daga sunan ƙaramin harafin Latin F, wanda suke kama). Tsaya yana kan tsakiyar bene na sama, wanda igiyoyin, waɗanda aka kafa a kan mariƙin kirtani (ƙarƙashin allon yatsa), hutawa. Ana haɗe marmaro guda ɗaya zuwa saman allon sauti a ƙarƙashin ƙafar tsayawar da ke gefen igiyar G - wani katako mai tsayi wanda ke da tsayi, wanda galibi yana tabbatar da ƙarfin saman allon sautin sauti da halayensa.

Bawo Haɗa ƙananan benaye da na sama, suna kafa gefen gefen jikin violin. Tsawon su yana ƙayyade ƙarar da katako na violin, yana tasiri ga ingancin sauti: mafi girma harsashi, sautin murfi da laushi, ƙananan, mafi huda da bayyana bayanan babba. Ana yin bawo, kamar bene, daga itacen maple.

Kusurwoyin a tarnaƙi suna hidima don sanya baka lokacin wasa. Lokacin da aka nuna baka a ɗaya daga cikin kusurwoyi, ana yin sauti akan igiyar da ta dace. Idan baka yana tsakanin kusurwoyi biyu, ana kunna sautin akan igiyoyi biyu a lokaci guda. Akwai masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda za su iya samar da sauti akan igiyoyi guda uku a lokaci ɗaya, amma saboda wannan dole ne ku kauce wa ka'idar sanya baka a cikin sasanninta kuma canza daidaitawar tsayawar.ad.

Masoyi  mai kewayawa ne da aka yi da itacen spruce wanda ke haɗa allunan sauti da injina kuma yana watsa tashin hankali na kirtani da rawar jiki mai tsayi zuwa allon sauti na ƙasa. An samo wurin da ya dace da gwaji, a matsayin mai mulkin, ƙarshen homie yana ƙarƙashin kafa na tsayawa a gefen E string, ko kusa da shi. Dushka yana sake tsarawa kawai ta maigidan, tun da ƙaramin motsinsa yana rinjayar sautin kayan aiki.

Wuya , ko wutsiya , ana amfani da shi don ɗaure igiyoyi. A da an yi shi da katako na ebony ko mahogany (yawanci ebony ko rosewood). A zamanin yau sau da yawa ana yin shi da robobi ko allunan haske. A gefe guda, wuyansa yana da madauki, a ɗayan - ramuka huɗu tare da splines don haɗa kirtani. Ƙarshen kirtani tare da maɓalli (mi da la) an saka shi a cikin rami mai zagaye, bayan haka, ta hanyar jawo igiya zuwa wuyansa, an danna shi a cikin ramin. Ana kafa igiyoyin D da G sau da yawa a cikin wuyansa tare da madauki da ke wucewa ta cikin rami. A halin yanzu, ana shigar da injunan lever-screw sau da yawa a cikin ramukan wuyansa, waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe daidaitawa sosai. Serially samar da haske gami wuyoyin haske tare da injuna na tsari.

Madauki wanda aka yi da igiya mai kauri ko waya ta karfe. Lokacin maye gurbin madauki mafi girma fiye da 2.2 mm a diamita tare da na roba (diamita 2.2 mm), dole ne a saka wani yanki kuma a sake hako rami mai diamita na 2.2, in ba haka ba matsa lamba na igiyar roba na iya lalacewa. da katako sub-wuyan.

Maballin  shi ne kan tukun katako da aka saka a cikin wani rami a cikin jiki, wanda yake a gefen wuyansa, wanda ake amfani da shi don ɗaure wuya. An saka ƙugiya a cikin rami mai maƙalli wanda ya dace da girmansa da siffarsa, gaba ɗaya kuma a tamke, in ba haka ba za a iya fashe zobe da harsashi. Nauyin da ke kan maɓallin yana da tsayi sosai, kusan kilogiram 24.

