Jean-Philippe Rameau |

Jean-Philippe Rameau

… Dole ne mutum ya ƙaunace shi tare da wannan ladabi mai tausayi wanda aka kiyaye shi dangane da kakanni, ɗan rashin jin daɗi, amma waɗanda suka san yadda ake faɗin gaskiya da kyau. C. Rashin hankali

Da yake zama sananne ne kawai a cikin shekarunsa masu girma, JF Rameau da wuya kuma ya tuna da ƙuruciyarsa da ƙuruciyarsa cewa ko da matarsa ​​​​ta san kusan kome ba game da shi. Sai kawai daga takardu da rarrabuwar abubuwan tunawa na zamani za mu iya sake gina hanyar da ta kai shi Olympus na Paris. Ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, kuma ya yi baftisma a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1683 a Dijon. Mahaifin Ramo ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da coci, kuma yaron ya sami darussa na farko daga wurinsa. Kida nan da nan ta zama abin sha'awarsa kawai. Yana da shekaru 18, ya tafi Milan, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Faransa, inda ya fara tafiya tare da ƙungiyoyi masu tafiya a matsayin ɗan wasan violin, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin organist a yawancin birane: Avignon, Clermont-Ferrand, Paris, Dijon, Montpellier. , Lyon. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa 1722, lokacin da Rameau ya buga aikinsa na farko na ka'idar, A Treatise on Harmony. An tattauna batun da marubucin littafin a Paris, inda Rameau ya koma a 1722 ko farkon 1723.

Mutum mai zurfi kuma mai gaskiya, amma ba komai ba, Rameau ya sami duka mabiyansa da abokan hamayya a cikin fitattun tunanin Faransa: Voltaire ya kira shi "Orpheus namu", amma Rousseau, zakaran sauki da dabi'a a cikin kiɗa, ya soki Rameau sosai don " malanta” da” cin zarafi na kade-kade” (a cewar A. Gretry, kiyayyar Rousseau ta samo asali ne sakamakon bita-da-kullin da Rameau ya yi na wasan opera nasa “Gallant Muses”). Ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a fagen wasan kwaikwayo kawai yana da shekaru kusan hamsin, Rameau daga 1733 ya zama jagoran mawaƙin opera na Faransa, kuma bai bar ayyukansa na kimiyya da koyarwa ba. A 1745 ya samu lakabi na kotu mawaki, da kuma jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa - da nobility. Duk da haka, nasarar ba ta sa ya canza halinsa na zaman kansa da kuma yin magana ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka san Ramo a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da rashin haɗin kai. Jaridar birni, da take mai da martani game da mutuwar Rameau, “daya daga cikin mashahuran mawaƙa a Turai,” ta ruwaito: “Ya mutu da ƙarfin hali. Firistoci daban-daban ba su iya samun kome daga gare shi; sai firist ɗin ya bayyana… ya daɗe yana magana a cikin hanyar da mara lafiyan… ya ce da fushi: “Me ya sa ka zo nan don ka yi mini waƙa, ya shugabana? Kuna da muryar ƙarya!' ” Wasan operas da wasan raye-rayen Rameau sun zama tarihi gabaɗaya a tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci. Wasan opera na farko, Samson, zuwa libertto na Voltaire (1732), ba a shirya shi ba saboda labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Tun daga 1733, ayyukan Rameau suna kan mataki na Royal Academy of Music, suna haifar da sha'awa da jayayya. Dangane da wurin kotun, an tilasta Rameau ya juya zuwa ga makirci da nau'ikan da aka gada daga JB Lully, amma ya fassara su a wata sabuwar hanya. Masu sha'awar Lully sun soki Rameau don sababbin sababbin abubuwa, da kuma masu ilimin kimiyya, waɗanda suka bayyana bukatun jama'a na dimokuradiyya (musamman Rousseau da Diderot), don aminci ga nau'in opera na Versailles tare da alamarsa, jaruman sarauta da abubuwan al'ajabi: duk wannan ya kasance a gare su. anachronism mai rai. Hazakar Rameau ta ƙaddara babban fa'idar fasaha na kyawawan ayyukansa. A cikin m bala'i Hippolytus da Arisia (1733), Castor da Pollux (1737), Dardanus (1739), Rameau, tasowa da daraja hadisai na Lully, paves hanya ga nan gaba binciken KV asali rigor da sha'awa.

