François Joseph Gossec |

Francois Joseph Gossec

Juyin juya halin bourgeois na Faransa na karni na XNUMX. "Na gani a cikin kiɗa mai girma da karfi na zamantakewa" (B. Asafiev), wanda zai iya rinjayar tunani da ayyuka na mutane da kuma dukan talakawa. Daya daga cikin mawakan da suka ba da umarnin kulawa da jin dadin wadannan talakawa shine F. Gossec. Mawaki kuma marubucin juyin juya halin Musulunci, MJ Chenier, ya yi masa jawabi a cikin waƙar Kan Ƙarfin Kiɗa: "Gossek mai jituwa, lokacin da karen baƙin ciki ya ga akwatin gawar marubucin Meropa" (Voltaire. - SR), "a can nesa, a cikin duhu mai ban tsoro, an ji ƙwanƙolin jana'izar jana'izar, daɗaɗɗen ganguna da kuma kukan gungu na Sinawa."

Daya daga cikin manyan mawakan kade-kade da jama'a, Gossec ya fara rayuwarsa nesa da cibiyoyin al'adu na Turai, a cikin dangin talakawa matalauta. Ya shiga cikin kiɗa a makarantar rera waƙa a Cathedral Antwerp. Yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, matashin mawaki ya riga ya kasance a birnin Paris, inda ya sami majiɓinci, fitaccen mawakin Faransa JF Rameau. A cikin shekaru 3 kawai, Gossec ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙungiyar makaɗa a Turai ( ɗakin sujada na babban manomi La Pupliner), wanda ya jagoranci shekaru takwas (1754-62). A nan gaba, makamashi, kasuwanci da ikon sakatariyar Jiha sun tabbatar da hidimarsa a cikin ɗakin ibada na sarakuna Conti da Conde. A cikin 1770, ya shirya jama'ar Amateur Concerts, kuma a cikin 1773 ya canza al'ummar Concerts masu tsarki, wanda aka kafa a 1725, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin malami da mawaƙa a Royal Academy of Music (Grand Opera na gaba). Saboda ƙarancin horo na mawakan Faransanci, an buƙaci gyara na ilimin kiɗa, kuma Gossec ya shirya game da shirya Makarantar Sarauta ta Waƙa da Karatu. An kafa shi a cikin 1784, a cikin 1793 ya girma zuwa Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Kasa, kuma a cikin 1795 ya zama gidan ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda Gossek ya kasance farfesa kuma babban sufeto har zuwa 1816. Tare da sauran furofesoshi, ya yi aiki a kan litattafai kan ilimin kiɗa da ka'idoji. A cikin shekarun juyin juya halin Musulunci da daular, Gossec ya sami daukaka mai girma, amma da farkon dawowar, an cire mawakin na jamhuriya mai shekaru tamanin daga aiki a gidan ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma ayyukan zamantakewa.

Kewayon abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na Sakataren Jiha yana da fadi sosai. Ya rubuta wasan operas na ban dariya da wasan kwaikwayo na kade-kade, ballets da kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki, oratorios da talakawa (ciki har da requiem, 1760). Mafi mahimmanci na gadonsa shine kiɗa don bukukuwa da bukukuwa na juyin juya halin Faransa, da kuma kiɗa na kayan aiki (kayan 60, kimanin 50 quartets, trios, overtures). Daya daga cikin manyan mawakan Faransanci na karni na 14, Gossec ya sami godiya ta musamman daga mutanen zamaninsa saboda ikonsa na ba da fasalolin kasa na Faransa zuwa aikin kade-kade: rawa, waka, arioznost. Wataƙila shi ya sa ake yawan kiransa wanda ya kafa wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa. Amma ɗaukakar Gossek da ba ta gushewa tana cikin babbar waƙarsa ta juyin juya hali-kishin ƙasa. Mawallafin "Waƙar Yuli 200", ƙungiyar mawaƙa "Awake, mutane!", "Waƙar Waƙar 'Yanci", "Te Deum" (ga masu wasan kwaikwayon XNUMX), sanannen Maris na jana'izar (wanda ya zama samfurin jana'izar jana'izar a cikin symphonic da Ayyukan kayan aiki na mawaƙa na karni na XNUMX), Gossek ya yi amfani da sauƙi da fahimta ga manyan masu sauraro, hotuna na kiɗa. Hasken su da sabon abu sun kasance kamar yadda aka adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar su a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa da yawa na ƙarni na XNUMX - daga Beethoven zuwa Berlioz da Verdi.

S. Rytsarev