The tsayawar tallafi ne ga kirtani daga gefen jiki kuma yana watsa rawar jiki daga gare su zuwa allunan sauti, kai tsaye zuwa saman ɗaya, kuma zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar darling. Sabili da haka, matsayi na tsaye yana rinjayar timbre na kayan aiki. An tabbatar da gwaji cewa ko da ɗan motsi na tsayawa yana haifar da canji mai mahimmanci a cikin daidaitawar kayan aiki saboda canjin ma'auni da kuma wani canji a cikin timbre - lokacin da aka matsa zuwa fretboard - sautin yana murƙushewa, daga gare ta - mai haske. Tsayin yana ɗaga igiyoyi sama da allon sauti na sama zuwa tsayi daban-daban don yiwuwar yin wasa akan kowannensu tare da baka, yana rarraba su a nisa mafi girma daga juna akan baka na radius mafi girma fiye da goro, ta yadda lokacin wasa. a kan igiya ɗaya, bakan ba zai manne wa makwabta ba.

ungulu

Wuyan violin  dogon katako ne na katako mai kauri (baƙar ebony ko rosewood), mai lanƙwasa a ɓangaren giciye ta yadda idan ana wasa akan igiya ɗaya, bakan ba zai manne da igiyoyin da ke kusa ba. Ƙarshen wuyan wuyansa yana manne da wuyansa, wanda ya shiga cikin kai, wanda ya ƙunshi akwatin fegi da curl.ad.

Na goro  farantin ebony ne dake tsakanin wuya da kai, tare da ramummuka don kirtani. Ramin ramuka a cikin goro suna rarraba kirtani a ko'ina kuma suna ba da izini tsakanin igiyoyi da wuya.

Wuya  daki-daki ne na madauwari wanda mai yin wasan ya rufe da hannunsa yayin wasan, yana hada jikin violin, wuya da kai. An haɗa wuyan tare da goro zuwa wuyansa daga sama.

Akwatin peg  wani bangare ne na wuyan da aka yi ramin gaba, nau'i biyu na kunnawa kwayoyi an saka su a bangarorin biyu , tare da taimakon abin da aka kunna igiyoyi. Tukunna sandunan conical ne. An shigar da sanda a cikin rami na conical a cikin akwatin peg kuma an daidaita shi - rashin bin wannan yanayin zai iya haifar da lalata tsarin. Don jujjuyawa mai ƙarfi ko santsi, ana danna turakun a ciki ko a ciro su daga cikin akwatin, bi da bi, kuma don jujjuyawar santsi dole ne a mai da su da man goge baki (ko alli da sabulu). Kada turakun su fito da yawa daga akwatin turaku. Ana yin turakun gyaran gyare-gyare galibi da ebony kuma galibi ana yi musu ado da lu'u-lu'u ko lu'u-lu'u (azurfa, zinare).

A curl ya kasance koyaushe a matsayin wani abu kamar alamar kamfani - shaida na dandano da fasaha na mahalicci. Da farko, curl ya yi kama da ƙafar mace a cikin takalma, a tsawon lokaci, kamanni ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa - kawai "dugayi" yana iya ganewa, "yatsa" ya canza fiye da ganewa. Wasu masu sana'a sun maye gurbin curl da sassaka, kamar violet, da kan zakin sassaka, misali, kamar yadda Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632) ya yi. Masters na XIX karni, tsawanta fretboard na d ¯ a violins, sun nemi don adana kai da curl a matsayin gata "takardar haihuwa".

Zaɓuɓɓuka, kunnawa da saitin violin

Zargin yana gudana daga wuyansa, ta hanyar gada, a saman wuyansa, da kuma ta goro zuwa turaku, waɗanda aka raunata a kusa da kayan kai. Rubutun igiya:

• 1st- Mi na octave na biyu. Zaren ya yi kama da juna a cikin abun da ke ciki, timbre mai ban sha'awa.
• Na 2 - La na farkon octave. Kirtani mai cibiya da ƙirƙira, wani lokaci kama a cikin abun da ke ciki ("Thomastik"), timbre mai laushi.
• Na uku – D na farkon octave. Kifi tare da cibiya da santsi, sautin matte mai laushi.
• 4- Salt na karamin octave. Kirtani mai cibiya da santsi, kauri mai kauri da kauri.

