Form kashi uku |
Siffar kashi uku - nau'in tsarin haɗin kai, daga bene na 2. An yi amfani da karni na 17 a Turai. Prof. kiɗa a matsayin nau'in wasan gabaɗaya ko ɓangarensa. T. f. a cikin ma'ana ta musamman na kalmar yana nuna ba kawai gaban manyan uku ba. sassan, amma kuma da dama yanayi game da dangantakar waɗannan sassan da tsarin su (ma'anar da aka yarda da su gaba ɗaya na T. f. suna jagorancin ayyukan J. Haydn, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven na farko da na tsakiya. lokuta na kerawa, duk da haka, irin wannan nau'i a cikin kiɗa na baya sau da yawa ya bambanta da nau'i na gargajiya). Akwai sauki da hadaddun T. t. A cikin sassa na 1st mai sauƙi shine lokacin sauti ɗaya ko daidaitawa (ko ginin da ke maye gurbinsa), ɓangaren tsakiya, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba shi da tsayayyen tsari, kuma kashi na 3 shine ramuwa na farko, wani lokaci tare da tsawo; mai yiwuwa kuma mai zaman kansa. lokaci (ba rashin mayar da hankali T. f.). A cikin wahala T. f. Kashi na 1 yawanci nau'i ne mai sauƙi biyu- ko uku, ɓangaren tsakiya yana kama da tsari zuwa na 1st ko fiye da kyauta, kuma kashi na 3 shine ramuwa na farko, daidai ko gyara (a cikin wok. op. - maimaituwar kida, amma ba dole ba da rubutu na baka). Har ila yau, akwai nau'i na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin tf mai sauƙi da hadaddun: sashi na tsakiya (na biyu) - a cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi biyu- ko uku, da kuma matsananciyar - a cikin nau'i na lokaci. Idan na karshen ba shi da ƙasa a cikin girman da darajar zuwa ɓangaren tsakiya, to, dukan nau'i yana kusa da hadaddun T. f. (Waltz op. 40 No 8 don piano na PI Tchaikovsky); Idan lokacin ya takaice, to, zuwa ga mai sauƙi tare da gabatarwa da ƙarshe da aka tsara shi ("The Song of the Indian Guest" daga opera "Sadko" na Rimsky-Korsakov). Ana samun gabatarwa da ƙarshe (lambar) a kowane nau'i na T. f., da kuma sassan haɗin kai tsakanin babban. sassan, wani lokaci ana tura su (musamman a cikin hadaddun T. f. tsakanin sashe na tsakiya da reprise).
Kashi na farko na T. f. yana yin aikin bayyanawa (a cikin sigar fasaha mai rikitarwa, tare da abubuwan haɓakawa), wato, yana wakiltar gabatar da wani batu. Tsakiya (Kashi na biyu) mai sauƙi T. f. – mafi sau da yawa ci gaban muses. abu da aka gabatar a sashi na 2. Akwai sassan tsakiya da aka gina akan sabon jigo. abu wanda ya bambanta da kayan aiki na ƙananan sassa (Mazurka C-dur op. 1 No 33 by Chopin). Wani lokaci ɓangaren tsakiya ya ƙunshi duka sababbin kayan aiki da kuma ci gaba da jigo na 3st part (1rd part - nocturne - daga 3nd kirtani na Borodin quartet). A cikin wahala T. f. sashin tsakiya kusan koyaushe yana sabawa da matsananciyar; idan an rubuta shi a cikin nau'i na zamani, sassa biyu- ko uku, sau da yawa ana kiransa trio (saboda a cikin karni na 2 da farkon 17th yawanci ana gabatar da shi cikin murya uku). Complex T. f. tare da irin wannan sashin tsakiya, preim. a cikin sauri, musamman rawa, wasa; tare da ƙarancin tsari, ƙarin sashin tsakiya na ruwa (fito) - sau da yawa a cikin sannu-sannu.
Ma'anar raddi T.f. yawanci ya ƙunshi amincewar babban. hoton wasan bayan an bambanta ko a cikin haifuwar babban kiɗan. tunani a cikin cikakken tsari bayan ci gaban ta otd. bangarori da abubuwa; a cikin duka biyun, sakewa yana ba da gudummawa ga cikar sigar. Idan an canza ramuwa ta yadda za a haifar da sabon matakin tashin hankali a cikinsa idan aka kwatanta da kashi na 1 na nau'in, to, T. f. ana kiransa da ƙarfi (irin waɗannan nau'ikan sun fi kowa a tsakanin masu sauƙi T. f. fiye da masu rikitarwa). Lokaci-lokaci ramuwa na T. f. baya farawa a cikin babban maɓalli ("Manta Waltz" No. 1 don piano Liszt, "Fairy Tale" op. 26 No. 3 na piano Medtner). Wani lokaci babban maɓalli ya dawo, amma ba jigon sashe na 1 (abin da ake kira reprise tonal; "Song without Words" g-moll No 6 don Mendelssohn).