Matsalolin wasan opera-ballet “Gllant India” (1735) sun yi daidai da ra’ayoyin Rousseau game da “mutum na halitta” kuma suna ɗaukaka ƙauna a matsayin ƙarfin da ke haɗa dukkan al’ummomin duniya. Wasan opera-ballet Platea (1735) ya haɗu da barkwanci, waƙoƙi, ban dariya da ban dariya. Gabaɗaya, Rameau ya ƙirƙira kusan ayyukan mataki 40. Ingancin libretto a cikin su sau da yawa ba sa yin zargi, amma mawaƙin ya ce cikin zolaya: “Ba ni Jarida ta Holland kuma zan sanya ta zuwa kiɗa.” Amma ya kasance yana neman kansa a matsayin mawaƙi, yana mai imani cewa mawaƙin opera yana buƙatar sanin yanayin wasan kwaikwayo da yanayin ɗan adam, da kowane nau'in halaye; don fahimtar duka rawa, da waƙa, da kuma tufafi. Kuma kyawu na kidan Ra-mo galibi yana yin nasara akan sanyin ƙazamin ƙaya ko ƙawa na batutuwan tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya. An bambanta waƙar waƙar aria ta hanyar bayyananniyar bayyanarsa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa tana jaddada yanayi masu ban mamaki kuma suna zana hotunan yanayi da fadace-fadace. Amma Rameau bai sanya kansa aikin ƙirƙirar kayan wasan kwaikwayo na asali da na asali ba. Saboda haka, nasarar da Gluck ya yi na gyare-gyaren operatic da wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin juyin juya halin Faransa ya lalata ayyukan Rameau zuwa dogon mantawa. Kawai a cikin XIX-XX ƙarni. an sake gane hazakar wakar Rameau; K. Saint-Saens, K. Debussy, M, Ravel, O. Messiaen sun burge ta.

Wani muhimmin yanki na aikin u3bu1706bRamo shine kiɗan garaya. Mawaƙin ya kasance fitaccen mai haɓakawa, bugu na 1722 na guntunsa don harpsichord (1728, 5, c. 11) ya haɗa da suites guda XNUMX waɗanda raye-raye (allemande, courante, minuet, sarabande, gigue) aka canza tare da halayen halayen da ke da sunaye masu bayyanawa ( "Korafe-korafe masu laushi", "Tattaunawa na Muses", "Savages", "Whirlwinds", da dai sauransu). Idan aka kwatanta da rubuce-rubucen garaya na F. Couperin, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da “mai girma” saboda gwanintarsa ​​a lokacin rayuwarsa, salon Rameau ya fi daukar hankali da wasan kwaikwayo. Bayarwa wani lokacin zuwa Couperin a cikin filigree tace bayanai da kuma m iridescence na yanayi, Rameau a cikin mafi kyau plays cimma ba kasa da ruhi ("Kira Tsuntsaye", "Peasant Woman"), m ardor ("Gypsy", "Princess"). haɗe-haɗe na ban dariya da ban dariya ("kaza", "Khromusha"). Babban aikin Rameau shine Variations Gavotte, wanda a hankali jigon rawa mai ban sha'awa yana samun tsananin waƙoƙin waƙa. Wannan wasan yana da kama da motsi na ruhaniya na wannan zamani: daga ingantaccen wakoki na bukukuwan gallazawa a cikin zane-zane na Watteau zuwa classicism na juyin juya hali na zane-zanen Dauda. Baya ga solo suites, Rameau ya rubuta kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide, Rameau.

Mutanen zamanin Rameau sun zama sananne da farko a matsayin masanin ilimin kiɗa, sannan kuma a matsayin mawaƙi. “Maganin Jini” nasa ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun binciken da suka kafa tushen ka'idar kimiyyar jituwa. Daga 1726 zuwa 1762 Rameau ya sake buga wasu littattafai da labarai guda 15 inda ya bayyana tare da kare ra'ayinsa a cikin furucin da 'yan adawa karkashin jagorancin Rousseau. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa ta yaba da ayyukan Rameau sosai. Wani fitaccen masanin kimiyya, d'Alembert, ya zama mashahuriyar ra'ayinsa, kuma Diderot ya rubuta labarin ɗan'uwan Rameau, wanda samfurinsa shine ainihin rayuwar Jean-Francois Rameau, ɗan ɗan'uwan mawaki Claude.