Saita violin

A A Ana kunna kirtani da cokali mai yatsa A tuning or da piano . Sauran kirtani ana kunna kunne a cikin kashi biyar masu tsarki: da Mi da kuma Re igiyoyi daga La zaren, da Sol kirtani daga Re kirtani .

Gina Violin:

A curl ya kasance koyaushe a matsayin wani abu kamar alamar kamfani - shaida na dandano da fasaha na mahalicci. Da farko, kullun ya kasance kamar ƙafar mace a cikin takalma, bayan lokaci, kamanni ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa.

Wasu masters sun maye gurbin curl da sassaka, kamar viola tare da kan zaki, misali, kamar yadda Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632) ya yi.

Tuning pegs or makanikai fes sassa ne na kayan aikin violin, an sanya su don tayar da igiyoyin da kuma daidaita violin.

Fretboard - ɓangaren katako mai elongated, wanda aka danna igiyoyi lokacin wasa don canza bayanin kula.

A goro dalla-dalla ne na kayan kirtani waɗanda ke iyakance sashin sautin kirtani kuma yana ɗaga kirtani sama da fretboard zuwa tsayin da ake buƙata. Don hana igiyoyin motsi daga motsi, goro yana da ramukan da suka dace da kauri na kirtani.

A harsashi shi ne bangaren jikin (lankwasa ko hada) na kida. kayan aiki.

Resonator F - ramuka a cikin nau'in harafin Latin "f", wanda ke aiki don ƙara sauti.

Tarihin violin

Na gaba na violin su ne Larabci rebab, Kazakh kobyz, Sipaniya fidel, Birtaniya crotta, wanda hade da viola. Saboda haka sunan Italiyanci don violin goge , kazalika da Slavonic kayan kirtani huɗu na tsari na biyar na jig (saboda haka sunan Jamus don violin - violin ).

Gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin viola na aristocratic da violin na jama'a, wanda ya dade na ƙarni da yawa, ya ƙare da nasara ga na ƙarshe. A matsayin kayan aikin jama'a, violin ya zama ruwan dare musamman a Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Istria da Dalmatiya. Tun daga rabin na biyu na karni na 19, ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Tatars ^[3] . Tun daga karni na 20, an samo shi a cikin rayuwar kiɗa na Bashkirs ^[4] .

A tsakiyar karni na 16 , tsarin zamani na violin ya haɓaka a arewacin Italiya . Haƙƙin da za a yi la'akari da shi wanda ya kirkiro violin "aristocratic" na nau'in zamani yana jayayya da Gasparo da Salo (d. 1609) daga birnin Bresci da Andrea Amati. ^[a] (d. 1577) - wanda ya kafa makarantar Cremonese ^[5] . Cremonese Amati violins, wanda aka kiyaye daga karni na 17, an bambanta su ta hanyar kyakkyawan siffar su da kayan aiki mai kyau. Lombardy ya shahara wajen samar da violin a karni na 18; violin da Stradivari da Guarneri ke samarwa suna da matuƙar daraja. ^[6]Masu yin violin ne ke yin su.

"Bishiyar iyali" na asalin violin na zamani.

Violin ya kasance kayan aikin solo tun ƙarni na 17. Ana la'akari da ayyukan farko na violin: "Romanesca per violino solo e basso" na Biagio Marini (1620) da "Capriccio stravagante" na Carlo Farina na zamani. Arcangelo Corelli ana daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa wasan violin na fasaha; sai ku bi Torelli da Tartini, da kuma Locatelli (dalibi na Corelli wanda ya haɓaka fasahar bravura na wasan violin), ɗalibarsa Magdalena Laura Sirmen (Lombardini), Nicola Matthijs, wanda ya kirkiro makarantar violin a Burtaniya, Giovanni Antonio Piani.

Na'urorin haɗi da na'urorin haɗi

Suna wasa da violin tare da baka, wanda ya dogara da sandar katako, yana wucewa daga gefe ɗaya zuwa kai, a ɗayan kuma an haɗa wani shinge. An ja gashin wutsiya tsakanin kai da toshe. Gashin yana da ma'aunin keratin, wanda idan an shafa shi, rosin yana cikin ciki (wanda ba a ciki), yana ba da damar gashi don manne da kirtani kuma ya samar da sauti.

Akwai wasu na'urorin haɗi, waɗanda ba su da yawa.

• A chinrest an tsara shi don dacewa da danna violin tare da chin. Matsayi na gefe, na tsakiya da na tsaka-tsaki ana zaɓin zaɓin ergonomic na violin.
• An ƙera gadar don dacewa da shimfiɗa violin akan ƙashin wuya. An ɗora kan bene na ƙasa. Faranti ne, madaidaiciya ko mai lankwasa, mai wuya ko an rufe shi da wani abu mai laushi, itace, ƙarfe ko filastik, tare da maɗauran riguna a bangarorin biyu.
• Ana buƙatar na'urori masu ɗaukuwa don canza girgizar injin violin zuwa na lantarki (don yin rikodi, don ƙarawa ko canza sautin violin ta amfani da na'urori na musamman). Idan sautin violin ya samu ne saboda yanayin sautin abubuwan da ke jikin sa, to violin na acoustic ne, idan sautin ya kasance ta hanyar lantarki da na'urorin lantarki, to wannan violin ne na lantarki, idan kuma sautin ya samu ta dukkan bangarorin biyu. a cikin kwatankwacin digiri, an rarraba violin azaman Semi-acoustic.
• Bebe wani ƙaramin katako ne ko roba “ comb” mai hakora biyu ko uku tare da ramin tsayi. Ana sanya shi a saman tsayawar kuma yana rage rawar jiki, don haka sautin ya zama shuɗe, "socky". Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da bebe a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa da kiɗan.
• "Jammer" - roba mai nauyi ko bebe na ƙarfe da ake amfani da shi don aikin gida, da kuma azuzuwan a wuraren da ba su yarda da hayaniya ba. Lokacin amfani da jammer, kayan aikin a zahiri yana daina yin sauti kuma yana fitar da sautunan sauti da kyar waɗanda ba za a iya bambanta su ba, wanda ya isa ga fahimta da sarrafawa daga mai yin.
• Mai rubuta rubutu  - na'urar ƙarfe wanda ya ƙunshi dunƙule da aka saka a cikin rami na wuyansa, da lever tare da ƙugiya wanda ke aiki don ɗaure kirtani, wanda yake a gefe guda. Na'urar tana ba da damar daidaitawa mafi kyau, wanda shine mafi mahimmanci ga igiyoyin ƙarfe guda ɗaya tare da ƙananan shimfiɗa. Ga kowane girman violin, wani nau'in girman injin yana nufin, akwai kuma na duniya. Yawancin lokaci suna zuwa da baki, zinare, nickel ko chrome, ko haɗin ƙarewa. Ana samun samfura na musamman don igiyoyin gut, don kirtani E. Kayan aiki bazai da inji kwata-kwata: a wannan yanayin, ana saka igiyoyi a cikin ramukan wuyansa. Shigar da injuna ba akan duk kirtani yana yiwuwa ba. Yawancin lokaci a cikin wannan yanayin, ana sanya na'ura a kan kirtani na farko.
• Wani kayan haɗi don violin shine akwati ko akwati na tufafi wanda aka adana kayan aiki, baka da ƙarin kayan haɗi da ɗauka.

Dabarar wasan violin

Ana danna igiyoyin da yatsu huɗu na hannun hagu zuwa allon fret (ba a cire babban yatsan yatsa). Ana jagorantar igiyoyin tare da baka a hannun dama na mai kunnawa.

Danna yatsa a kan fretboard yana gajarta kirtani, ta haka yana daga sautin kirtani. Zaren da ba a danna shi da yatsa ana kiran su buɗaɗɗen kirtani kuma ana nuna su da sifili.

A violin An rubuta sashe a cikin ƙwanƙwasa treble.

Kewayon violin daga gishirin karamin octave zuwa octave na hudu. Sautuna mafi girma suna da wahala.

