Franz Lehar |

Franz Lehar

Mawaƙin Hungary da madugu. Dan mawaki kuma mai kula da makada na kungiyar soja. Lehar ya halarci (tun 1880) Makarantar Kiɗa ta ƙasa a Budapest a matsayin ɗalibin sakandare. A cikin 1882-88 ya yi karatun violin tare da A. Bennewitz a Conservatory Prague, da batutuwan ka'idoji tare da JB Förster. Ya fara rubuta waka a lokacin karatunsa. Rubutun farko na Lehar sun sami amincewar A. Dvorak da I. Brahms. Daga 1888 ya yi aiki a matsayin violinist-rakiyar kungiyar makada na United theaters a Barmen-Elberfeld, sa'an nan a Vienna. Da ya koma kasarsa, daga 1890 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da makada a wasu makada na soja daban-daban. Ya rubuta waƙoƙi da raye-raye da raye-raye da yawa (ciki har da mashahurin tafiya da aka sadaukar don dambe da waltz "Gold and Silver"). Ya sami shahara bayan da aka yi a Leipzig a 1896 wasan opera "Cuckoo" (mai suna bayan gwarzo; daga rayuwar Rasha a lokacin Nicholas I; a cikin 2nd edition - "Tatiana"). Daga 1899 ya kasance mai kula da bandeji a Vienna, daga 1902 ya kasance shugaba na biyu na gidan wasan kwaikwayo an der Wien. Shirye-shiryen operetta "Matan Viennese" a cikin wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara "Viennese" - babban lokacin aikin Lehar.

Ya rubuta fiye da 30 operettas, daga cikinsu The Merry bazawara, The Count of Luxembourg, da Gypsy Love ne mafi nasara. Mafi kyawun ayyukan Lehar suna da alaƙa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƴan Australiya, Serbian, Slovak da sauran waƙoƙi da raye-raye ("Maƙamin Kwando" - "Der Rastelbinder", 1902) tare da rhythms na Hungarian szardas, Hungarian da waƙoƙin Tyrolean. Wasu daga cikin operettas na Lehar sun haɗa sabbin raye-rayen Amurka na zamani, gwangwani da waltzes na Viennese; a cikin wasu operettas, an gina waƙa akan waƙoƙin Romanian, Italiyanci, Faransanci, waƙoƙin jama'a na Mutanen Espanya, da kuma kan waƙoƙin rawa na Poland ("Blue Mazurka"); Ana kuma ci karo da wasu “Slavicisms” (a cikin opera “The Cuckoo”, a “Dances of the Blue Marquise”, operettas “The Merry Widow” da “The Tsarevich”).

Koyaya, aikin Lehar ya dogara ne akan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Hungarian da rhythms. Waƙoƙin Lehár suna da sauƙin tunawa, suna shiga, ana siffanta su da “hankali”, amma ba su wuce ɗanɗano mai kyau ba. Wuri na tsakiya a cikin operettas na Lehar yana shagaltar da waltz, duk da haka, sabanin kalmomin haske na walat ɗin operetta na gargajiya na Viennese operetta, waltzes na Lehar suna da yanayin tashin hankali. Lehar ya sami sabbin hanyoyin bayyanawa na operettas, cikin sauri ya ƙware sabbin raye-raye (ta kwanakin operettas ana iya tabbatar da bayyanar raye-raye daban-daban a Turai). Yawancin operettas Legar sun canza sau da yawa, sun sabunta libretto da harshen kiɗa, kuma sun tafi cikin shekaru daban-daban a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban da sunaye daban-daban.

Lehar ya ba da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar kade-kade, galibi ana gabatar da kayan aikin jama'a, gami da. balalaika, mandolin, kuge, tarogato don jaddada dandano na ƙasa na kiɗa. Kayan aikin sa na ban mamaki, mai arziki da launi; tasirin G. Puccini, wanda Lehar ke da babban abota, yakan shafi; dabi'u kamar verismo, da dai sauransu, kuma suna bayyana a cikin makirci da halayen wasu jarumai (alal misali, Hauwa'u daga operetta "Hauwa'u" wani ma'aikacin masana'anta ne mai sauƙi wanda mai gilashin gilashin yake ƙauna).

