Heterophony

daga Greek eteros - daban-daban da ponn - sauti

Wani nau'i na yawan sauti da ke faruwa yayin aikin haɗin gwiwa (murya, kayan aiki ko gauraye) aikin waƙar, lokacin cikin ɗaya ko da yawa. muryoyin sun karkata daga babban waƙar.

Kalmar "G." Tsohon Helenawa sun riga sun yi amfani da shi (Plato, Laws, VII, 12), amma ma'anar da aka ba shi a lokacin ba ta kasance daidai ba. Daga baya, kalmar "G." ya fada cikin rashin amfani kuma an sake farfado da shi a cikin 1901. Masanin kimiyya K. Stumpf, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar da aka nuna a sama.

Bambance-bambance daga babban waƙar a cikin G. an ƙaddara ta yanayi. yi bambance-bambance. iyawar mutum. muryoyi da kayan aiki, da kuma tunanin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan na kowa ga bunks da yawa. tushen al'adun kiɗa na polyphony. A cikin waƙoƙin jama'a masu tasowa da instr. al'adu bisa nat. bambance-bambance, siffofi na musamman na wanzuwar bunks. Ƙirƙirar kiɗa da fasalulluka na masu yin wasan kwaikwayo sun haɓaka kyakkyawa. ka'idoji, al'adun gida, bayyanar cututtuka daban-daban na ka'idar asali sun taso - haɗin haɗin kai na decomp. bambance-bambancen sauti iri ɗaya. A cikin irin waɗannan al'adu ana iya gani kuma suna bambanta. kwatance na ci gaban heterophonic polyphony. A wasu, kayan ado sun fi rinjaye, a wasu - jituwa, a wasu - polyphonic. bambancin waƙa. Ci gaban Rus. polyphony na jama'a, wanda ya haifar da samuwar sito na asali - polyphony sub-vocal.

Ko da yake babu wani abin dogara rubuce-rubucen abubuwan tunawa da ke kwatanta tarihin ci gaban G., alamun asalin heterophonic na Nar. polyphony, zuwa babba ko ƙarami, an adana shi a ko'ina. An tabbatar da wannan ta duka samfuran tsohuwar polyphony da tsohuwar bunks. wakokin kasashen yamma. Turai:

Samfurin organum daga rubutun "Musica enchiriadis" wanda aka dangana ga Huqbald. ("Jagora zuwa Kiɗa").

Waƙar rawa na ƙarni na 13. Daga tarin XI Moser “Tцnende Altertmer”.

Waƙar al'ummar Lithuania "Aust ausrelй, tek saulelй" ("Asubah yana kan aiki, rana tana fitowa"). Daga littafin J. Čiurlionite "Ƙirƙirar Waƙar Folk na Lithuania". 1966.

A cikin adadin samfurori, Nar. polyphony Western-Turai. ƙasashe inda, a gaba ɗaya, ana kwatanta alamun G. tare da Slavs. da gabas. ƙananan al'adu, haɗuwa da haɓakawa tare da hanyoyin da aka zaɓa ta hanyar aiki, musamman tare da wanda sashen ya ƙaddara. al'ummai a tsaye, tare da kafaffen hali game da dissonance da consonance. Domin da yawa al'adu suna halin unison (octave) ƙarewa, a layi daya motsi na muryoyin (na uku, hudu da na biyar), rinjaye synchronism a cikin pronunciation na kalmomi.

Waƙar gargajiya ta Rasha "Ivan ya sauka". Daga tarin "Wakokin Folk na Rasha na Pomorie". SN Kondratiev ne ya tattara. 1966.

Ƙa'idar heterophonic kuma ana iya lura da ita a cikin irin waɗannan al'adun waƙa na jama'a da yawa, inda sau biyu- da uku-uku suka kai ga babbar murya. A yayin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, ana yawan ganin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin jam’iyyu, wanda ke haifar da karuwar kuri’u lokaci-lokaci.

Ornamental "launi" osn. karin waƙa a cikin instr. rakiya siffa ce ta G. na Larabawa mazauna Arewa. Afirka. Bambance-bambance daga babban waƙar (a haɗe tare da ɓangarorin tsiro na polyphony) waɗanda ke tasowa daga aikin waƙar pl. kayan kida, kowannensu yana bambanta waƙar daidai da mafi kyawun halayensa na wasan kwaikwayo da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin ƙaya, sune tushen kidan gamelan a Indonesia (duba misalin bayanin kula).

Wani yanki daga kiɗa don gamelan. Daga littafin R. Batka "Geschichte der Musik".

Bambance-bambancen bincike. nar. al'adun kiɗa da nazari a hankali da yin amfani da ƙirƙira ta hanyar mawaƙa na samfuran nar. zane-zane, gami da hadisai na yawan sauti, sun haifar da ingantaccen haɓaka kiɗan su tare da nau'ikan alaƙar murya iri-iri. Ana samun samfuran irin wannan polyphony a Yammacin Turai. da litattafan Rasha, na zamani na Soviet da na waje.

References: Melgunov Yu., waƙoƙin Rasha, da aka rubuta kai tsaye game da muryoyin mutane, vol. 1-2, M. - St. Petersburg, 1879-85; Skrebkov S., Binciken Polyphonic, M., 1940; Tyulin. Yu., Game da Tushen da Ci gaban Jituwa a cikin Kiɗa na Jama'a, a cikin: Maƙala akan Kiɗa na Ka'idar, ed. Yu. Tyulin da A. Butsky. L., 1959; Bershadskaya T., Babban nau'ikan abubuwan da aka tsara na polyphony na waƙar baƙar fata na Rasha, L., 1961; Grigoriev S. da Mueller T., Littafin rubutu na polyphony, M., 1961.

TF Müller