Daga rabin danna kirtani a wasu wurare, masu jituwa ana samunsu . Wasu sautunan jituwa sun wuce iyakar violin da aka nuna a sama.

Ana kiran aikace-aikacen yatsun hannun hagu fingering . Manuniyar hannu ana kiransa da farko, yatsa na tsakiya shine na biyu, yatsan zobe na uku, karamin yatsa shine na hudu. Matsayi yatsa ne na yatsu kusa da su guda huɗu wanda aka raba sauti ɗaya ko semitone a baya. Kowace igiya na iya samun matsayi bakwai ko fiye. Matsayi mafi girma, mafi wuya shi ne. A kan kowane kirtani, ban da kashi biyar, suna tafiya ne kawai har zuwa matsayi na biyar hada da; amma a kan na biyar ko na farko, kuma wani lokacin a kan na biyu, ana amfani da matsayi mafi girma - daga na shida zuwa na goma sha biyu.

Hanyoyin gudanar da baka suna da babban tasiri akan hali, ƙarfi, timbre na sauti, da kuma haƙiƙa akan jimla.

A kan violin, koyaushe kuna iya ɗaukar rubutu biyu lokaci guda akan igiyoyin da ke kusa ( igiyoyi biyu ), a lokuta na musamman - uku (ana buƙatar matsa lamba mai ƙarfi), kuma ba lokaci guda ba, amma da sauri - uku (XNUMX) igiyoyi uku ) da hudu. Irin waɗannan haɗuwa, galibi masu jituwa, suna da sauƙin yin aiki tare da igiyoyi marasa komai kuma mafi wahala ba tare da su ba, kuma galibi ana amfani da su a cikin ayyukan solo.

Mawaƙa na gama gari rawar jiki dabara ita ce saurin sauya sautuna biyu ko maimaita sauti iri ɗaya, haifar da tasirin rawar jiki, rawar jiki, fizgewa.

The dabarar col legno, wanda ke nufin buga kirtani tare da ramin baka, yana haifar da ƙwanƙwasawa, sautin mutuwa, wanda mawaƙa ke amfani da shi tare da babban nasara daga masu waƙa a cikin kiɗan kiɗan.

Baya ga wasa da baka, suna amfani da taɓa igiyoyin da ɗaya daga cikin yatsun hannun dama - pizzicato (pizzicato).

Don raunana ko kashe sautin, ana amfani da su a bebe - karfe, roba, roba, kashi ko farantin katako tare da raguwa a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren don igiyoyi, wanda aka haɗe zuwa saman tsayawar ko cikawa.

Violin yana da sauƙin yin wasa a cikin waɗannan maɓallan waɗanda ke ba da damar mafi girman amfani da kirtani mara komai. Hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa su ne waɗanda suka ƙunshi ma'auni ko sassan su, da kuma arpeggios na maɓallan halitta.

Yana da wuya a zama dan wasan violin a cikin girma (amma zai yiwu!), Tun da yatsa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar tsoka suna da mahimmanci ga waɗannan mawaƙa. Hankalin yatsu na babban mutum ya fi na saurayi, kuma ƙwaƙwalwar tsoka yana ɗaukar tsawon lokaci don haɓakawa. Zai fi kyau a koyi yin violin tun yana ɗan shekara biyar, shida, bakwai, wataƙila ma tun daga farkon shekaru.

10 Shahararrun yan wasan violin

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr ne
• Charles-Auguste Bériot
• Henri Vienna

Rikodi da aiki

tsarin rubutu

An rubuta ɓangaren violin a cikin ƙwanƙwasa treble. Madaidaicin kewayon violin yana daga gishiri na ƙaramin octave zuwa octave na huɗu. Sauti mafi girma suna da wuya a yi kuma ana amfani da su, a matsayin mai mulkin, kawai a cikin wallafe-wallafen solo virtuoso, amma ba a cikin sassan orchestral ba.

Matsayin hannu

Ana danna igiyoyin da yatsu huɗu na hannun hagu zuwa allon fret (ba a cire babban yatsan yatsa). Ana jagorantar igiyoyin tare da baka a hannun dama na mai kunnawa.

Ta dannawa da yatsa, tsayin yanki na oscillating na kirtani yana raguwa, saboda abin da mita ya karu, wato, ana samun sauti mafi girma. Ana kiran igiyoyin da ba a danna shi da yatsa ba bude igiyoyi kuma ana nuna su ta sifili yayin nuna yatsa.

Daga taɓa kirtani tare da kusan babu matsa lamba a wuraren rarrabuwa da yawa, ana samun jituwa . Yawancin masu jituwa sun yi nisa daga daidaitattun kewayon violin a cikin farar.

Ana kiran tsari na yatsun hannun hagu akan fretboard fingering . Manuniyar hannu ana kiransa da farko, yatsa na tsakiya shine na biyu, yatsan zobe na uku, karamin yatsa shine na hudu. Matsayi yatsa ne na yatsu kusa da su guda huɗu wanda aka raba sauti ɗaya ko semitone a baya. Kowace igiya na iya samun matsayi bakwai ko fiye. Matsayi mafi girma, yana da wuya a yi wasa da tsabta a ciki. A kan kowane kirtani, ban da na biyar (kirtani na farko), suna tafiya ne kawai har zuwa matsayi na biyar wanda ya haɗa da; amma a kan kirtani na farko, kuma wani lokacin a kan na biyu, suna amfani da matsayi mafi girma - har zuwa na goma sha biyu.

Akwai aƙalla hanyoyi uku don riƙe baka ^[7] :

• Hanyar tsohuwar ("Jamus") , wanda yatsa mai nuna alama ya taɓa sandar baka tare da ƙasan samansa, kusan a kan ninka tsakanin ƙusa ƙusa da tsakiya; an rufe yatsunsu tam; babban yatsan yatsa yana kishiyar tsakiya; gashin baka yana taushe a matsakaici.
• Sabuwar hanya ("Franco-Belgian") , wanda yatsa mai nuna alama ya taɓa sandar a kusurwa tare da ƙarshen phalanx na tsakiya; akwai babban tazara tsakanin maƙiyi da yatsu na tsakiya; babban yatsan yatsa yana kishiyar tsakiya; tam taut baka gashi; karkata matsayi na kara.
• Sabuwar ("Rashanci") hanya , wanda yatsa mai yatsa ya taɓa sandar daga gefe tare da ninka tsakanin phalanx na tsakiya da metacarpal; da zurfin rufe sandar tare da tsakiyar ƙusa ƙusa da kafa wani kusurwa mai mahimmanci tare da shi, yana da alama yana jagorantar halin baka; akwai babban tazara tsakanin maƙiyi da yatsu na tsakiya; babban yatsan yatsa yana kishiyar tsakiya; sako-sako da taut gashin baka; madaidaiciya (ba karkata ba) matsayi na sanda. Wannan hanyar riƙe baka ita ce mafi dacewa don samun sakamako mafi kyawun sauti tare da ƙarancin kashe kuzari.

Rike baka yana da babban tasiri akan hali, ƙarfi, timbre na sauti, da kuma gaba ɗaya akan jimla. A kan violin, koyaushe kuna iya ɗaukar rubutu biyu lokaci guda akan igiyoyin maƙwabta ( biyu bayanin kula ), a lokuta na musamman - uku (ana buƙatar matsa lamba mai ƙarfi), kuma ba lokaci guda ba, amma da sauri - uku (XNUMX) bayanin kula sau uku ) da hudu. Irin waɗannan haɗe-haɗe, galibi masu jituwa, suna da sauƙin yin aiki akan buɗaɗɗen kirtani, kuma galibi ana amfani da su a cikin ayyukan solo.

