Lokaci |

Period (daga Girkanci. periodos - kewayawa, wurare dabam dabam, wani da'irar lokaci) - nau'i mai sauƙi mai sauƙi, wanda shine ɓangare na manyan siffofi ko yana da nasa. ma'ana. Babban aikin P. shine baje kolin waƙar da aka gama. tunani (jigogi) a cikin samarwa. gidan ajiyar homophonic. Haɗu da P. dec. Tsarin. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ana iya bayyana shi azaman babba, na al'ada. Wannan shi ne P., wanda a cikinsa siffata na jimloli biyu da suka kafa ta taso. Suna farawa ɗaya (ko kama) amma suna ƙare ta hanyoyi daban-daban. cadence, ƙasa da cikakke a farkon kuma mafi cika a cikin jimla ta biyu. Mafi na kowa rabo na cadences shine rabin da cikakke. Ƙarshen akan jituwa mai mahimmanci a ƙarshen jumla ta farko yayi daidai da ƙarewa akan tonic a ƙarshen na biyu (da kuma lokacin gaba ɗaya). Akwai rabo mai jituwa na mafi sauƙin inganci. jerin, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga tsarin tsarin tsarin P. Sauran ma'auni na cadences kuma yana yiwuwa: cikakke cikakke - cikakke cikakke, da dai sauransu. ). Akwai P. kuma tare da wannan cadence. Ofaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan gama gari don harmonica. Tsarin P. – daidaitawa a cikin jimla ta biyu, mafi yawanci a mafi rinjaye. Wannan yana canza siffar P.; modulating P. ana amfani da shi na musamman azaman kashi na manyan siffofi.

Metric kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. tushen P. Yawanci ga mutane da yawa (amma ba duka) styles da nau'o'in kiɗa na Turai shine squareness, wanda adadin sanduna a cikin P. kuma a cikin kowace jumla yana daidai da ikon 2 (4, 8, 16, 32). ). Squareness yana tasowa saboda sauyin sauyin haske da nauyi mai nauyi (ko, akasin haka, nauyi da haske). An haɗa sanduna biyu biyu zuwa biyu zuwa sanduna huɗu, sanduna huɗu zuwa sanduna takwas, da sauransu.

A daidai matakin da aka kwatanta, ana kuma amfani da wasu sifofi. Suna samar da P. idan sun yi aiki iri ɗaya da na babba. nau'i, kuma bambance-bambance a cikin tsari ba su wuce wani ma'auni ba, dangane da nau'i da salon kiɗa. Siffofin ma'anar waɗannan bambance-bambancen sune nau'in amfani da muses. abu, da kuma awo. kuma masu jituwa. tsari. Misali, jimla ta biyu ba za ta maimaita ta farko ba, amma a ci gaba da ita, wato zama sabo a waka. abu. Irin wannan P. da ake kira. P. na tsarin da ba a maimaita ba ko guda ɗaya. Hakanan ana haɗa jimloli iri-iri guda biyu a cikinsa ta hanyar haɗakarwa. Duk da haka, P. na tsari ɗaya bazai iya raba shi zuwa jumloli ba, wato a haɗa su. A wannan yanayin, mafi mahimmancin tsarin tsarin P. an keta shi. Kuma duk da haka ginin ya kasance P., idan ya tsara ma'anar. Abubuwan jigogi kuma sun mamaye wuri ɗaya a cikin nau'i na gabaɗaya a matsayin al'ada P. A ƙarshe, akwai P., wanda ya ƙunshi jimloli uku tare da mafi bambanta. thematic rabo. abu (a1 a2 a3; ab1b2; abc, da dai sauransu).

Hakanan ana iya yin amfani da ma'auni daga babban nau'in P.. gine-gine. Za a iya karya ma'auni na jimlolin murabba'in biyu ta hanyar faɗaɗa na biyun. Wannan shine yadda P. mai tsawo na gama gari ke tashi (4 + 5; 4 + 6; 4 + 7, da sauransu). Gajarta jimla ta biyu ba ta da yawa. Har ila yau, akwai murabba'ai, wanda rashin daidaituwa ya taso ba a sakamakon cin nasara na asali na asali ba, amma a cikin kanta, a matsayin dukiya da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta a cikin wannan kiɗa. Irin wannan ba tare da murabba'in P. ba ne na hali, musamman, ga Rashanci. kiɗa. Matsakaicin adadin hawan keke a cikin wannan yanayin na iya zama daban-daban (5 + 5; 5 + 7; 7 + 9, da sauransu). A ƙarshen P., bayan ya ƙare. cadence, ƙari na iya tasowa - gini ko jerin gine-gine, bisa ga nasa muses. ma'ana kusa da P., amma ba mallaki mai zaman kanta ba. daraja.

P. sau da yawa ana maimaita shi, wani lokacin tare da adadin canje-canjen rubutu. Idan, duk da haka, canje-canje a lokacin maimaitawa sun gabatar da wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin jituwa na P., sakamakon abin da ya ƙare tare da wani nau'i na daban ko a cikin wani maɓalli daban-daban, to, ba P. da bambance-bambancen maimaitawa ya taso ba, amma tsari guda daya na hadadden P. Jumloli biyu masu sarkakiya na hadaddun P. sune tsoffin P.

P. ya tashi a Turai. Prof. kiɗa a zamanin asalin gidan ajiyar homophonic, wanda ya maye gurbin polyphonic (ƙarni na 16-17). Nar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ita. da raye-rayen gida. da waka da rawa. nau'o'i. Saboda haka da hali zuwa squareness, wanda shi ne tushen raye-raye. kiɗa. Wannan kuma ya shafi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kida na kida-va Western-Europe. kasashe - a ciki., Austrian, Italiyanci, Faransanci. nar. waƙar kuma ta mamaye ta da murabba'i. Ga Rashanci waƙar da aka zana ba ta da halayen murabba'i. Sabili da haka, rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta yana yaduwa a cikin Rashanci. kiɗa (MP Mussorgsky, SV Rachmaninov).

P. a cikin prof. ciki kiɗa a mafi yawan lokuta yana wakiltar ɓangaren farko na nau'i mai girma - sassa biyu- ko uku. Farawa kawai tare da F. Chopin (Preludes, op. 25) ya zama nau'i na samarwa mai zaman kanta. Wok. kiɗa P. ya sami matsayi mai ƙarfi a matsayin nau'i na aya a cikin waƙar. Har ila yau, akwai waƙoƙin da ba ma'aurata ba da kuma romances da aka rubuta a cikin nau'i na P. (SV Rachmaninov's romance "Yana da kyau a nan").

References: Catuar G., Sigar kiɗa, sashe na 1, M., 1934, o. 68; Sposobin I., Siffar kiɗa, M.-L., 1947; M., 1972, p. 56-94; Skrebkov S., Nazarin ayyukan kiɗa, M., 1958, p. 49; Mazel L., Tsarin ayyukan kiɗa, M., 1960, p. 115; Reuterstein M., Siffofin Kiɗa. Siffofin kashi ɗaya, kashi biyu da uku, M., 1961; Sigar Kiɗa, ed. Yu. Tyulina, M., 1965 p. 52, 110; Mazel L., Zukkerman V., Nazarin ayyukan kiɗa, M., 1967, p. 493; Bobrovsky V., A kan bambancin ayyuka na nau'i na kiɗa, M., 1970, p. 81; Prout E., Musical form, L., 1893 Ratner LG Ka'idodin tsarin lokacin kiɗan ƙarni na goma sha takwas, "MQ", 1900, v. 17, no 31.

VP Bobrovsky