Komawar kidan Rameau zuwa wuraren kide-kide da wasan opera ya fara ne kawai a cikin karni na 1908. kuma da farko godiya ga kokarin mawakan Faransa. A cikin raba kalmomi ga masu sauraron farkon wasan opera na Rameau Hippolyte da Arisia, C. Debussy ya rubuta a cikin XNUMX: "Kada mu ji tsoron nuna kanmu ko dai masu daraja ko kuma an taɓa su. Mu saurari zuciyar Ramo. Ba a taɓa samun muryar Faransanci ba…”

L. Kirillina

An haife shi a cikin dangin organist; na bakwai cikin yara goma sha ɗaya. A 1701 ya yanke shawarar ba da kansa ga kiɗa. Bayan ɗan gajeren zama a Milan, ya zama shugaban sujada da organist, na farko a Avignon, sa'an nan a Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, da kuma Lyon. A cikin 1714 yana fuskantar wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya mai wahala; a 1722 ya buga Treatise on Harmony, wanda ya ba shi damar samun matsayi da ake so na kwayoyin halitta a Paris. A 1726 ya auri Marie-Louise Mango daga dangin mawaƙa, wanda zai haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare da su. Tun 1731, yana gudanar da ƙungiyar makaɗa masu zaman kansu na mai martaba Alexandre de La Pupliner, mai son kiɗa, abokin masu fasaha da masu ilimi (kuma, musamman, Voltaire). A cikin 1733 ya gabatar da wasan opera Hippolyte da Arisia, wanda ya haifar da zazzafar muhawara, wanda aka sabunta a 1752 godiya ga Rousseau da d'Alembert.

Manyan operas:

Hippolytus da Arisia (1733), Gallant India (1735-1736), Castor da Pollux (1737, 1154), Dardanus (1739, 1744), Platea (1745), Temple of Glory (1745-1746), Zoroaster (1749-1756). ), Abaris, ko Boreads (1764, 1982).

Akalla a wajen Faransa, har yanzu ba a san gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rameau ba. Akwai cikas a kan wannan tafarki, suna da alaƙa da halayen mawaƙa, tare da makomarsa ta musamman a matsayin marubucin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wani ɓangare na basirar da ba za a iya bayyana su ba, wani lokaci bisa al'ada, wani lokaci kuma ba a hana shi ba don neman sababbin jituwa da kuma musamman sababbin ƙungiyoyi. Wani wahala kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin halayen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rameau, mai cike da dogon recitatives da raye-rayen aristocratic, da kyau ko da cikin sauƙi. Ya penchant ga wani tsanani, proportionate, ganganci, m da ban mamaki harshe, kusan bai zama m, ya fi son shirye-shiryen melodic da jitu juya - duk wannan ya ba da mataki da kuma bayyana ji monumentality da bikin da, kamar yadda shi ne, ko da ya juya da haruffa zuwa bango.

Amma wannan shine kawai ra'ayi na farko, ba tare da la'akari da kullin ban mamaki ba wanda mawallafin mawallafin ke kallon halin, a kan wannan ko wannan yanayin kuma yana nuna su. A cikin waɗannan lokatai, duk ƙarfin baƙin ciki na babbar makarantar gargajiya ta Faransa, makarantar Corneille da, har ma mafi girma, Racine, ya sake zuwa rayuwa. An ƙirƙira sanarwar ta bisa harshen Faransanci tare da kulawa iri ɗaya, fasalin da zai kasance har zuwa Berlioz. A fagen waƙar waƙa, babban wurin yana shagaltar da sifofin tashin hankali, daga sassauƙa-tausasawa zuwa tashin hankali, godiya ga wanda aka kafa yaren opera na Faransa; Anan Rameau yana tsammanin mawaƙa na ƙarshen ƙarni, irin su Cherubini. Kuma wasu farin ciki na ƙungiyar mawaƙa na mayaka na iya tunatar da Meyerbeer. Tun da Rameau ya fi son wasan kwaikwayo na mythological, ya fara kafa harsashin "babban opera", wanda iko, girma da iri-iri dole ne a hade tare da dandano mai kyau a cikin salo, kuma tare da kyawawan wurare. Wasan operas na Rameau sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na choreographic tare da yawancin kyawawan kiɗan da ke da fa'ida mai ban mamaki, wanda ke ba da fara'a da jan hankali, yana tsammanin wasu mafita na zamani kusa da Stravinsky.

Bayan ya rayu fiye da rabin shekarunsa daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Rameau ya sake haihuwa zuwa sabuwar rayuwa lokacin da aka kira shi zuwa Paris. Karfinsa ya canza. Ya auri wata matashiya, ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci tare da ayyukan kimiyya, kuma daga marigayi "aure" an haifi opera na Faransa na gaba.

G. Marchesi (E. Greceanii ya fassara)