Matsayin hannun hagu

• "Bude kirtani" - yatsun hannun hagu ba sa manne kirtani, wato, violin yana fitar da bayanin kula guda hudu da aka raba ta kashi biyar: g, d ¹ , a ¹ , e ² (gishiri na ƙaramin octave, re, la na octave na farko, mi na octave na biyu).
• Matsayi na farko - yatsun hannun hagu, sai dai babban yatsan yatsa, na iya ɗaure kirtani a wurare hudu, rabu da juna kuma daga buɗaɗɗen kirtani ta hanyar sautin diatonic. Tare da buɗaɗɗen kirtani, suna samar da sauti mai nauyin ton 20 daga bayanin kula Sol na ƙaramin octave zuwa C na octave na biyu.

Matsayi na farko

Babban yatsan yatsa yana jagorantar mai kunnawa, yana samar da "shirfi" wanda wuyan violin ya kwanta - yana yin aikin tallafi kawai. Sauran yatsun hannun hagu suna sama a sama, suna danna igiyoyin ba tare da riƙe wuyansa ba. Hannun hagu yana da jimlar matsayi bakwai “na asali”, waɗanda suka dogara akan waɗannan abubuwa:

• Yatsu suna cikin matsayi daidai da farar maɓallan piano;
• Yatsu ba sa motsawa tare da wuyansa;
• Nisa tsakanin yatsun da ke kusa akan wannan kirtani shine sautin ko semitone;
• Nisa tsakanin yatsan yatsa na huɗu akan babban kirtani da yatsa na farko (masu manyan ma'aikata) akan ƙaramin kirtani sauti ɗaya ne.

Musamman, matsayi na farko yayi kama da haka:

Dabarun asali:

• Détaché - kowane bayanin kula yana wasa ta hanyar motsi daban na baka, ta hanyar canza alkibla;
• Martelé - bugun jini da aka yi ta hanyar tura baka, wanda tsawon sautin kansa ya fi guntu fiye da lokacin lalata na sonority;
• Staccato ƙasa da sama tare da baka - motsi na baka tare da tsayawa;
• Staccato volant nau'in staccato ne. Lokacin wasa, baka yana tsalle, yana fita daga igiyoyin;
• Spiccato - m da bugun jini na sake dawowa, staccato mai nauyi tare da ƙarin motsi na kafada;
• Sautillé – taɓawa mai dawowa, haske da haɓaka ta Spiccato;
• Ricochet-saltato - bugun jini da aka yi ta hanyar bugun gashin bakan da aka ɗaga a kan kirtani, a matsayin mai mulkin, ƙungiya mai ci gaba ta yi;
• Tremolo – maimaita sauri da yawa na sauti ɗaya ko saurin sauya sautuna biyu marasa maƙwabta, baƙaƙe biyu ( tazara , maɗaukaki ), sauti ɗaya da saɓani.
• Legato – aikin da aka haɗa na sautuna, wanda a cikinsa akwai sauye-sauye mai sauƙi daga wannan sauti zuwa wani, babu tsayawa tsakanin sautuna.
• Col legno - bugawa kirtani tare da ramin baka. Yana haifar da ƙara, mataccen sauti, wanda kuma ana amfani da shi tare da babban nasara ta mawaƙa a cikin kiɗan kiɗan.

Bugu da ƙari, yin wasa da baka, suna amfani da taba igiyoyi da ɗaya daga cikin yatsun hannun dama (pizzicato). Akwai kuma pizzicato da hannun hagu, wanda aka fi amfani da shi a cikin adabi na solo.

Har ila yau, akwai wata hanya ta musamman don ware sautin murya daga abun da ke ciki na katako na kirtani mai sauti - harmonica. Ana yin jituwa ta dabi'a ta hanyar taɓa kirtani a maki na rarrabuwa da yawa na tsawonsa - ta 2 (filin kirtani ya tashi ta hanyar octave), ta 3, ta 4 (octaves biyu), da dai sauransu Artificial, a cikin Hakazalika, raba wanda aka matse a ƙasa tare da yatsa na farko a cikin hanyar da aka saba. Dangane da saitin yatsu na 1st da 4th na hannun hagu, flageolets na iya zama na huɗu, na biyar.

bambance-bambancen

An raba violin zuwa na gargajiya da na gargajiya (ya danganta da mutane da al'adun gargajiya da na kida da abubuwan da suke so). violin na gargajiya da na jama'a sun bambanta kadan da juna kuma ba kayan kida ba ne. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin violin na gargajiya da violin na jama'a watakila a fagen aikace-aikace ne kawai (ilimi da tatsuniyoyi) da kuma abubuwan da suka fi so da al'adunsu.