T. f. ana iya faɗaɗawa da haɓaka ta hanyar maimaita sassansa, daidai ko bambanta. A cikin sauki T. f. ana maimaita lokaci na 1 sau da yawa, a cikin otd. lokuta tare da jujjuyawar juzu'i ko juzu'i a cikin wasu maɓallai (bangare na farko na Maris na jana'izar - har zuwa uku - daga Beethoven's Sonata No. 1 don piano; Waltz da aka manta na 12 don piano na Liszt; etude op. 1 No. 25 ta Chopin; Maris op.11 No 65 don piano na Prokofiev). Tsakiyar da ramako ana maimaituwa ba kadan ba. Idan bambancin tsakiya ko sashe na 10 a yayin maimaitawarsu yana da alaƙa da canjin sautin sauti, to ana kiran fom ɗin sauƙi sau biyu kashi uku kuma yana kusanci mai siffar rondo. A cikin wahala T. f. a karshen shi, uku da na 3rd sashe ana maimaita lokaci-lokaci ("Maris na Chernomor" daga opera "Ruslan da Lyudmila" na Glinka); idan, maimakon maimaitawa, an ba da sabon nau'i uku, hadaddun TF biyu ya taso. (complex T.f. tare da trios guda biyu), kuma kusa da rondo ("Martin Bikin aure" daga kiɗa zuwa wasan barkwanci na Shakespeare "Mafarkin Dare Mai Tsaki" na Mendelssohn).
Zuwa wahala T.f. yana kaiwa ba kawai ga maimaita sassa ba, har ma da haɓakar su na ciki: lokacin daidaitawa na farko na sauƙi T. f. zai iya samun siffofi na bayyanar sonata, tsakiya - ci gaba, da kuma dukan nau'i - siffofi na sonata allegro (duba siffar Sonata). A wasu lokuta, sabon abu a tsakiyar ɓangaren T. f. (mai sauƙi ko hadaddun) an yi daki-daki a cikin lambar ko a ƙarshen reprise a ch. tonality, wanda ke haifar da rabo daga jigogi na hali na sonata ba tare da ci gaba ba.
Duk da sauki da dabi'ar tsarinta na zagaye (ABA ko ABA1), T. f. nau'in da aka siffanta sun taso daga baya kashi biyu kuma ba su da tushe kai tsaye da bayyananne kamar wannan na karshe a cikin Nar. kiɗa. Asalin T. f. hade da farko da kiɗa. t-rum, musamman tare da opera aria da capo.
Sauƙaƙe T.f. ana amfani da shi azaman fom ɗin zuwa. – l. sashe ba mai zagaye ba. samfur. (rondo, sonata allegro, complex tf, da dai sauransu), da kuma a cikin romances, opera aria da arioso, kananan rawa da sauran guda (misali, a preludes, etudes). Yadda fom ɗin ke zaman kansa. taka sauki T. f. ya yadu a cikin lokacin bayan Beethoven. Wani lokaci kuma ana samun shi azaman nau'i ne na sashin jinkirin sake zagayowar (a cikin wasan violin na Tchaikovsky; mafi cikakken misali shine a cikin kide-kiden piano na 2 na Rachmaninov). Sauƙi mai ƙarfi T. f. musamman na kowa a F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, AN Scriabin.
Complex T. f. amfani da rawa. wasanni da maci, nocturnes, impromptu da sauran instr. nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan opera ne ko lambar ballet, sau da yawa sau da yawa soyayya ("Na tuna wani lokacin ban mamaki", "Ina nan, Inezilla" na Glinka). Complex T.t. yana da yawa. a tsakiyar sassan sonata-symphony. hawan keke, musamman masu sauri (scherzo, minuet), amma kuma a hankali. Samfurori mafi haɓaka na hadaddun T.f. wakiltar nek-ry symph. Beethoven's Scherzo, Maris na jana'izar daga "Jarumi" Symphony, wasan kwaikwayo. scherzo da sauran composers (misali, 2nd sassa na 5th da 7th symphonies Shostakovich), kazalika da raba. guda ta mawakan soyayya (misali, Chopin's Polonaise op. 44). Akwai kuma wahala T. f. na musamman, misali. tare da matsanancin sassa a cikin nau'i na sonata allegro (scherzo daga Beethoven's 9th symphony da Borodin's 1st symphony).
A cikin ka'idar ayyuka na bambanci T. f. daga wasu nau'ikan kiɗan. an bayyana siffofin ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Don haka, a cikin litattafai masu yawa, hadaddun T. f. tare da episode an dangana ga siffofin rondo. Akwai wahalhalu na haƙiƙa a bambance sauƙaƙan T. f. tare da tsakiya, haɓaka kayan aiki na motsi na 1st, da sauƙi mai sauƙi na nau'i-nau'i biyu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, maimaitawa a cikin reprise na dukan lokacin farko an dauke shi babban shaida na nau'i na uku, kuma jumla ɗaya - kashi biyu (a cikin wannan yanayin, ana la'akari da ƙarin ma'auni). E. Jiragen sama na waɗannan nau'ikan kamar kashi biyu-sashi, tun daga tsakiya ba ta gabatar da bambanci ba, yana ƙara yin repriise kuma ana maimaita maimaita tare da shi. Akasin haka, A. Schoenberg ya fassara waɗannan nau'ikan biyun a matsayin nau'ikan sassa uku, tunda suna ɗauke da ramuwa (watau kashi na 3), koda kuwa an gajarta ne. Yana da alama ya dace, ba tare da la'akari da wannan ko waccan bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan da ake la'akari ba, don haɗa su ƙarƙashin ma'anar gamammen tsari mai sauƙi. Matsakaicin wasu samfuran. Kada ka yi daidai da sunan nau'in nau'in da suke ciki (alal misali, a T. F. Tare da lamba, a zahiri zama sassa 4 daidai. Mn. Ƙirƙirar da ke da ɓangarori uku a ma'anar kalmar gaba ɗaya ba yawanci ake kira T. f. a musamman ma'anar kalmar. Irin waɗannan, alal misali, wasan operas uku ne, wasan kwaikwayo na motsi uku, wasan kwaikwayo, da sauransu, strophic. wok. Ƙirƙirar da ke ɗauke da saƙon rubutu guda uku tare da kiɗa daban-daban, da sauransu.
References: gani a Art. Sigar kiɗa.