Aikin Lehar ya ƙayyadad da salon sabon operetta na Viennese, wanda wurin wasan ban dariya na yau da kullun da wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗe-kaɗe ya ɗauki wurin daɗaɗɗen buffoonery, tare da abubuwan jin daɗi. A ƙoƙari na kusantar da operetta zuwa opera, Legar yana zurfafa rikice-rikice masu ban mamaki, yana haɓaka lambobin kiɗa kusan zuwa nau'ikan opera, kuma yana amfani da leitmotifs ("A ƙarshe, kadai!", da sauransu). Wadannan siffofi, waɗanda aka riga aka bayyana a cikin Ƙaunar Gypsy, sun bayyana musamman a cikin operettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; Lehar da kansa yayi la'akari da soyayya), Tsarevich (1925), Frederick (1928), Giuditta (1934) Masu sukar zamani da ake kira Lehár's lyrical operettas "legariades". Lehar da kansa ya kira "Friederike" nasa (daga rayuwar Goethe, tare da lambobin kiɗa zuwa waƙoƙinsa) mawaƙa.

Sh. Kallosh

An haifi Ferenc (Franz) Lehar a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1870 a garin Kommorne na kasar Hungary a cikin dangin wani mai kula da makada na soja. Bayan kammala karatu daga Conservatory a Prague da kuma shekaru da yawa na aiki a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo violinist da soja makadi, ya zama shugaba na Vienna Theater An der Wien (1902). Daga shekarun karatunsa, Legar baya barin tunanin filin mawaƙa. Yana tsara waltzes, tafiya, waƙoƙi, sonatas, raye-rayen violin, amma mafi yawan abin da ya fi sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Ayyukansa na farko na kiɗa da ban mamaki shine opera Cuckoo (1896) bisa wani labari daga rayuwar gudun hijirar Rasha, wanda ya ci gaba a cikin ruhun wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya. Kiɗa na "Cuckoo" tare da asalinsa na melodic da sautin Slavic melancholic ya jawo hankalin V. Leon, sanannen marubucin allo kuma darektan Vienna Karl-Theater. Aikin haɗin gwiwa na farko na Lehar da Leon - operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) a cikin yanayin wasan kwaikwayo na Slovak da operetta "Matan Viennese" kusan lokaci guda tare da shi, ya kawo mashahurin mawaki a matsayin magaji ga Johann Strauss.

A cewar Legar, ya zo da wani sabon salo na kansa, wanda bai saba da shi ba. Amma jahilci ya juya ya zama fa'ida: "Na sami damar ƙirƙirar salon operetta na," in ji mawaki. An samo wannan salon a cikin The Merry Widow (1905) zuwa libertto na V. Leon da L. Stein bisa wasan kwaikwayo na A. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Sabon sabon bazawara mai farin ciki yana da alaƙa da fassarar waƙa da ban mamaki na nau'in, zurfafawar haruffa, da kwaɗayin tunani na aikin. Legar ya ce: "Ina tsammanin cewa operetta mai wasa ba ta da sha'awa ga jama'a a yau… <...> Burina shi ne in inganta operetta." Wani sabon rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa yana samuwa ta hanyar rawa, wanda zai iya maye gurbin bayanin solo ko yanayin duet. A ƙarshe, sabon salo yana nufin jawo hankalin hankali - fara'a mai ban sha'awa na melos, tasirin ƙungiyar kade-kade (kamar glissando na garaya mai ninka layin sarewa zuwa na uku), wanda, a cewar masu suka, halayen wasan opera da wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ne, amma a cikin babu yadda za a yi operetta harshen kiɗa.

Ka'idodin da suka yi tasiri a cikin Bazawar Merry Lehar ta haɓaka a cikin ayyukan da suka biyo baya. Daga 1909 zuwa 1914, ya ƙirƙira ayyukan da suka yi na zamani na nau'in. Mafi mahimmanci shine Yaron Yarima (1909), Ƙididdiga na Luxembourg (1909), Ƙaunar Gypsy (1910), Eva (1911), Shi kaɗai a Ƙarshe! (1914). A cikin ukun farko na su, nau'in operetta neo-Viennese wanda Lehar ya ƙirƙira ya ƙare. Farawa tare da Ƙididdigar Luxembourg, an kafa matsayin haruffan, hanyoyin halayen halayen bambancin rabo na shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na kida - lyrical-dramatic, cascading da farcical - an kafa su. Taken yana faɗaɗa, kuma tare da shi an wadatar da palette na duniya: "Yaron Yarima", inda, bisa ga makircin, an bayyana dandano na Balkan, ya haɗa da abubuwa na kiɗan Amurka; yanayin Viennese-Parisian na Count of Luxembourg yana shanye fenti na Slavic (daga cikin haruffan akwai 'yan aristocrats na Rasha); Ƙaunar Gypsy ita ce operetta ta farko ta Lehar ta “Hungarian”.

