Acoustics, musical |

(daga Girkanci. axoystixos - auditory) - kimiyyar da ke nazarin haƙiƙanin ka'idodin zahiri na kiɗa dangane da tsinkayenta da aikinta. A. m. yayi binciko abubuwan al'ajabi kamar tsayi, ƙara, daskarewa, da tsawon lokacin kiɗa. sautuna, consonance da dissonance, kiɗa. tsarin da ginawa. Tana karatun waka. ji, nazarin kiɗa. kayan aiki da mutane. kuri'u. Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin A. m. shine bayanin yadda jiki yake. da kuma psychophysiological. alamu na kiɗa suna nunawa a cikin takamaiman. dokokin wannan karar kuma suna shafar juyin halittar su. In A. m. ana amfani da bayanai da hanyoyin tsarin jiki gabaɗaya. acoustics, wanda ke nazarin matakai na asali da yada sauti. Yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da acoustics na gine-gine, tare da ilimin halin ɗan adam na fahimta, ilimin halittar jiki na ji da murya (acoustics physiological). A. m. ana amfani da shi don bayyana abubuwa da yawa a fagen jituwa, kayan aiki, ƙungiyar kade-kade, da sauransu.

A matsayin sashe na kiɗa. Ka'idar A. m. ya samo asali daga koyarwar masana falsafa da mawaƙa na da. Don haka, alal misali, ilimin lissafi tushen tsarin kiɗa, tazara da kunnawa an san su a cikin dr. Girka (makarantar Pythagorean), cf. Asiya (Ibn Sina), China (Lu Bu-wei) da sauran kasashe. Ci gaban A. m. yana da alaƙa da sunayen J. Tsarlino (Italiya), M. Mersenne, J. Sauveur, J. Rameau (Faransa), L. Euler (Rasha), E. Chladni, G. Ohm (Jamus), da sauransu da yawa. sauran mawaka da masana kimiyya. Na dogon lokaci, babban abin kiɗa. Acoustics sune alaƙar lamba tsakanin mitocin sautuna a cikin kiɗa. tazara, tunings da tsarin. Sassan Dr. sun bayyana da yawa daga baya kuma an shirya su ta hanyar yin muses. kayan aiki, bincike na ilmantarwa. Don haka, alamu na gina muses. ƙwararrun masana ne suka binciko kayan kida, mawaƙa da malamai suna sha'awar acoustics na muryar waƙa.

Yana nufin mataki a cikin ci gaban A. m. yana da alaƙa da sunan fitaccen Bajamushe. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma masanin ilimin lissafi G. Helmholtz. A cikin littafin "The koyaswar jin ji a matsayin physiological tushen ka'idar kiɗa" ("Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik", 1863), Helmholtz ya zayyana sakamakon bincikensa da gwaje-gwaje a kan kiɗa. . sauti da kuma fahimtar su. A cikin wannan binciken, an ba da cikakken cikakken ra'ayi na farko na ilimin halittar jiki na jin sauti, wanda aka sani a ƙarƙashin sunan. resonance ka'idar ji. Ta bayyana ra'ayin farar sakamakon resonant zumudi da aka kunna don yankewa. yawan fibers na sashin jiki na Corti. Helmholtz yayi bayanin abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin fahimta da rashin fahimta ta hanyar duka. Ka'idar Acoustic Helmholtz ta riƙe darajarta, kodayake wasu tanade-tanaden sa ba su dace da zamani ba. ra'ayoyi game da tsarin ji.

An ba da gudummawa mai girma ga ci gaban ilimin halin dan Adam da acoustics na ji a ƙarshen 19th - farkon. Karni na 20 K. Stumpf da W. Köhler (Jamus). Nazarin waɗannan masana kimiyya sun faɗaɗa A. m. a matsayin kimiyya. horo; ya haɗa da koyaswar hanyoyin tunani (ji da fahimta) decomp. abubuwan haƙiƙa na girgizar sauti.

A cikin karni na 20, ci gaban A. m. yana da alaƙa da ƙarin faɗaɗa iyakokin bincike, haɗar sassan da ke da alaƙa da halayen haƙiƙa na decomp. kayan aikin kiɗa. Tashin hankalin Musa ne ya jawo hakan. prom-sti, sha'awar bunkasa don samar da kiɗa. kayan aikin m ka'idar. tushe. A cikin karni na 20, hanyar nazarin kiɗa ta haɓaka. sautuna dangane da zaɓin sautunan ɓangarori daga ƙaƙƙarfan bakan sauti da ma'aunin su. tsanani. Dabarar gwaji. bincike, bisa hanyoyin electroacoustic. ma'auni, sun sami mahimmancin mahimmanci a cikin acoustics na kiɗa. kayan aiki.

Haɓaka fasahar rediyo da rikodin sauti kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa bincike kan kiɗan kiɗan. Abin da aka fi maida hankali a kai a wannan fanni shi ne, matsalolin da ake yi a gidajen rediyo da na’urar rikodi, da sake haifuwa na kade-kade, da kuma dawo da tsoffin kayan aikin sauti. rubuce-rubuce. Babban sha'awa shine ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da haɓaka rikodin rikodin sauti na sitiriyo da kiɗan watsa shirye-shirye akan rediyo.

Wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ci gaban zamani A. m. yana hade da bincike na mujiya. Masanin kide-kide da masanin kimiyyar acoustics NA Garbuzov. A cikin ayyukansa, an tsara shi da ma'ana. aƙalla, sabon fahimtar ainihin batun A. m. ya dauki tsari a matsayin sashe na zamani. ka'idar kiɗa. Garbuzov ya haɓaka ka'idar da ta dace ta fahimtar ji, a cikin cibiyar taro. wuri yana shagaltar da tunanin yanki na kiɗa. ji (duba Zone). Haɓaka ra'ayin yankin ya haifar da haɓaka hanyoyin da za a iya tantancewa da nazarin inuwar aiki a cikin sauti, kuzari, ɗan lokaci da rhythm. A cikin nazarin ƙirƙira kiɗa da fahimta, a cikin nazarin kiɗan. samfur. ya zama mai yiwuwa a dogara ga haƙiƙanin bayanan da ke nuna muses. sauti, art. kisa. Wannan yuwuwar yana da mahimmanci don magance yawancin matsalolin ilimin kiɗa na zamaninmu, alal misali. don bayyana dangantakar innation da yanayin a cikin kiɗa mai sauti na gaske. samarwa, alaƙar yin da haɗa abubuwan fasaha. duka, wanda shine sauti, aiwatarwa, samarwa.

Idan a baya A. an rage m zuwa hl. arr. ga bayanin ilimin lissafi da ke tasowa a cikin kiɗa. aikin tsarin tsari - frets, intervals, tunings, sa'an nan a nan gaba an mayar da hankali ga nazarin ta hanyoyi masu haƙiƙa na dokokin yin fasaha da kiɗa. fahimta.

Daya daga cikin sassan zamani A. m. shine acoustics na mawaki. zabe. Akwai ra'ayoyi guda biyu da ke bayanin hanyar sarrafa yawan girgizar igiyoyin murya - na gargajiya. myoelastic. ka'idar da neurochronax. ka'idar da masanin kimiyar Faransa R. Yusson ya gabatar.

LS Termen, AA Volodin da sauransu suna tsunduma cikin acoustics na kayan kida na lantarki a cikin USSR. Dangane da hanyar haɗa nau'ikan sautin sauti, Volodin ya haɓaka ka'idar fahimtar sauti, wanda bisa ga abin da mutum ya fahimta yana ƙaddara ta hanyar haɗaɗɗen jituwa. bakan, kuma ba kawai mitar oscillation na babban ba. sautuka. Wannan ka'idar tana daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da masana kimiyyar Soviet suka samu a fagen kayan kida. Haɓaka kayan kida na lantarki ya sake ƙara sha'awar masu binciken acoustic a cikin tambayoyin daidaitawa, yanayi, da yuwuwar sarrafa innation na kyauta.

A matsayin reshe na ka'idar kiɗa, A. m. ba za a iya la'akari da horon da zai iya ba da cikakken bayani game da irin waɗannan muses. al'amura, kamar yanayi, ma'auni, jituwa, yarda, rashin fahimta, da dai sauransu. Duk da haka, hanyoyin acoustics da bayanan da aka samu tare da taimakonsu suna ba wa masanan kiɗa damar yanke shawara bisa ga kimiyance. tambaya. Dokokin Acoustic na kiɗa a lokacin haɓakar muses na ƙarni-ƙarni. An yi amfani da al'adu akai-akai don gina tsarin zamantakewa mai mahimmanci na muses. harshe mai ƙayyadaddun dokoki da ke ƙarƙashin art.-aesthetic. ka'idoji.

Mujiya. kwararru a A. m. ya shawo kan ra'ayi daya-bangare kan yanayin kiɗan, halayen masana kimiyya na baya, to-rye ya wuce gona da iri akan mahimmancin jiki. fasalin sauti. Misalin aikace-aikacen bayanan A. m. a cikin kiɗa. theories aikin mujiya ne. malaman kida Yu. N. Tyulin ("Koyarwa game da jituwa"), LA Mazel ("A kan waƙa", da dai sauransu), SS Skrebkov ("Yadda za a fassara tonality?"). Ma'anar yanayin yanayin yanki na ji yana nunawa a cikin decomp. masanin kida. yana aiki kuma, musamman, a cikin bincike na musamman, sadaukar da kai don yin intonation (ayyukan OE Sakhaltuyeva, Yu. N. Rags, NK Pereverzev da sauransu).

Daga cikin ayyukan, to-rye an tsara shi don magance na zamani. A. m., - hujjar haƙiƙa na sabbin abubuwan al'ajabi na yanayin da innation a cikin aikin zamani. mawaƙa, suna fayyace rawar haƙiƙan sauti. abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin samuwar muses. harshe (tsayin sauti, timbre, mai ƙarfi, sarari, da sauransu), ƙarin haɓaka ka'idar ji, murya, kiɗa. fahimta, da kuma inganta hanyoyin bincike don yin ƙirƙira da fahimtar kiɗa, hanyoyin da suka dogara da amfani da electroacoustic. rikodi kayan aiki da fasaha.

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EV Nazaikinskiy