Nikolay Vitalyevich Lysenko (Mykola Lysenko) |

Mykola Lysenko

N. Lysenko ya sadaukar da m aiki (mawaki, folklorist, mai yi, shugaba, jama'a adadi) don bauta wa kasa al'adu, shi ne wanda ya kafa Ukrainian mawaki makaranta. Rayuwar jama'ar Ukrainian, fasaharsu ta asali ita ce ƙasa wadda ta haɓaka basirar Lysenko. Yarinta ya wuce a yankin Poltava. Wasan wasan kwaikwayo na wandering ensembles, the regimental orchestra, home musicing maraice, kuma mafi yawansu - waƙoƙin jama'a, raye-raye, wasanni na al'ada wanda yaron ya shiga cikin babbar sha'awa - "duk abin da wadata ba ta kasance a banza ba," Lysenko ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa. tarihin kansa,” kamar ɗigon waraka da ruwan rai ya faɗo cikin ƙuruciya. Lokaci ya yi don aiki, ya rage don fassara wannan abu zuwa bayanin kula, kuma ba na wani ba ne, tun yana yaro an gane shi ta hanyar rai, ya mallaki zuciya.

A 1859, Lysenko shiga Faculty of Natural Sciences na Kharkov, sa'an nan Kyiv University, inda ya zama kusa da m dalibai, tsunduma a cikin m da kuma ilimi aiki. Littafin wasan opera na satirical "Andriashiada" ya haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a a Kyiv. A cikin 1867-69. Lysenko yayi karatu a Leipzig Conservatory, kuma kamar yadda Glinka matashi, yayin da yake Italiya, ya gane kansa a matsayin cikakken mawaki na Rasha, Lysenko a Leipzig a ƙarshe ya ƙarfafa niyyarsa ta sadaukar da rayuwarsa don hidimar kiɗan Ukrainian. Ya kammala da kuma buga 2 tarin na Ukrainian jama'a songs kuma ya fara aiki a kan grandiose (83 vocal mahada) sake zagayowar "Music ga Kobzar" TG Shevchenko. Gabaɗaya, wallafe-wallafen Ukrainian, abokantaka tare da M. Kotsyubinsky, L. Ukrainka, I. Franko sun kasance mai ƙarfi na fasaha na Lysenko. Ta hanyar waƙar Ukrainian cewa jigon zanga-zangar zamantakewa ya shiga aikinsa, wanda ya ƙayyade abubuwan da ke cikin akida na yawancin ayyukansa, wanda ya fara da mawaƙa "Zapovit" (a tashar Shevchenko) kuma ya ƙare tare da waƙar waƙa "Mai juyin juya hali na har abada" (a tashar Franko), wanda aka fara yi a 1905, da kuma wasan opera "Aeneid" (a cewar I. Kotlyarevsky - 1910) - mafi munin satire akan mulkin kama karya.

A cikin 1874-76. Lysenko ya yi karatu a St. Petersburg tare da N. Rimsky-Korsakov, ya sadu da mambobi na Mighty Handful, V. Stasov, ya ba da lokaci mai yawa da ƙoƙari don yin aiki a cikin Ma'aikatar Music na Salt Town (wurin nunin masana'antu, kide kide da wake-wake). an gudanar da shi a can), inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai son kyauta. Kwarewar mawaƙa na Rasha, wanda Lysenko ya haɗa, ya zama mai fa'ida sosai. Ya ba da izini a wani sabon matakin ƙwararru don aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta na tsarin salo na ƙasa da na Turai. "Ba zan taɓa ƙin yin nazarin kiɗa akan manyan samfurori na fasahar Rasha ba," Lysenko ya rubuta wa I. Franko a cikin 1885. Mawallafin ya yi babban aiki na tattarawa, karatu da inganta al'adun gargajiya na Ukrainian, yana ganin a cikinsa wani tushe mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa. gwaninta. Ya halitta da yawa shirye-shirye na jama'a karin waƙa (fiye da 600), ya rubuta da dama kimiyya ayyukan, daga cikin abin da mafi muhimmanci shi ne muqala "Halayen m fasali na Little Rasha tunani da kuma songs yi da kobzar Veresai" (1873). Duk da haka, Lysenko ko da yaushe adawa kunkuntar ethnography da "Little Rasha". Shi ma yana sha'awar tarihin sauran al'ummomi. Ya yi rikodin, sarrafa, yin ba Yukren kawai ba, har ma da Yaren mutanen Poland, Serbian, Moravian, Czech, Rashanci, da mawaƙan da ya jagoranta a cikin tarihinta na ƙwararrun kaɗe-kaɗe na mawakan Turai da na Rasha daga Falasdinu zuwa M. Mussorgsky da C. Saint-Saens. Lysenko shine farkon mai fassara a cikin kiɗan Yukren na waƙar H. Heine, A. Mickiewicz.

Ayyukan Lysenko sun mamaye nau'o'in murya: opera, kundin kide-kide, waƙoƙi, romances, ko da yake shi ma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne, ɗakin ɗakin da kuma ayyukan piano. Amma a cikin kiɗan murya ne aka fi bayyana ainihin asalin ƙasa da kuma mutuntakar marubucin, kuma wasan operas na Lysenko (akwai 10 daga cikinsu, ba tare da kirga matasa ba) ya nuna haihuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Ukrainian. Wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na lyrical Natalka-Poltavka (dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na wannan suna na I. Kotlyarevsky - 1889) da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a na Taras Bulba (a kan labari na N. Gogol - 1890) ya zama kololuwar kerawa na opera. Duk da goyon bayan da mawaƙa na Rasha, musamman P. Tchaikovsky, wannan opera ba a yi shi a lokacin rayuwar mawaki, kuma masu sauraro sun san shi kawai a 1924. Ayyukan zamantakewa na Lysenko yana da yawa. Shi ne na farko da ya shirya mawaka mai son a Ukraine, ya yi tafiya zuwa birane da kauyuka tare da kide-kide. Tare da aiki na Lysenko a 1904, an bude makarantar kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo a Kyiv (tun daga 1918, Cibiyar Music da Drama Institute mai suna bayansa), wanda aka horar da mafi tsufa na Ukrainian mawaki L. Revutsky. A 1905, Lysenko ya shirya Bayan Society, 2 shekaru daga baya - Ukrainian Club tare da m maraice.

Ya zama dole don kare haƙƙin fasaha na ƙwararrun Ukrainian zuwa asalin ƙasa a cikin yanayi mai wahala, sabanin tsarin mulkin kama-karya, da nufin nuna bambanci ga al'adun ƙasa. “Babu wani ɗan ƙaramin yaren Rashanci na musamman, babu kuma ba zai yiwu ba,” in ji madauwari ta 1863. An tsananta wa sunan Lysenko a cikin jaridu na martani, amma yayin da hare-haren suka ƙara ƙaruwa, ana samun ƙarin goyon baya ga ayyukan marubucin daga Rasha. al'ummar kade-kade. ’Yan uwansa sun yaba da irin ayyukan da Lysenko ya yi ba tare da gajiyawa ba. Shekaru 25 da 35 na ayyukan kirkire-kirkire da ayyukan zamantakewa na Lysenko sun rikide zuwa gagarumin bikin al'adun kasa. "Mutane sun fahimci girman aikinsa" (M. Gorky).

O. Averyanova