Ayyukan violin a matsayin kayan aikin solo a cikin ƙungiyoyin kiɗa

Lokacin Baroque shine lokacin fitowar alfijir na violin a matsayin kayan aikin ƙwararru. Saboda kusancin sauti zuwa muryar ɗan adam da ikon haifar da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan masu sauraro, violin ya zama babban kayan aiki. An saita sautin violin sama da sauran kayan kida, wanda ya sa ya zama kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kunna layin waƙar. Lokacin kunna violin, mawaƙin virtuoso yana iya yin sauri da wahala ga gutsuttsura ayyuka ( sassa ).

Har ila yau, violin ɗin ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar makaɗa, inda aka raba mawaƙa zuwa rukuni biyu, waɗanda aka sani da violin na farko da na biyu. Mafi sau da yawa, layin waƙa yana sadaukar da violin na farko, yayin da rukuni na biyu ke yin aikin rakiyar ko kwaikwayo.

Wani lokaci ana ba da waƙar waƙar ba ga dukan rukunin violin ba, amma ga violin na solo. Sai dan wasan violin na farko, mai rakiya, ya buga waƙar. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan ya zama dole don ba waƙar waƙar launi na musamman, m da maras kyau. Solo violin an fi danganta shi da hoton waƙar.

Kirtani quartet a cikin asalin sa ya ƙunshi violin guda biyu (masu kida suna wasa da sassan violin na farko da na biyu), viola da cello. Kamar ƙungiyar makaɗa, galibi violin na farko yana taka rawa, amma gabaɗaya, kowane kayan aiki na iya samun lokutan solo.

Yin wasan violin na ɗaya daga cikin manyan zaɓe a cikin shirin gasa na matasa Delphic Plays na Rasha.

Sources

• Violin // Encyclopedic Dictionary na Brockhaus da Efron: a cikin juzu'i 86 (mujalladi 82 da ƙari 4). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• K. Flesh, The Fasahar Wasan Violin (juzu'i na 1)  - Kiɗa, M., 1964.
• K. Jiki, Fasahar Wasan Violin (juzu'i na 2)  - Classics-XXI, M., 2007.
• L. Auren, Wasa Violin Kamar Yadda Na Koyar Da Shi (1920); in Rashanci per. - Makaranta Na Wasan Violin , L., 1933;
• V. Mazel, Violinist da hannunsa (dama)  - Mawaki, St. Petersburg, 2006.
• V. Mazel, Violinist da hannunsa (hagu)  - Mawaki, St. Petersburg, 2008.
• A. Tsitsikyan “Armenian baka art”, Yerevan, 2004.
• Banin AA Kiɗa na kayan aiki na Rasha na al'adun gargajiya . Moscow, 1997.

FAQ game da Violin

Ta yaya violin ke shafar jikin mutum?

violin yana ba mutum hasashe mai ƙarfi da sassauƙar hankali, yana ƙara ƙarfin fahimi, da haɓaka hankali. Wannan ba sufi ba ne, an yi bayanin wannan hujja a kimiyyance.

Me yasa yake da wuya a buga violin?

Violin ba shi da damuwa, kamar sauran kayan aikin kirtani, don haka irin wannan amincewa da kai zai ƙafe. Hannun hagu zai yi aiki, yana dogara ga mawaƙin kansa kawai. Violin ba ya yarda da gaggawa, sabili da haka, kafin aikin farko na aikin kiɗa, lokaci mai yawa zai iya wucewa.

Nawa akan matsakaita farashin violin?

Farashin ya bambanta daga 70 USD zuwa 15000 USD. Nawa ne kudin violin na masu farawa don kada ya ɓata jin ku da kuma karatunku bisa ga al'ada? Na farko, kimanta kasafin ku. Idan zaka iya samun sauƙin siyan kayan aiki akan farashin 500$.