Josken Depre (Josken Depre) |
Josquin Depret
Josquin Despres fitaccen wakilin makarantar phonists ne na Dutch. Ba a tantance wurin da aka haife shi da tabbas ba. Wasu masu bincike suna la'akari da shi a matsayin Flemish, ko da yake a cikin takardun da yawa na karni na 1459. Sunan Josquin Faransanci. Ba a adana ingantaccen bayani game da malaman mawaƙa ba. Mafi mahimmanci, ɗayansu shine babban I. Okegem. Shaidu na farko na tarihin rayuwar Josquin, wanda ke nufin shi mawaƙi ne na Cathedral na Milan, yana nufin kawai 1459. Ya yi aiki a cikin Cathedral na Milan tare da ɗan hutu daga 1472 zuwa 1486. Ya kuma kasance mai yiwuwa a kotun mai tasiri Cardinal Ascanio Sforza. An ambaci Josquin mai kyau na gaba yana cikin 60, lokacin da yake mawaƙa a ɗakin sujada na Paparoma a Roma. A lokacin da yake kusan XNUMX, Josquin ya koma Faransa. Fitaccen masanin kida na karni na XNUMX. Glarean ya ba da labari wanda watakila ya tabbatar da alakar Josquin da kotun Louis XII. Sarkin ya umurci mawakin wasan kwaikwayo mai yawan sauti da sharadin cewa shi da kansa a matsayinsa na mawaki ya shiga cikin wasansa na dan lokaci. Sarkin yana da murya mara mahimmanci (kuma mai yiwuwa ji), don haka Josquin ya rubuta ɓangaren tenor, wanda ya ƙunshi… bayanin kula ɗaya. Gaskiya ko a'a, wannan labari, a kowane hali, yana ba da shaida ga babban ikon Josquin a tsakanin ƙwararrun mawaƙa da kuma cikin manyan da'irar al'umma.
A 1502, Josquin shiga sabis na Duke na Ferrara. (Yana da sha'awar cewa duke, a cikin neman shugaban ɗakin sujadarsa, ya yi jinkiri na ɗan lokaci tsakanin G. Izak da Josquin, amma duk da haka ya zaɓi zaɓi na ƙarshe.) Duk da haka, bayan shekara guda an tilasta Josquin ya yi nasara. bar matsayi mai fa'ida. Wataƙila cutar ta barke a shekara ta 1503. Duke da kotunsa da kuma kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanen birnin sun bar Ferrara. J. Obrecht ya ɗauki wurin Josquin, wanda ya kamu da cutar a farkon 1505.
Josquin ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a birnin Conde-sur-l'Escaut da ke arewacin Faransa, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban babban cocin yankin. Ayyukan wannan lokacin suna nuna haɗin Josquin tare da makarantar polyphonic na Dutch.
Josquin ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mawakan marigayi Renaissance. A cikin m al'adunsa, babban wurin da aka bai wa ruhaniya nau'o'i: 18 talakawa (mafi shahararsa "Armed Man", "Pange linga" da "Mass na Albarka Virgin"), fiye da 70 motets da sauran kananan siffofin. Josquin ya yi nasara a cikin hadaddiyar halitta mai zurfi da ra'ayoyin falsafa tare da dabarar kirkire-kirkire na kida. Tare da ayyukan ruhaniya, ya kuma rubuta a cikin nau'in waƙoƙin polyphonic na duniya (yafi akan rubutun Faransanci - abin da ake kira chanson). A cikin wannan bangare na al'adunsa na kirkire-kirkire, mawakin ya zo kusa da nau'in asalin wakokin ƙwararru, galibi yana dogara ga waƙoƙin jama'a da raye-raye.
An riga an gane Josquin a lokacin rayuwarsa. Shahararsa ba ta shuɗe ba ko a ƙarni na XNUMX. Ya samu yabo daga manyan marubuta irin su B. Castiglione, P. Ronsard da F. Rabelais. Josquin shi ne mawaƙin da ya fi so na M. Luther, wanda ya rubuta game da shi: “Josquin ya sa bayanin ya bayyana abin da yake so. Sauran mawaƙa, akasin haka, ana tilasta musu su yi abin da bayanin kula ya umarce su.
S. Lebedev