A cikin ayyuka guda biyu na waɗannan shekaru, an zayyana halaye waɗanda aka fi bayyana su sosai daga baya, a ƙarshen aikin Lehar. “Soyayyar Gypsy”, ga dukkan nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan sa, yana ba da irin wannan fassarar maɗaukakiyar haruffan haruffa da makirce-makircen cewa ƙimar al'adar da ke cikin operetta tana canzawa zuwa wani ɗan lokaci. Lehar ya jaddada hakan ta hanyar ba da makinsa nau'i na musamman - "operetta na soyayya". Matsakaici tare da kyawawan abubuwan wasan opera na soyayya ya fi zama sananne a cikin operetta "A ƙarshe Kadai!". Bambance-bambance daga canons nau'ikan suna haifar da nan zuwa canjin da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin tsari na yau da kullun: duk aikin na biyu na aikin babban yanayin duet ne, ba tare da abubuwan da suka faru ba, raguwa cikin saurin ci gaba, cike da jin daɗin rairayi. Matakin ya bayyana akan bangon dutsen mai tsayi, kololuwar dutse mai dusar ƙanƙara, kuma a cikin tsarin aikin, sassan murya suna musanya tare da ɓangarorin ban mamaki da kwatance. Masu sukar Lehar na zamani sun kira wannan aikin "Tristan" na operetta.

A tsakiyar 1920s na karshe lokaci na mawaki aiki ya fara, ya ƙare da Giuditta, wanda aka yi a 1934. (A zahiri, aikin kida na ƙarshe na Lehar shine opera The Wandering Singer, sake yin aikin operetta Gypsy Love, wanda aka aiwatar a cikin 1943 ta hanyar Budapest Opera House.)

Lehar ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1948.

Marigayi operettas na Lehar ya yi nisa daga samfurin da shi da kansa ya taɓa halitta. Babu kuma ƙarshen farin ciki, an kusan kawar da farkon wasan ban dariya. Ta hanyar jigon su, waɗannan ba wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, amma wasan kwaikwayo na waƙar soyayya. Kuma a cikin kiɗa, suna jan hankali zuwa waƙar shirin wasan kwaikwayo. Asalin waɗannan ayyukan yana da girma sosai cewa sun sami nau'in nau'i na musamman a cikin wallafe-wallafen - "legariads". Wadannan sun hada da "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - wani operetta cewa ya gaya game da m rabo na ɗan Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - a cikin zuciya na mãkirci ne soyayya. na matashin Goethe na 'yar Fasto Sesenheim Friederike Brion, operetta "Sinanci" "The Land of Smiles" (1929) dangane da farkon Leharov's "Yellow Jacket", "Spanish" "Giuditta", wani samfurin nesa. wanda zai iya zama "Carmen". Amma idan tsarin ban mamaki na The Merry Widow da Lehar ayyukan da suka biyo baya na shekarun 1910 sun zama, a cikin kalmomin masanin tarihin B. Grun, " girke-girke na nasarar dukan al'adun mataki ", to, gwajin Lehar daga baya bai sami ci gaba ba. . Sun zama wani nau'i na gwaji; ba su da ma'auni mai kyau a cikin haɗe-haɗe na abubuwa daban-daban waɗanda abubuwan da ya halitta na gargajiya suka ba su.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo - Cuckoo (1896, Leipzig; karkashin sunan Tatiana, 1905, Brno), operetta – Viennese mata (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), Comic bikin aure (Die Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), Merry gwauruwa (Die lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), Miji da mata uku ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), Count of Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxemburg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Gypsy Love (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), Ideal wife (Die ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), A ƙarshe, shi kaɗai! (Endlich allein, 1923, 1914nd edition Yaya kyau duniya! - Schön ist die Welt!, 2, Vienna), Inda lark ya rera waka (Wo die Lerche singt, 1930, Vienna da Budapest, 1918, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Mutuwa) blaue Mazur, 1923, Vienna, 1920, Leningrad), Tango Sarauniya (Die Tangokönigin, 1925, Vienna), Frasquita (1921, Vienna), Yellow jacket (Die gelbe Jacke, 1922, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad, tare da sabuwar libre Land). na Smiles - Das Land des Lächelns, 1925, Berlin), da dai sauransu, singshpils, operettas ga yara; don makada - raye-raye, raye-raye, raye-raye, raye-raye 2 don violin da ƙungiyar makaɗa, waƙar waƙa don murya da zazzabin ƙungiyar makaɗa (Fieber, 1917), don piano - wasan kwaikwayo, Songs, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo.